Atletas de Mixed Martial Arts (MMA): Trabalhadores Precários e Invisíveis / Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) athletes: Precarious and Invisible Workers / Deportistas de Mixed Martial Arts (MMA): Trabajadores Precarios e Invisibles

A atuação vigorosa dos lutadores de Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), amplamente explorada pelas mídias, patrocinadores e academias, oculta a fragilidade dos vínculos laborais e as condições incertas de trabalho. Mediante este cenário foi nosso objetivo compreender as condições laborais dos lutadores de MMA no Brasil. Metodologicamente, seguimos os pressupostos da etnografia, com observações e conversações, que foram registradas em um diário de campo ao acompanhar a rotina de dois atletas em um evento de expressão nacional. Estes registros foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo e passaram por um processo de síntese, análise e discussão. As análises foram apoiadas na psicodinâmica do trabalho. Compreendemos aqui que o trabalho destes lutadores estava envolvido em uma complexa situação de precariedade e invisibilidade laboral perante diferentes atores sociais: patrocinadores, mídia, academias, fãs e até mesmo para eles próprios. Tal situação gerava a manutenção de extrema exploração, fragilidade em vínculos laborais e a consequente banalização das injustiças sociais por eles sofridas. A precariedade e invisibilidade do trabalho dos lutadores de MMA, a despeito do que a mídia mostra, estampa um contingente de atletas profissionais que estão longe de condições mínimas laborais e/ou das cifras milionárias que constantemente as mídias exibem.

The vigorous performance of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) fighters, widely exploited by the media, sponsors and gyms, hides the fragility of employment relationships and uncertain working conditions. Through this scenario, it was our objective to understand the working conditions of MMA fighters in Brazil. Methodologically, we followed the assumptions of ethnography, with observations and conversations recorded in a field diary when following the routine of two athletes in an event of national expression. These records were analyzed through content analysis and underwent a process of synthesis, analysis and discussion. The analyses were based on the psychodynamics of work. We understand the work of these fighters was involved in a complex situation of precariousness and labor invisibility before different social actors: sponsors, media, gyms, fans and even for themselves. This situation generated the maintenance of extreme exploitation, fragility in employment relationships and the consequent trivialization of social injustices suffered by them. The precariousness and invisibility of the work of MMA fighters, despite what the media shows, expose a contingent of professional athletes who are far from minimal working conditions and/or the millionaire figures the media constantly display.

La vigorosa actuación de los luchadores de Artes Marciales Mixtas (MMA), ampliamente explotada por los medios de comunicación, patrocinadores y gimnasios, oculta la fragilidad de los vínculos laborales y las inciertas condiciones de trabajo. Mediante este escenario, objetivamos en esta investigación comprender las condiciones de trabajo de los luchadores de MMA en Brasil. Metodológicamente, seguimos los supuestos de la etnografía, con observaciones y conversaciones, que se registraron en un diario de campo mientras se seguía la rutina de dos luchadores en un evento de expresión nacional. Estos registros fueron analizados por medio del análisis de contenido y pasaron por un proceso de síntesis, análisis y de discusión. El análisis siguió la psicodinámica del trabajo. Comprendemos aquí que el trabajo de estos luchadores estaba envuelto en una compleja situación de precariedad e invisibilidad laboral ante diferentes actores sociales: patrocinadores, los medios de comunicación, gimnasios, hinchas y hasta para ellos mismos. Dicha situación generaba el mantenimiento de la explotación extrema, la fragilidad en los vínculos laborales y la consiguiente banalización de las injusticias sociales sufridas por ellos.. La precariedad e invisibilidad del trabajo de los luchadores de MMA, a pesar de lo que muestran los medios, estampa un contingente de atletas profesionales que están lejos de las mínimas condiciones laborales y/o de las cifras millonarias que los medios constantemente exhiben.

Da arte de artista no vale-tudo à arte de artesão no MMA: uma análise eliasiana das lutas / From artist art in no holds barred to artisan art in MMA: an elisian analysis of fights / Del arte de artista en vale-tudo al arte de artesano em MMA: un análisis eliasiano de las luchas

Este ensaio analisou os processos de transformação do vale--tudo ao MMA com base no conceito de arte de artesão e arte de artista de Norbert Elias. O vale-tudo e o MMA ocupam o lugar que Elias destinou à música; enquanto a família Gracie é o personagem empírico que, como Elias fez com Mozart, auxilia a entender as duas configurações. A primeira (arte de artista) é uma luta mais livre, menos engessada, com menos controle; a segunda (arte de artesão) é direcionada ao público, à mídia e aos negócios. O processo de esportivização, permeado por transformações configuracionais que modificaram o mercado, a produção e o gosto (AU).

This essay analyzed the transformation processes from no holds barred to MMA based on Norbert Elias' concept of artisan art and artist's art. No holds barred and MMA take the place Elias assigned to music; while the Gracie family is the empirical character that, as Elias did with Mozart, helps to understand the two configurations. The first (artist's art) is a freer fight, less rigid, with less control; the second (artisan art) is aimed to the audience, the media and business. The sportization process, permeated by configurational transformations that modified the market, production and consumer taste, resulted in a decrease in the possibility of fighters acting as "martial artists". The high control of rules and actions limited the artist's art (AU).

Analizamos los procesos de transformación de vale-tudo a MMA a partir del concepto de arte de artesano y arte de artista de Norbert Elias. Vale-tudo y MMA toman el lugar que Elias le asignó a la música; y la familia Gracie es el personaje que, como hizo Elias con Mozart, ayuda a comprender las dos configuraciones. La primera (arte de artista) es una lucha más libre, menos rígida, con menos control; la segunda (arte de artesano) está dirigida al público, los medios de comunicación y las empresas. La deportivización modificó el mercado, la producción y el gusto del consumidor, y resultó en una disminución de la posibilidad de que los luchadores actuaren como "artistas marciales". El alto control de reglas y acciones limitaba el arte del artista (AU).

Da arte de artista no vale-tudo à arte de artesão no MMA: uma análise eliasiana das lutas / From artist art in no holds barred to artisan art in MMA: an elisian analysis of fights / Del arte de artista en vale-tudo al arte de artesano em MMA: un análisis eliasiano de las luchas

Este ensaio analisou os processos de transformação do vale-tudo ao MMA com base no conceito de arte de artesão e arte de artista de Norbert Elias. O vale-tudo e o MMA ocupam o lugar que Elias destinou à música; enquanto a família Gracie é o personagem empírico que, como Elias fez com Mozart, auxilia a entender as duas configurações. A primeira (arte de artista) é uma luta mais livre, menos engessada, com menos controle; a segunda (arte de artesão) é direcionada ao público, à mídia e aos negócios. O processo de esportivização, permeado por transformações configuracionais que modificaram o mercado, a produção e o gosto do consumidor, resultou na diminuição da possibilidade de os lutadores agirem como "artistas marciais". O alto controle das regras e ações limitou a arte do artista.

This essay analyzed the transformation processes from no holds barred to MMA based on Norbert Elias' concept of artisan art and artist's art. No holds barred and MMA take the place Elias assigned to music; while the Gracie family is the empirical character that, as Elias did with Mozart, helps to understand the two configurations. The first (artist's art) is a freer fight, less rigid, with less control; the second (artisan art) is aimed to the audience, the media and business. The sportization process, permeated by configurational transformations that modified the market, production and consumer taste, resulted in a decrease in the possibility of fighters acting as "martial artists". The high control of rules and actions limited the artist's art.

Analizamos los procesos de transformación de vale-tudo a MMA a partir del concepto de arte de artesano y arte de artista de Norbert Elias. Vale-tudo y MMA toman el lugar que Elias le asignó a la música; y la familia Gracie es el personaje que, como hizo Elias con Mozart, ayuda a comprender las dos configuraciones. La primera (arte de artista) es una lucha más libre, menos rígida, con menos control; la segunda (arte de artesano) está dirigida al público, los medios de comunicación y las empresas. La deportivización modificó el mercado, la producción y el gusto del consumidor, y resultó en una disminución de la posibilidad de que los luchadores actuaren como "artistas marciales". El alto control de reglas y acciones limitaba el arte del artista.

In vitro method establishment for detecting monocyte phagocytosis of sensitized RBCs by flow cytometry / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To establish an experimental method for detecting phagocytosis of sensitized red blood cells in vitro by flow cytometry. 【Methods】 Mononuclear cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of blood donors and cultured in a cell incubator for 1 hour, and then adherent monocytes were isolated and obtained. Dib-positive red blood cells (RBCs) were labeled with PKH26 and then sensitized with IgG anti-Dib. The sensitized RBCs were added to monocytes for in vitro phagocytosis assay. Monocytes were labeled with FITC anti-human CD14, then phagocytosis was measured by flow cytometry, and the phagocytic efficiency was calculated. The method was used to detect the phagocytic efficiency of monocytes on human IgG anti-D sensitized RBCs with different titers. 【Results】 The phagocytic efficiency of monocytes was averaged at 5% (1.2%~7.6%, SD 3.30) versus 81% (71.4%~92.7%, SD 8.65) in the negative versus positive control group, respectively. Phagocytic activity of monocytes mediated by anti-D was correlated with the antibody titer. The phagocytosis efficiency was within 10% when the antibody titer was lower than 32 and increased sharply when the titer was between 32 to 128, it entered a plateau and stabilized at 80% at the titer above 256. 【Conclusion】 A detection platform for detecting phagocytosis-sensitized RBCs in vitro by flow cytometry has been successfully established. It can be used to assess the clinical significance of red blood cell allotype or autologous IgG antibodies.

β-Lactam antibiotics promoting aging and clearance of RBCs would deteriorate the DIIHA / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the influence of β-lactam antibiotics on RBC aging and clearance by detecting various indicators of aging and clearance on RBCs, as well as the differences in phagocytosis for erythrocytes before and after drugs treated in vitro. 【Methods】 RBCs were treated by β-lactam antibiotics, including Penicillin, Cefepime, Cefoperazone and Ceftazidime, and the changing of phosphatidylserine (PS) and clearance related CD markers, including CD35, CD47, CD55 and CD59 on the surface of the RBCs, were detected by flow cytometry at 0h and 24h after drugs treatment. The proportion of acanthocytes by microscope also at 0h and 24h after drugs treatment was calculated. The phagocytosis of drug-treated RBC was detected by monocyte monolayer assay (MMA). Untreated RBCs were incubated in PBS by the same condition as a negative control.The influence of β-lactam antibiotics on RBC aging and clearance by all the results above was studied. 【Results】 Compare to the untreated RBCs, the drug treated RBCs showed a higher PS level on the cell surface. The results showed by percentage as following(0 h vs 24 h): Penicillin 9.42% vs 93.30%, Cefepime 3.88% vs 57.27%, Cefoperazone 4.71% vs 75.75% and Ceftazidime 3.05% vs 43.19%. The acanthocytes ratio was as following(0 h vs 24 h): Penicillin 7.33% vs 86%, Cefepime 2.67% vs 52.67%, Cefoperazone 3.33% vs 67.67% and Ceftazidime 3.33% vs 90.67%. On the opposite, the clearance related CD markers, showed an obviously lower level after drugs treated(0 h vs 24 h): CD35: Penicillin 7.36% vs 11.87%, Cefepime 0.14% vs 28.51%, Cefoperazone 11.85% vs 21.55% and Ceftazidime 7.63% vs 8.73%; CD47: Penicillin 1.22% vs 9.13%, Cefepime 1.80% vs 0.86%, Cefoperazone 0.08% vs 6.85% and Ceftazidime 1.54% vs 5.50%; CD55: Penicillin 14.46% vs 44.31%, Cefepime 17.27% vs 38.41%, Cefoperazone 19.28% vs 33.28% and Ceftazidime 14.62% vs 34.13%; CD59: Penicillin 4.71% vs 20.56%, Cefepime 4.03% vs 7.60%, Cefoperazone 5.91% vs 22.38% and Ceftazidime 5.93% vs 30.89%. Drug-treated RBCs attached more to monocytes than untreated RBCs. 【Conclusion】 The β-lactam antibiotics could induce the changing of PS and the clearance of related CD markers on surface of RBCs. They also could lead acanthocytes and make the RBCs more susceptible to phagocytosis by monocytes. The β-lactam antibiotics could promote the RBCs aging and clearance, which might deteriorate the DIIHA.

Effects of arsenic and its metabolites on expressions of BCL-2α and BCL-2β transcripts / 环境与职业医学

Background Arsenic is a toxicant that can affect the expressions of the cellular anti-apoptotic gene BCL-2 and its protein, but the effects of arsenic on BCL-2α and BCL-2\begin{document}$\beta $\end{document} transcripts have not been reported. Objective To investigate the potential effects of arsenic and its metabolites, methylarsonic acid (MMA) and dimethylarsonic acid (DMA), on BCL-2α, BCL-2\begin{document}$\beta $\end{document}, and BCL-2T (total of α and \begin{document}$\beta $\end{document} transcripts) in human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE) and human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549). Methods 16HBE cells and A549 cells were randomly divided into three categories of exposure after in vitro culture: single-selected arsenic compound exposure groups with isoconcentration (16HBE cells were treated with 4.5 μmol·L−1 of MMA, DMA, and sodium arsenite, respectively, while A549 cells were treated with 60 μmol·L−1 of MMA, DMA, and sodium arsenite, respectively), sodium arsenite exposure groups with different concentrations (16HBE cells were treated with 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 μmol·L−1 of sodium arsenite respectively, while A549 cells were treated with 20, 40, and 60 μmol·L−1 of sodium arsenite respectively), and combined exposure groups (i.e. MMA+sodium arsenite, and DMA+sodium arsenite; the exposure concentrations of 16HBE cells were both 1.5 μmol·L−1 and both 4.5 μmol·L−1 respectively, and those of A549 cells were both 20 μmol·L−1 and both 60 μmol·L−1 respectively). Meanwhile, a blank control group was also set up in each exposure category. After 48 h of continuous exposure, the relative expressions of BCL-2α, BCL-2\begin{document}$\beta $\end{document}, and BCL-2T in both cells were detected by real-time PCR. Results Regarding the single-selected arsenic compound exposure, in 16HBE cells, the expression levels of BCL-2α and BCL-2T under 4.5 μmol·L−1 MMA treatment were lower than those in their control groups (q=3.27, 2.93, both P<0.05), and the expression levels of BCL-2α, BCL-2\begin{document}$\beta $\end{document}, and BCL-2T under 4.5 μmol·L−1 sodium arsenite were lower than those in their respective control groups (q=11.06, 3.65, 10.70, all P<0.05). In A549 cells, the expression level of BCL-2T treated with 60 μmol·L−1 DMA was lower than that in the control group (q=3.12, P<0.05), and the expression levels of BCL-2α, BCL-2\begin{document}$\beta $\end{document}, and BCL-2T treated with 60 μmol·L−1 sodium arsenite were lower than those in their respective control groups (q=7.59, 7.27, 8.06, all P<0.05). Regarding the sodium arsenite exposure: 16HBE cells treated with 1.5 μmol·L−1 sodium arsenite had a lower expression level of BCL-2α and a higher expression level of BCL-2\begin{document}$\beta $\end{document} than those in their respective control groups (q=6.06, 11.92, both P<0.05); the expression level of BCL-2α under 3.0 μmol·L−1 sodium arsenite was lower than that in the control group (q=12.72, P<0.05); and under 4.5 μmol·L−1 sodium arsenite treatment, the expression levels of BCL-2α, BCL-2\begin{document}$\beta $\end{document}, and BCL-2T were lower than those in their respective control groups (q=15.72, 6.79, 6.62, all P<0.05). The expression levels of BCL-2α gradually decreased with increasing concentrations of sodium arsenite (Fα trend=144.80, P<0.001), while BCL-2\begin{document}$\beta $\end{document} and BCL-2T decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 1.5-4.5 μmol·L−1 (F\begin{document}${}_{\beta } $\end{document} trend=135.40, FT trend=38.24, both P<0.001). In A549 cells, the expression levels of BCL-2α, BCL-2\begin{document}$\beta $\end{document}, and BCL-2T under each concentration of sodium arsenite treatments were lower than those in their respective control groups (all P<0.05); the results of further trend tests showed that their expression levels gradually decreased with increasing concentrations of sodium arsenite (Fα trend =31.97, F\begin{document}${}_{\beta} $\end{document} trend=549.50, FT trend=252.40, all P<0.001). Regarding the combined exposure, under MMA+sodium arsenite treatment at both 60 μmol·L−1, the expression levels of BCL-2α, BCL-2\begin{document}$\beta $\end{document}, and BCL-2T in A549 cells were higher than those in their respective control groups (q=6.37, 14.91, 5.33, all P<0.05); under DMA+sodium arsenite treatment at both 60 μmol·L−1, their expression levels in A549 cells were also higher than those in their respective control group (q=8.60, 17.29, 6.91, all P<0.05). Conclusion Exposure to a high concentration (16HBE: 4.5 μmol·L−1, A549: 60 μmol·L−1) of a single arsenic metabolite has no effect on BCL-2 transcripts in 16HBE cells and A549 cells. Exposure to a low concentration (1.5 μmol·L−1) of sodium arsenite alone would decrease the expression level of BCL-2α and increase the expression level of BCL-2\begin{document}$\beta $\end{document} in 16HBE cells, and exposure to all designed concentrations of sodium arsenite alone would decrease the expressions of all transcripts in A549 cells. The combined exposure to high concentrations (both 60 μmol·L−1) of MMA plus sodium arsenite or high concentrations (both 60 μmol·L−1) of DMA plus sodium arsenite would increase the expressions of BCL-2α, BCL-2\begin{document}$\beta $\end{document}, and BCL-2T in A549 cells, which are different from the effects presented by single exposure.

A construção televisiva do MMA: o programa TUF Brasil e o processo de humanização do lutador / The television construction of MMA: the TUF Brasil program and the fighter's humanization process / La construcción televisiva del MMA: el programa TUF Brasil y el proceso de humanización del luchador

RESUMO As artes marciais mistas (MMA) são um esporte criado e modificado em associação com a mídia, cujo principal expoente são os eventos do UFC. O objetivo foi descrever e analisar o programa televisivo The Ultimate Fighter (TUF) Brasil. A pesquisa caracterizou-se como um estudo de caso que empregou uma etnografia de tela, de forma a descrever e interpretar sentidos ali produzidos. A análise do reality show TUF Brasil construiu três categorias: o programa, estrutura e regras; as técnicas, treinos, lutas e estratégias de esportivização; e os dramas pessoais/familiares e o processo de "humanização" do lutador. O programa impulsiona o processo de esportivização do MMA ao aliar elementos técnico-táticos das lutas com narrativas e dramas dos sujeitos.

ABSTRACT Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a sport created and modified in association with the media, whose main exponent are UFC. The objective was to describe and analyze The Ultimate Fighter (TUF) Brazil. The research was characterized as a case study that used screen ethnography, in order to describe and interpret meanings. The analysis of TUF Brasil built three categories: the program, structure and rules; techniques, training, fights and sportization strategies; and the personal/family dramas and the "humanization" process of the fighter. The program boosts the sportization process of MMA by combining technical-tactical elements of the contests with the subjects' narratives and dramas.

RESUMEN Las artes marciales mixtas (MMA) son un deporte creado y modificado en asociación con medios de comunicación, cuyo principal exponente es el UFC. El objetivo fue describir y analizar el programa de televisión The Ultimate Fighter (TUF) Brasil. La investigación se caracterizó como estudio de caso que utilizó la etnografía en pantalla, con el fin de describir e interpretar los significados. El análisis construyó tres categorías: el programa, la estructura y las reglas; técnicas, entrenamientos, luchas y estrategias de deportización; y los dramas personales/familiares y el proceso de "humanización" del luchador. El programa impulsa el proceso de deportización de MMA al combinar elementos técnico-tácticos de las luchas con las narrativas y dramas de los sujetos.

Artes marciais mistas e a apresentação corporal de lutadoras no instagram / Mixed martial arts and the body presentation of fighters in the instagram

RESUMO Objetivamos explorar a interpretação de imagens de lutadoras de artes marciais mistas (MMA) postadas no Instagram. Nos apoiamos nos debates pós-estruturalistas, especialmente aqueles que tratam do corpo e gênero. Para a coleta de dados, utilizamos dois grupos focais com estudantes universitários(as), um constituído por mulheres e outro por homens. A partir de uma análise de conteúdo, quatro categorias discursivas emergiram das interações grupais. Evidenciamos a permanência de estereótipos usuais sobre a participação da mulher no esporte, com o olhar dos homens tendencioso para a objetivação do corpo das lutadoras. As mulheres mostraram-se mais sensíveis às feminilidades plurais. A tendência de comparação entre atletas masculinos e femininos foi observada em ambos os grupos. Constata-se que a autoapresentação das lutadoras negocia, em certa medida, com a inconformidade de uma feminilidade hegemônica no espaço do Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC).

ABSTRACT We aim to explore the interpretation of images of mixed martial arts fighters (MMA) posted on Instagram. We rely on poststructuralist debates, especially those dealing with body and gender. For data collection, we used two focus groups with college students, one made up of women and the other of men. From a content analysis, four discursive categories emerged from group interactions. We highlighted the permanence of the usual stereotypes about women's participation in sport, looking at how men have biases due to the objectification of the fighters' bodies. Women were more sensitive to plural femininities. The trend of comparison between male and female athletes was observed in both groups. The debate about the plural femininity was accepted, to some extent by the groups but other opinions also existed showing some resistance to the self-representation of the fighters regarding the non-conformity of hegemonic femininity in the UFC space.

Versões de atletas de mixed martial arts nas fases de preparação para um combate / Versiones de atletas de artes marciales mixtas en las fases de preparación para un combate / Version athletes of mixed martial arts in the preparatory stages for a fight

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar as versões de atletas de Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) que circularam nas fases de preparação para um combate (camp). Para isso, seguimos o cotidiano de um atleta, vinculado à principal liga da modalidade, o Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), em dezembro de 2014. A metodologia seguiu os pressupostos da etnografia, com interações nas diferentes práticas em que o atleta se envolvia. Adotamos uma aproximação teórico-metodológica com a teoria ator-rede, em diálogo com a Psicologia Social de cunho construcionista. Nas fases do camp foi possível identificar as versões de lutador como: (a) trabalhador que é precarizado (treinamentos); b) ídolo (semana da luta); (c) sobrevivente (pesagem); (d) "casca-grossa" (dia da luta); e (e) "humano" (pós-luta). A pesquisa sugere que não há um tipo específico de lutador, ou perspectivas diferentes sobre ele, mas sim, que ele é múltiplo, produtos das práticas nas quais está envolvido.

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las versiones de atletas de Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) que circularon en las fases de preparación para un combate (camp). Para esto, seguimos el cotidiano de un atleta, vinculado al principal evento de la modalidad, el Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), en diciembre de 2014. La metodología siguió los presupuestos de la etnografía, con interacciones en las diferentes prácticas en que el atleta se involucró. Adoptamos una aproximación teórico-metodológica con la teoría actor-red, en diálogo con la Psicología Social de cuño construccionista. En las fases del camp fue posible identificar las versiones de luchador como: (a) trabajador que es precarizado (entrenamientos); (b) ídolo (semana de la lucha); (c) superviviente (pesaje); (d) "cáscara gruesa" (día de la lucha); y (e) "humano" (post-lucha). La investigación sugiere que no hay un tipo específico de luchador, o diferentes perspectivas sobre él, sino que es múltiple, producto de las prácticas en las que está involucrado.

Abstract The aim of this research was to identify the versions of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) athletes that circulated in the stages of preparation for a fight (camp). With this purpose, we followed the daily life of an athlete of a major league of the sport, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), in the year 2014. The methodology followed the postulations of ethnography. We adopted the theoretical and methodological approach of actor-network theory, in dialogue with Social Psychology. In phases of the camp it was possible to identify the following versions of the athlete: a) worker in precarious conditions (training); b) idol (in the week of event); c) survivor (weighing); d) "thick-skinned" (on the day of the fight); and e) "human" (post-fight). Research suggests that there is not a specific type of wrestler, or different perspectives on it; he is multiple, a result of the practices in which he is involved.

Implicações da popularização e profissionalização do MMA no Brasil: uma análise biopsicossocial / Implications of the popularization and professionalization of MMA in Brazil: a Biopsychosocial analysis / Implicaciones de la popularización y profesionalización del MMA en Brasil: un análisis biopsicosocial

Desde seu surgimento na década de 1990, o Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) tem crescido como esporte de combate no Brasil e mundialmente. Tal crescimento é evidenciado pelo número de eventos organizados, a presença do esporte na mídia, o faturamento de alguns atletas e o interesse do público. Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar a popularização e profissionalização do MMA no Brasil, refletindo sobre suas implicações. Como ferramenta para a coleta de dados, utiliza-se o portal de eventos Sherdog (em sua versão web), o qual consiste em um localizador eletrônico de combates. Procura-se determinar o número de eventos ocorridos no Brasil, e sua distribuição geográfica, entre os anos de 2016 e 2017. A partir deste levantamento, o artigo analisa um aspecto ambivalente do crescimento do esporte no território nacional: por um lado, a disseminação do ideal de vigor e invencibilidade, representado pelos lutadores de MMA; por outro lado, a precarização das condições de trabalho em que estes atletas estão inseridos. Espera-se, assim, oferecer contribuições da psicologia para os debates sobre esta modalidade de esporte.

Since its emergence in the 1990s, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) has spread as a combat sport in Brazil and all over the world. This growth is made evident by the number of events, the presence of the sport in the media, the athletes' income and the interest of the public. This article aims to assess the popularization and professionalization of MMA in Brazil, reflecting on its biopsychosocial implications. As a tool for collecting data, we used the Sherdog event portal (in its web version) that consists of an electronic combat locator. It sought to determine the number of events occurring in Brazil, and its geographical distribution, between 2016 and 2017. From this assessment, the article discusses an ambivalent aspect of the growth of this sport in the country: on one hand, the expansion of an ideal of vigor and invincibility, represented by the MMA fighters; on the other, the precariousness of the working conditions these athletes face. This study aims to offer contributions from the psychology field to the debates about this sport.

Desde su aparición en la década de 1990, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) se ha expandido como un deporte de combate en Brasil y en todo el mundo. Este crecimiento es evidenciado por la cantidad de eventos organizados, la presencia de deportes en los medios de comunicación, la facturación de los atletas y el interés del público. Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar la popularización y profesionalización de MMA en Brasil, reflexionando sobre sus implicaciones biopsicosociales. Como herramienta para recopilar datos, usamos el portal de eventos Sherdog (en su versión web), que consiste en un localizador de combates. Se procuró determinar el número de eventos que ocurrieron en Brasil, y su distribución geográfica, entre 2016 y 2017. A partir de este levantamiento, el artículo analiza un aspecto ambivalente del crecimiento del deporte en el territorio nacional. Por un lado, la difusión del ideal de vigor e invencibilidad, representado por los combatientes del MMA. Por otro lado, la precariedad de las condiciones de trabajo en las que estos atletas están inseridos. Se espera, por lo tanto, ofrecer contribuciones de la psicología a los debates sobre esta modalidad de deporte.

Determination of arsenic species in serum, liver, kidney, and spleen of realgar nanoparticles treated rats by HPLC-ICP-MS / 中草药

Objective Quantitative analysis of four arsenic species As (III), As (V), monomethyl arsenate (MMA), dimethyl arsenate (DMA) in rat serum, liver, kidney, and spleen was performed to compare their differences between realgar and realgar nanoparticles (NPs) groups. Methods SD rats were ig treated with blank solvent, realgar, and realgar NPs (800 mg/kg) respectively. After 28 d of continuous administration, serum and tissues were collected and four arsenic species were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS). Results Four arsenic species were detected in serum and kidney of rats, three were detected in the liver and two in the spleen. The content of arsenic species in the realgar NPs group was significantly higher than that in the realgar group. Conclusion Nanotechnology enhanced the bioavailability of realgar, and more arsenic was absorbed into the body and underwent metabolic transformation, which might lead to increased toxicity of realgar NPs.

Effect of powder-liquid ratios and powder colors on color stability of 4-META / MMA-TBB resin after immersion in coffee / 대한치과재료학회지

The aim of this study was to evaluate the color stability of 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) / methyl methacrylate (MMA) & tri-n-butylborane (TBB) resin with different powder-liquid (P/L) ratios and powder colors after immersion in coffee. Experimental groups (Bondfill SB) were classified by the P/L ratio (0.8:1 / 1:1 / 1.2:1, weight [wt] %) and color of the powder (light / medium). Light-cured resin composite (Filtek Z350 XT flowable) was used as a control group. Each disk-shaped specimen of 7 groups (n = 8 for color difference, n = 10 for translucency parameter [TP]) was immersed in a staining solution of coffee for 4 weeks. The color of the specimen was measured at the time of baseline, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks with a spectrophotometer. The color difference (ΔE) and changes in translucency parameter (ΔTP) were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Independent t-test was applied to evaluate the effect on the colors of the powder (α = 0.05). The values of color difference (ΔE) of the experimental groups were within the clinically acceptable threshold (ΔE < 3.3), whereas control group showed values over 3.3 after 1 week of immersion. The values of TP ranged from 9.58 to 13.28. The differences of TP (ΔTP) between baseline and 4 weeks were less than 1.0, except in the control group. Conclusively, self-cured resin composite showed excellent color stability in coffee for the period of this study regardless of different P/L ratios and powder colors.

Considerações sobre mídia e "heróis esportivos" do mixed martial arts / Considerations on the Media and "Sports Heroes" of Mixed Martial Arts / Consideraciones sobre los Medios de Comunicación y "Héroes Deportivos" de Mixed Martial Arts

O texto apresenta considerações sobre alguns mecanismos utilizados pela indústria midiática na construção dos "heróis esportivos" do MMA. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo teórico e destacou-se alguns exemplos de situações vividas por atletas brasileiros do MMA, para discutir tais mecanismos. Dessa forma, compreende-se que a espetacularização esportiva, o uso do marketing especializado e o sensacionalismo na veiculação de informações sobre a vida desses atletas, são alguns dos mecanismos utilizados pela mídia na construção dos heróis do MMA. Conclui-se que esta seja uma das estratégias mais eficazes para transformar o MMA num fenômeno popular, fomentando o seu consumo alienado na sociedade brasileira.

The text presents some considerations about mechanisms used by the media industry in the construction of "sports heroes" of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). For that, there was a theoretical study and highlighted a few examples of situations experienced by Brazilian MMA athletes to discuss such mechanisms. Thus, it is understood that the sporting spectacle, the use of specialized marketing and sensationalism in the dissemination of information about the lives of these athletes are some of the mechanisms used by the media in the construction of MMA heroes. We conclude that this is one of the most effective strategies to transform the MMA a popular phenomenon, encouraging their consumption sold in Brazilian society.

El texto tiene como objetivo presentar algunas consideraciones sobre los mecanismos utilizados por la industria de los medios en la construcción de los "héroes del deporte" de la Mixta Martia Larts (MMA). Por lo tanto, hubo un estudio teórico y destacó algunos ejemplos de situaciones vividas por los atletas de MMA de Brasil para discutir este tipo de mecanismos. Por lo tanto, se entiende que el espectáculo deportivo, el uso del marketing especializado y el sensacionalismo en la difusión de información sobre la vida de estos atletas son algunos de los mecanismos utilizados por los medios de comunicación en la construcción de los héroes de MMA. Llegamos a la conclusión de que esta es una de las estrategias más eficaces para transformar el MMA en un fenómeno popular, fomentar su consumo vendida en la sociedad brasileña.

Mídia, mercadorização esportiva e o movimento de popularização do mma / Media, sport commodification and movement of mma popularization / Media, mercantilización del deporte y movimiento de popularización de mma

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar a relação entre mídia e esporte no processo de popularização do MMA na sociedade, num contexto que tem como ordem econô- mico-social o capitalismo. Inicialmente, buscou-se estabelecer uma discussão com a literatura, no sentido de compreender o fenômeno esportivo e como ele se configura na sociedade contemporânea. Essa etapa, eminentemente teórica, forneceu subsídios para elucidar alguns questionamentos que permeiam o veemente crescimento do fenômeno MMA e sua constante evidência nos meios de comunicação de massa. Como resultado, verificou-se que a popularização do MMA na sociedade está atrelada à persuasão da mídia, mediante o processo de mercadorização esportiva (AU).

This current study analyses the relationship between media and sport in the MMA popularization process in the society, in a context which has capitalism as socialeconomic order. Firstly, a discussion with the literature was established in order to understand the sport phenomenon and how it fits in the contemporary society. This stage, eminently theoretical, has provided subsidies to elucidate questions that diffuse through the vehement MMA phenomenon growing and its constant evidence in the massive communication media. As a result, it was noticed that MMA popularization in the society is related to media persuasion, by the sport commodification process (AU).

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre los medios y el deporte en el proceso de popularización de la MMA en la sociedad, en un contexto que el capitalismo económico-social. Inicialmente, se trató de establecer un diálogo con la literatura, con el fin de entender el fenómeno de los deportes y la forma en que está configurado en la sociedad contemporánea. Este paso, eminentemente teórica, concedió subvenciones para aclarar algunas cuestiones que impregnan el crecimiento ferviente del fenómeno MMA y de las pruebas constantes en los medios de comunicación de masas. Como resultado, se encontró que la popularidad de las MMA en la sociedad está ligada a la persuasión de los medios de comunicación, a través del proceso de mercantilización del deporte (AU).

MMA e educação física escolar: a luta vai começar / MMA and school physical education: the fight will start / MMA y educación física escolar: la lucha va a empezar

O MMA ­ fruto de uma histórica tensão entre a busca pelo mais forte e a tolerância à violência socialmente aceita ­ tem se tornado extremamente popular no Brasil, sendo alvo de debates também entre crianças e adolescentes. Aparenta ser uma manifestação cultural relevante para a Educação Física escolar e que, inclusive, pode ocupar o lugar (pouco ocupado) das lutas tradicionais na Educação Física. Contudo, violência nas lutas, formação precária dos professores e rejeição da comunidade podem afastar dos alunos o conhecimento científico sobre essa modalidade. Assim, discutimos o MMA enquanto manifestação sociocultural e seu tensionamento com a Educação Física escolar.

The MMA - fruit of an historical tension between the search for the strongest and the violence tolerance socially admitted - became extremely popular in Brazil, being discussed also by children and adolescents. It seems to be culturally relevant for school Physical Education, so that may occupy the space (wispy occupied) of the traditional fights in Physical Education. However, fights violence, teachers' poor training and communities' non acceptation may move away from the students scientific knowledge about MMA. This way, we discuss MMA as a sociocultural expression and its tension with school Physical Education

El MMA - resultado de una histórica tensión entre la busca por el más fuerte y la violencia socialmente aceptable - se ha tornado muy popular en Brasil, tornándose objeto de debates también entre niños y adolescentes. Parece ser una manifestación cultural importante para la Educación Física y que, incluso, puede tomar el puesto (poco ocupado) de luchas tradicionales en la Educación Física. No obstante, violencia en luchas, escasa formación de maestros y rechazo de la comunidad pueden alejar de los estudiantes el conocimiento científico de esta modalidad. Así, discutimos el MMA como manifestación sociocultural y su tensión con la Educación Física

Resenha do livro "filho teu não foge a luta: como os lutadores brasileiros transformaram o MMA em um fenômeno mundial", escrito por Fellipe Awi, Editora Intrínseca, 2012 / A review of book "Filho teu não foge à luta: como lutadores brasileiros transformaram o MMA em um fenômeno mundial" / Un reseña del libro "Tu hijo no se niega a la lucha: cómo los luchadores brasileños convirtieron a los MMAs en un fenómeno mundial"

Resumo: A resenha do livro "Filho teu não foge à luta: como os lutadores brasileiros transformaram o MMA em um fenômeno mundial", fala da história do MMA (Mixed Martial Arts - Artes Marciais Mistas), escritas pelo jornalista Fellipe Awi. O autor traça a trajetória do esporte, a partir da criação do Jiu Jitsu brasileiro e dos desafios promovidos pela Familia Gracie, para tentar mostrar a superioridade de sua arte, que foi desenvolvida a partir das técnicas de uma arte marcial japonesa chamada Jujutsu. As lutas e eventos do antigo Vale-tudo e as modificações para esportivizar a modalidade foram uma das justificativas fundamentais para o crescimento deste esporte no entendimento do autor, além dos relatos dos personagens que fazem parte desta história. Algumas críticas são feitas de acordo com referências obtidas pelos resenhistas, existindo até algumas discordâncias com os relatos do autor do livro. Awi narra a história, mostrando os brasileiros como principais personagens e peças fundamentais para o surgimento do MMA, além de todo o processo que tornou esta luta em um esporte mais aceito pelo público, retirando a pecha de violento, e que movimenta grandes somas em dinheiro no inicio deste século XXI. A resenha conta as histórias narradas pelo autor, com relatos de personagens famosos do mundo das lutas e que fizeram parte da criação do fenômeno esportivo que está entre um dos que mais cresce no mundo.

Abstract: A review of book "Filho teu não foge à luta: como lutadores brasileiros transformaram o MMA em um fenômeno mundial" is about of MMA ( Mixed Martial Arts), written by journalist Santino Awi (2012). The author writes the history of the sport from the point of the creation of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and the fighters promoted by Gracie Family in the beginning of last century. Showing the superiority of this fight/art, the author argues that developed of these techniques are taken from Japanese martial art called Jujutsu. The well-known fights in the past named "Vale-Tudo" and the necessary changes to make MMA less violent are the reasons for the audience interest in this fight in author opinion. In addition of that, some of the most important MMA characters are part of the book narrative, showing how difficult was in the begging to make MMA become a sport with rules and penalties accepted for all federations. Some critics are made by the reviewers and they are included in the book review. Specific author information's are different from reviewer's references. Awi also tells the main role of Brazilian fighters. Their traveling around the world, mainly to USA and the spread of fighters clubs in this country. The book review tells the stories narrated by the author, with reports of famous characters from the world of fighting and took part in the creation of sporting phenomenon that is among the fastest growing and well successful in the world.

Resumen: Un reseña del libro "Tu hijo no se niega a la lucha: cómo los luchadores brasileños convirtieron a los MMAs en un fenómeno mundial", cuenta la historia de los MMA (Mixed Martial Arts - Artes Marciales Mixtas), escrita por el periodista Fellipe Awi. El autor traza la trayectoria de este deporte, desde la creación del Jiu Jitsu brasileño y los desafíos promovidos por la familia Gracie, para tratar de demostrar la superioridad de su arte, que se desarrolló a partir de las técnicas de un arte marcial japonés llamado Jujutsu. Según el autor, las luchas y los eventos de la antigua Vale-Todo y las modificaciones hechas para convertir la modalidad en un deporte fueron una de las razones fundamentales para el crecimiento de este deporte, junto con los relatos de los personajes que forman parte de esta historia. Algunas críticas se hacen con base en las referencias obtenidas por los reseñistas, inclusivamente presentando unas discordancias con los relatos del autor del libro. Awi narra la historia, mostrando a los brasileños como personajes principales y piezas fundamentales para el surgimiento de los MMA junto con todo el proceso que convirtió a esta lucha en un deporte más aceptado por el público, eliminando su mancha violenta, y que mueve grandes sumas de dinero desde el inicio de este siglo XXI. La reseña cuenta las historias narradas por el autor, con relatos de personajes famosos del mundo de las luchas que participaron en la creación de este fenómeno deportivo que hoy cuenta con una de las mayores tasas de crecimiento del mundo

Apical microleakage of MTA with 4-META/MMA & TBB resin as a root-end filling material / 대한치과보존학회지

We evaluated in vitro microleakage of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) powder with 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4-META) / methyl methacrylate (MMA) & tri-n-butylborane (TBB) resin as a retrograde filling material by using methylene blue dye method. Fifty-two single rooted, extracted teeth were instrumented and obturated with gutta percha and AH plus sealer. The apical 3mm of each root was resected and 3mm deep ultrasonic root end preparation was done. External surface of roots was coated with nail varnish. Prepared teeth were randomly divided into five groups; Negative control: completely covered with nail varnish; Positive control: coated with nail varnish except for apical foramen; Group 1 (retrofilled with Portland cement); Group 2 (retrofilled with MTA); Group 3 (retrofilled with MTA powder mixed with 4-META/MMA & TBB resin). Immediately after completion of root-end filling, all specimens were submerged in methylene blue dye for 72 hours in 37degrees C incubator. The roots were longitudinally sectioned and measured for extent of dye penetration by three different examiners under microscope (x10). The results were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA and Turkey's HSD test. No leakage was evident in negative control and complete leakage in positive control group. Group 3 showed significantly less leakage than group 1 and 2 (p 0.01). It was concluded that MTA powder with 4-META/MMA & TBB resin was excellent in reducing initial apical microleakage.

Intracerebral Hematoma Caused by Ruptured Traumatic Pseudoaneurysm of the Middle Meningeal Artery: A Case Report

Hematomas caused by ruptured traumatic pseudoaneurysms of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) usually present with extradural hematomas, whereas intradural intraparenchymal hematomas are extremely rare. We report a case of traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the MMA giving rise to an intracerebral hematoma after head trauma. A 70-year-old man suffered a massive intracerebral temporoparietal hemorrhage after a head injury. CT angiogram of the brain revealed a large hematoma in the right middle cranial fossa extending to the right sylvian fissure. Cerebral angiogram also revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the MMA, which was successfully treated surgically. Although traumatic MMA pseudoaneurysm producing intracerebral hematoma (ICH) is rare, it should be considered as a possible cause of intracerebral hematoma.

Gas-Liquid Chromamgraphic Analysis of Residual Ethylene Oxide and MMA Monomer in Various lntraocular Lenses

Recently, we performed an ezperi nlent to detect residual ethylene oxide(EO) gas and methylmethacrylate(MMA) monomer in the intraocular lenses from eleven different makers using gas-liquid chromatography. The residual EO gas over 25ppm was seen in 2 makers and also the MMA monomer over 2% was present in two makers. As a result, we recommend that the precise product quality-control of the IOLes is necessary especially for the lenses from foreign manufacturers.

Gas-Liquid Chromamgraphic Analysis of Residual Ethylene Oxide and MMA Monomer in Various lntraocular Lenses

Recently, we performed an ezperi nlent to detect residual ethylene oxide(EO) gas and methylmethacrylate(MMA) monomer in the intraocular lenses from eleven different makers using gas-liquid chromatography. The residual EO gas over 25ppm was seen in 2 makers and also the MMA monomer over 2% was present in two makers. As a result, we recommend that the precise product quality-control of the IOLes is necessary especially for the lenses from foreign manufacturers.