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BACKGROUND Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium. Human-to-human transmission depends on a mosquito vector; thus, the interruption of parasite transmission from humans to mosquitoes is an important approach in the fight against malaria. The parasite stages infectious to mosquitoes are the gametocytes, sexual stages that are ingested by the vector during a blood meal and transform into male and female gametes in the midgut. Immunity against sexual stage antigens expressed by gametocytes, gametes, and the zygote formed after fertilisation can interrupt the parasite sexual cycle in the mosquito. This transmission blocking immunity is mediated by specific antibodies ingested during the mosquito blood feed, inhibiting the parasite development in the midgut. Merozoite thrombospondin related anonymous protein (MTRAP) is a merozoite and gametocyte surface protein essential for gamete egress from erythrocytes and for parasite transmission to mosquitoes. OBJECTIVES Here, we evaluated the potential of the P. berghei MTRAP to elicit antibodies with the ability to inhibit gamete fertilisation in vitro. METHODS We expressed a soluble recombinant PbMTRAP and used it to immunise BALB/c mice. The transmission blocking activity of the anti-rPbMTRAP antibodies was tested through in vivo challenge experiments followed by in vitro conversion assays. FINDINGS Immunisations with the rPbMTRAP induced a strong antibody response and the antibodies recognised the native protein by Western Blot and IFA. Anti-rPbMTRAP present in the blood stream of immunised mice partially inhibited gamete conversion into ookinetes. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that antibodies to PbMTRAP may reduce but are not sufficient to completely block transmission.
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Background:In transfusion service,it is very important to carry out blood group with perfection. Blood grouping is a fast and easy way to ensure that you receive the right kind of blood for right patient.There are many methods we usefor blood grouping like Slide method,test tube method,column agglutination method anderythrocyte magnetic technique. Test tube method is gold standard method for blood grouping. We need to verify donor blood groupin blood bank or at camp site, for patients at bed side, at the time of issue of blood unit or at the time of dire emergency so to verifythe blood group in Blood centres we require the results of blood grouping urgently. ABD PAD® is a new device for the quick confirmation of the ABO blood group. Materials And Methods:In this Pilot study,200 samples were taken of which 100 were donor samples and 100 were patient samples. Blood grouping was performed on the ABD PAD, and results were compared with conventional tube technique and automate platform, Qwalys 3 (Diagast) EMT technique.Results:All 200 tests performed on the ABD PAD were concordant with other standard methods, namely the Test Tube technique and automated platform, Qwalys 3 (Diagast).The results of ABD PAD were quicker(within 30 seconds) and easy to interpret.Discussion:The manual confirmation of the ABO group and RH-rhesus is a repetitive and time consuming task. It requiresfollowing a procedure handling several reagents. In this context, the ABD pad is a ready to use device using the latex technology M-TRAP, facilitating the procedure intendedfor the confirmation of ABO/Rh. The only drawback is that we are not able to perform reverse grouping. Conclusion:ABD PAD is very useful for blood grouping in donors in the blood bank as well as in outdoor blood donation camp and at the time of issue of blood unit when we want to re-check the blood group of the issue bag. It is easy to interpret, fast, reliable and results are comparable with standard methods.