Systematic review of the economic evaluation of influenza vaccines in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To systematically analyze the status of health economic evaluation studies of influenza vaccination in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area （GBA） of China， and to provide a methodological reference for future scholars to carry out economic evaluations of influenza vaccine in GBA. METHODS Seven English databases such as PubMed and Embase and three Chinese databases such as CNKI and Wanfang database were searched. The economic evaluation studies of influenza vaccines with the study area of GBA were collected. The search time frame was from the inception to June 30， 2022. After screening the literature and extracting key information， descriptive analysis was conducted on the study design， evaluation methods， model settings， results and conclusions of these collected papers， and the quality of the papers was evaluated using Quality of Health Economic Studies. RESULTS A total of 12 papers were included， of which 7 had a study region of Hong Kong in China， 6 had an older target group， 5 had a society-wide perspective， and the study time frame ranged from 6 months to 9 years. Besides， 8 papers used cost-utility analysis， only 2 used an epidemic model； 8 papers conducted sensitivity analyses， and most of them conducted both one-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Moreover， the results of the economic evaluation of 10 papers showed that （combined） vaccination or increased vaccination rates were more economical. In addition， 4 of the 12 papers had a quality score＞75， which were considered high-quality studies. CONCLUSIONS Although most of the included studies showed that vaccination was economical， the quality of the existing paper needed to be improved. It is recommended that subsequent studies on the economic evaluation of influenza vaccines in GBA may consider adding economic evaluations for Macau and other cities in Guangdong of China， prioritizing dynamic models and recent data from local residents， and referring to relevant tools and guidelines to improve thestandardization and scientificity of the study design.

The teachers′ experience of nursing practice teaching collaboration between Guangdong and Macao under the background of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To explore the experience of teachers from Guangdong and Macao in nursing teaching cooperation, the existing problems in current teaching cooperation and suggestions for improvement.Methods:From January to April 2021, using descriptive qualitative method to conduct in-depth among eight clinical tutors from The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University who teach Macao nursing students, and four teachers from Kiang Wu Nursing College of Macao using the purposive sampling method. And adopted content analysis for data analysis.Results:A total of 4 themes and 2 sub-themes were analyzed: the positive impact of cross-border teaching cooperation projects including developed the nursing business of the two places and deepened the cooperative relationship between the two places; limiting the depth and breadth of knowledge transfer because of the short cross-border learning time; the imbalance between students′ abilities and teachers′ expectations; expectations for homogeneous internships for heterogeneous groups.Conclusions:Cross-border nursing teaching cooperation is an important promoter for the development of nursing education between Guangdong and Macao, but there are still deficiencies in cooperation, and it is necessary for the two places to strengthen the construction of a sharing platform for teaching resources to promote the development of nursing education in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

Analysis and Suggestions on the Development of Biomedical Industry in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for furthe r promoting the high-quality development of the biomedical industry in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. METHODS ：Through summarizing the development status and development environment of the biomedical industry in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area ，the construction experience of foreign advanced biomedical industrial park was introduced ，and the problems and challenges faced by the biomedical industry in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area were sorted out so as to put forward relevant countermeasures and suggestions. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area has received multiple policy support，which is conducive to the development of biomedical industry. The industrial chain is complete ，and the scale advantage of biological industry is showing day by day. Biological industry has achieved fruitful innovation achievement ，and its R&D investment is in the leading position in the country. The pharmaceutical manufacturing industry is developed and the total amount of medical resources is large. The financial advantages are obvious ，and institutional innovation is conducive to the development of biomedical industry. The process of internationalization takes the leading place ，which is conducive to continuously promoting foreign cooperation. However ，compared with foreign advanced biomedical industrial parks ，Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area still has some deficiencies in management mode ，service mode and “industry-university-institute”cooperation. It also faces the following problems that the legal systems and industry norms of the three places need to be further connected ；there is a talent gap ；the industrial chain is not perfect ；the support for new drug R&D is insufficient ；the“industry-university-institute” cooperation needs to be strengthened ；the level of financial support needs to be improved. Accordingly ，it is recommended to break down institutional barriers ，and promote the connection between the legal system and industry norms ；innovate talent policies ，and continue to attract excellent R&D talents ；introduce leading companies ，and improve the industrial chain ；open up clinical trial channels and promote the transformation efficiency of scientific research achievements ；strengthen“industry-university-institute” cooperation，and promote the improvement of biomedical innovation ability ；make good use of financial support to help the rapid rise of biomedical industry enterprises ，so as to promote the high-quality development of biomedical industry in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area.

Macau, a luta contra a Covid-19 no olho do furação / Macao, the fights against Covid-19 in the eye of the hurricane / Macao, la lucha contra la Covid-19 en el ojo del huracán

Objectivo: analisar como a Região Administrativa Especial de Macau lida com a pandemia causada pelo novo coronavírus, SARS-CoV-2. Metodologia:análise das leis vigentes no território, das decisões tomadas e das práticas adoptadas. Resultados:Macau, diferentemente de vários outros países, já possuía legislação específica de combate a crises sanitárias ­Lei nº 2/2004 ­o que facilitou a adopção de medidas restritivas de direitos e liberdades de forma imediata, e sem indagações quanto à sua legalidade e/ou constitucionalidade. O comportamento social da população e a adopção de medidas voluntárias ­uso de máscaras e quarentena voluntária ­também foram identificados como factores importantes para enfrentar a doença. Os princípios da precaução e da necessidade podem ser claramente observados na adopção das medidas de saúde pelo governo de Macau.Conclusão: o controlo da pandemia foi conseguido por via de várias medidas ­umas de base legal, outras puramente sociais ­,que contaram com o apoio da população. Macau é um autêntico case study de como se controla uma pandemia.

Objective: to analyse how the Macao Special Administrative Region deals with the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2.Methodology:analysis of the laws in force in the territory, the decisions made, and the practices adopted.Results:Macao, unlike several other countries, had already specific legislation to combat health crises ­Law n. 2/2004 ­which facilitated the immediate adoption of restrictive of rights and freedom measures, without inquiries as to their legality and/or constitutionality. The population' social behaviour and the adoption of voluntary measures -masks wearing and voluntary quarantine -werealso identified as important factorsto face the disease. The principles of precaution and necessity can be clearly observedin the adoption of health measures by the Macao government.Conclusion:the control of the pandemic was achieved by using several measures ­some legally based, others purely social ­fully supported by the population. Macao is an authentic case study of how to control a pandemic.

Objetivo: analizar cómo la Región Administrativa Especial de Macao se enfrenta a la pandemia causada por el nuevo coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Metodología: análisis de las leyes vigentesen el territorio, de las decisiones tomadas y de las prácticas adoptadas. Resultados: Macao, a diferencia de otros países, ya tenía una legislación específica para combatir las crisis de salud, la Ley n. 2/2004, que facilitó la adopción de medidas restrictivas de derechos y libertades de inmediato, y sin cuestionamientos sobre su legalidad y/o constitucionalidad El comportamiento social de la población y la adopción de medidas voluntarias (usar máscaras y cuarentena voluntaria) también se identificaron como factoresimportantespara enfrentar la enfermedad. Los principios de precaución y necesidad pueden observarse claramente en la adopción de medidas de salud por parte del gobierno de Macao.Conclusión:el controlo de la pandemia se logró mediante varias medidas -algunas de base legal, otras puramente sociales, que contaron con el apoyo de la población. Macao es un auténtico case study sobre cómo controlar una pandemia.

Current Situation and Improvement Suggestion of Traditional Chinese Medicine Policy in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To study the current situation of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）industry policy in Guangdong- Hong Kong-Macao greater bay area ，and to provide suggestions for the follow-up planning and layout. METHODS ：The content analysis method was used to code and measure the policy text of TCM industry in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao greater bay area issued by the central government and local government as of April 2020 from the perspective of policy tools. The current development focus and existing problems of the industry were summarized to put forward reasonable suggestion. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：A total of 34 relevant policy texts were retrieved ，including 9 at the central government level and 25 at the local government level. In respective of essential policy tool ，the supply-oriented ，demand-oriented and environmental policy tools of TCM industry in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao greater bay area accounted for 58.10％，22.86％ and 19.05％，respectively. Among supply-oriented policy tools ，hardware construction accounted for 40.98％，internal communication for 26.23％，quality construction for 22.95％，and international exchange for 9.84％；there was no specific implementation rules and programs for policy tools ，which affect their operability. The demand-oriented policy tools included health service （75.00％），international trade （16.67％），service outsourcing （4.17％）and government subsidies （4.17％）；the use of the latter three approaches limited the openness of the industrial market. The environmental policy tools included target planning （40.00％），access rules （25.00％）， intellectual property （30.00％）and financing support （5.00％），but needed to improve the support of laws and regulations and relevant measures. In respective of the value chain of TCM industry ，34 policy texts showed 4 contents，including platform construction（36.19％），scientific and technological innovation （19.05％），market expansion （23.81％），exchange and cooperation （20.95％）；the lack of scientific and technological innovation and exchange and cooperation limited the standardization ， modernization and internationalization of TCM. It suggested to optimize the supply-oriented policy tools ，improve the operability of policies； pay attention to the demand-oriented and environmental policy tools ， highlight the role of marketization and standardization；pay attention to the integration of basic policy tools and industrial value chain ，and achieve the standardization ， modernization and international development of TCM in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao greater bay area.

Status quo, challenges and prospects of health security in Macao: based on the perspective of universal health coverage / 中华医院管理杂志

Universal health coverage is a common pursuit of all levels of development. We have analyzed the challenges faced by Macao′s health security in light of the current situation of Macao′s health security development and the status of the national health coverage of developed economies indicators in the form of representative security systems, with a view to providing reference for the policy perspectives of Macao′s future reform and development.

Spatial-temporal analysis of enterovirus infection in Macao Special Administrative Region, China,2011-2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the spatial-temporal distribution of enterovirus infection in Macao Special Administrative Region,China,from 2011 to 2016.Methods The incidence data of cnterovirus infections in child care settings and primary schools in Macao during this period,which were confirmed by the Health Bureau,were used for the spatial-temporal analysis.Bernoulli model was used as probability model.Software SPSS 20.0 was used for descriptive statistics of the study cases,and software SaTScan 9.4.4 was used for spatial and temporal scanning.Finally,software Google Earth was used for visualization of geographical information.Results A total of 330 enterovirus infection events were reported in Macao from 2011 to 2016.The infection event number was highest in 2014 (101,30.6％),the infections mainly occurred during May to June.A case clustering area with a radius of 0.7 km (high rates) was observed in northeast of Macao from 2011 to 2013 (log likelihood rate=13.4,P＜0.001,RR=1.4).Conclusion The annual prevention of enterovirus infection and related health education should be started in February and March in Macao,and the key area is the northeast of Macao island.

Spatial-temporal analysis of enterovirus infection in Macao Special Administrative Region, China,2011-2016 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the spatial-temporal distribution of enterovirus infection in Macao Special Administrative Region,China,from 2011 to 2016.Methods The incidence data of cnterovirus infections in child care settings and primary schools in Macao during this period,which were confirmed by the Health Bureau,were used for the spatial-temporal analysis.Bernoulli model was used as probability model.Software SPSS 20.0 was used for descriptive statistics of the study cases,and software SaTScan 9.4.4 was used for spatial and temporal scanning.Finally,software Google Earth was used for visualization of geographical information.Results A total of 330 enterovirus infection events were reported in Macao from 2011 to 2016.The infection event number was highest in 2014 (101,30.6％),the infections mainly occurred during May to June.A case clustering area with a radius of 0.7 km (high rates) was observed in northeast of Macao from 2011 to 2013 (log likelihood rate=13.4,P＜0.001,RR=1.4).Conclusion The annual prevention of enterovirus infection and related health education should be started in February and March in Macao,and the key area is the northeast of Macao island.

Development of healthcare system in Macao and its implications for China's mainland / 中华医院管理杂志

This paper introduced the latest healthcare management and the service delivery system including health resources in Macao,highlighting the developed legal system,government financing policies for health sector,the well-developed medical service referral system,favorable development supports for private medical institutions,and remuneration incentive policies for health workers in Macao.These may serve as the useful implications and recommendations for health reform and development in mainland of China.

Beach almond (Terminalia catappa, Combretaceae) seed production and predation by scarlet macaws (Ara macao) and variegated squirrels (Sciurus variegatoides) / Producción de semillas y depredación del almendro de playa (Terminalia catappa, Combretaceae) por lapas rojas (Ara macao) y ardillas chizas (Sciurus variegatoides)

Knowledge of ecological impacts of exotic beach almond (Terminalia catappa) in the central Pacific of Costa Rica are little known, but studies have found this species to be a potentially important food source for endangered scarlet macaws (Ara macao). In this study, reproductive phenology and seed predation by variegated squirrels (Sciurus variegatoides) and scarlet macaws were measured during March and April 2011 on beaches of central Pacific coastal Costa Rica. Seed productivity and predation levels were quantified on a weekly basis for 111 beach almond trees to assess the importance of beach almond as a food source for scarlet macaws and the extent of resource partitioning between seed predators. Seed production of the trees was great (about 194 272 seeds) and approximately 67% of seeds were predated by seed predators. Macaws consumed an estimated 49% of seeds while squirrels consumed 18%. Additionally, evidence of resource partitioning between squirrels and macaws was found. Scarlet macaws preferred to feed on the northern side and edge of the canopy while squirrels preferred to feed on the southern and inside parts of the canopy. Both species ate most seeds on the ocean side of the tree. Despite the status of this tree as an exotic species, the beach almond appears to be an important resource for scarlet macaw population recovery. The resource produced by this tree should be taken into account as reforestation efforts continue in Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (3): 929-938. Epub 2014 September 01.

El conocimiento de los impactos ecológicos del almendro de playa exótico (Terminalia catappa) en el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica son poco conocidos, pero los estudios han encontrado que esta especie es una fuente de alimento potencialmente importante para la lapa roja (Ara macao), en peligro de extinción. En este estudio, se midieron la fenología reproductiva y la depredación de semillas por las ardillas (Sciurus variegatoides) y lapas rojas durante marzo y abril 2011 en las playas de la costa Pacífica Central de Costa Rica. Los niveles de productividad y depredación de semillas se cuantificaron semanalmente para 111 almendros de playa, para evaluar la importancia del almendro de playa como fuente de alimento para la lapa roja y el grado de repartición de recursos entre los depredadores de semillas. La producción de semillas de los árboles fue alta (cerca de 194 272 semillas) y aproximadamente el 67% de las semillas fueron comidas por los depredadores, las lapas rojas consumen un estimado de 49% de las semillas, mientras que las ardillas consumen el 18%. Adicionalmente, se encontró evidencia de la repartición de recursos entre las ardillas y las lapas. Las lapas rojas prefieren alimentarse en el lado norte y el borde de la copa, mientras que las ardillas prefieren las regiones del sur y el interior de la copa. Ambas especies se comieron la mayoría de las semillas en la parte del árbol con lado al mar. A pesar de la situación de este árbol como una especie exótica, la playa de almendras parece ser un recurso importante para la recuperación de la población de lapas rojas. El recurso que produce este árbol debe tomarse en cuenta para continuar con los esfuerzos de reforestación en Costa Rica.

Traditional Chinese Pregnancy Restrictions, Health-Related Quality of Life and Perceived Stress among Pregnant Women in Macao, China

PURPOSE: The objectives of this study were to identify the prevalence and rationales of traditional Chinese pregnancy restrictions and to investigate the relationship between pregnancy restriction, health-related quality of life, and perceived stress level at a two-stage design. METHODS: Stage I consisted of exploring the traditional Chinese pregnancy restrictions and their underlying beliefs based on extensive literature review followed by in-depth interviews with 30 pregnant women. Stage II investigated the relationship between pregnancy restrictions, health-related quality of life, and perceived stress among 1,151 women. Self-developed traditional Chinese pregnancy restrictions lists were measured on adherence towards the traditional Chinese pregnancy restriction. Perceived stress and health-related quality of life were measured by the Perceived Stress Scale and the Short Form-12 (SF-12) Health Survey, respectively. RESULTS: The majority of the women adhered to traditional Chinese pregnancy restrictions in order to protect the unborn child from danger and to avoid the problems associated pregnancy and birth, such as miscarriage, stillbirth, death of the mother, and imperfections in the newborn. Pregnant women who adhered to behavioral restrictions were more likely to associate with poor physical component of healthrelated quality of life. However, there was no significant difference between pregnancy restrictions and Perceived Stress Scale scores. CONCLUSION: The findings provided cultural rationales of pregnancy restrictions within a Macao context that may assist health professionals to better understand women from different cultures. It is essential in the development of culturally appropriate healthcare to support women in making a healthy transition to motherhood.

Prevalence and related factors of carcinoma among population in Macao during 2003-2007 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective Understanding the prevalence of cancer among Macao residents to better carry out tertiary prevention and control program. Methods Data was gathered from annual reports of Macao Cancer Registry of Health Bureau in 2003-2007, and demographic statistics of Statistics and Census Bureau Macau SAR Government in 1997-2006. Both International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) were used to classify the diseases and causes of death. Excel 2003 was used for data input and data was analyzed with crude rate, velocity of increase of crude rate and cumulative risk. Results The average crude incidence rate of cancer was 237.2 per 100 000 among the Macao population,with age standardized incidence rate as 194.4 per 100 000; and crude mortality rate as 101.0 per 100 000. Lower gastrointestinal cancer had the highest crude incidence, with the crude incidence rate of prostate cancer rapidly increasing.Respiratory cancer and breast cancer appeared to be the highest crude incidences in both men and women, with the crude mortality rate (25.0 per 100 000) of respiratory cancer the highest. 72.9% of the tumors occurred at the age of 50 and above. However, 81.1% of the tumors occurred at 50 years old and above in men, with the occurrences of tumors of women distributed more evenly. Breast cancer and epithelial tumor commonly occurred in adolescents and young adults while respiratory cancer mostly seen in adulthood and the elderly. Residents were usually diagnosed of cancer at 61.0years of age and death occurred at 70.5 year old. The prognosis of cancer of men was worse than women' s. The worst prognosis of cancer was seen in liver and esophagus, with death occurred within 1 year after diagnosis was made. Breast cancer had the highest cumulative incidence rate, but respiratory cancer had the highest cumulative mortality rate. Both cumulative rates of incidence and mortality in women were lower than in men. Conclusion The increase of crude cancer incidence rate was fast among Macao residents, but relatively slow with crude mortality rate. Respiratory and lower gastrointestinal tumors took the majority while prostate and breast cancer were by no means unimportant, which also called for tertiary prevention. People above 50 years old and all males should be listed as target population to receive preventive program on cancer.

Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao, Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) Nest Characteristics in the Osa Peninsula Conservation Area (ACOSA), Costa Rica

The Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) is an endangered species. In Costa Rica, the Scarlet Macaw population of the Central Pacific Conservation Area (ACOPAC, n =432 individuals) has undergone considerable study and has been used effectively as a flagship species for regional conservation. Costa Rica’s only other viable Scarlet Macaw population, located in the Osa Peninsula Conservation Area (ACOSA, n=800-1200 individuals), remains virtually unstudied. We studied ACOSA Scarlet Macaw nest cavities from February 19th to March 22nd 2006. Through informal interviews with park guards and residents, we found a total of 57 potential nests in 52 trees. Eleven nests were reported as frequently poached. Scarlet Macaws used 14 identified tree species, ten of which are unrecorded in Costa Rica. The most common nesting trees were Caryocar costaricense (n=12, 24%), Schizolobium parahyba (n=9, 18.0%), Ceiba pentandra (n=7, 14.0%) and Ficus sp. (n=5, 10.0%). We compare nesting characteristics to those recorded in ACOPAC. A combination of bottom-up and top-down strategies are necessary to ensure the Scarlet Macaw’s long-term success, including environmental education in local schools, community stewardship of active nests, and the advertisement of stricter penalties for poaching. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (1-2): 387-393. Epub 2009 June 30.

The genotype study for the Escherichia coli extended spectrum β-lactamase in Macao and Shenyang, China / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective To identify the genotypos of extended spectrum β-1actamase (ESBLs)-producing of Escherichia coli ( E. coli) clinical strains isolated from the Macao and compare the results with the genotypes of clinical strains collected in the first Clinical College, China Medical University (CMU) in Shengyang. Methods The clinically isolated E. coli strains including 209 strains from Macao and 150 strains from CMU were collected. Based on the standard of CLSI2006, the ESBLs-producing strains was identified and its isoelectric point(pI) value was detected by isoelectric focusing (IEF) method. The pI values were used to design the primers for PCR amplification. The amplified DNA sequences were then compared with the GenBank and the ESBL genotypes were confirmed. Results ( 1 ) The positive rate of ESBLs-producing strains of E. coli was 30. 1% (62/209) from Macao and 54. 0% (81/150)from CMU. (2)The genotype of 56 (90. 5% ) β-lactamase(ESBLs)-producing E. cull strains from Macao was CTX-M56. Most of them were CTX-M-14 (76. 2% ), other genotypes including CTX-M-9 (4. 8% ), CTX-M-22 (3.2%), CTX-M-24(3.2%), CTX-M-27(1. 6% ), and CTX-M-15( 1.6% ) were found. Six strains were unidentified. (3)The genotype of 74(91.5% )β-lactamase(ESBLs) -producing E. coli strains from Shenyang was CTX-M. Most of them were CTX-M-14 (65.4%), other genotypes including CTX-M-3 ( 13.6% ), CTX-M-24 (4. 9% ),CTX-M-22(2.5%), CTX-M-15(2.5%), CTX-M-9(1.2%) and CTX-M-28(1.2%) were found. Seven strains were unidentified. Conclusions CTX-M genotypo was the mostly identified ESBL-preducing E. Coli strains from Macao and the results were similar with that from CMU. Among them, the CTX-M-14 was the major genotype. Other genotypes included CTX-M-9, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-22, CTX-M-27, and CTX-M-24.However, two genotypes of CTX-M-3 and CTX-M-28 were not found in the clinical isolates in Macao and one genotype of CTX-M-27 was not found from the CMU clinical isolates.

Scarlet Macaw, Ara macao, (Psittaciformes: Psittacidae) diet in Central Pacific Costa Rica

From 1993 to 1997, we observed Scarlet Macaw (Ara macao) feeding behavior in Central Pacific Costa Rica. Feeding data acquired in this study were not collected systematically, but opportunistically whenever macaws were observed feeding. To supplement feeding observations, we conducted interviews with local residents. Scarlet Macaws fed on seeds, fruits, leaves, flowers and/or bark of 43 plant species. Various plant parts eaten by macaws from several tree species contain secondary compounds toxic to humans, and additional species included in their diet are nonnative, introduced for agricultural purposes. Important macaw feeding tree species are Ceiba pentandra, Schizolobium parahybum, and Hura crepitans; these species are also crucial to this macaw population because of nest cavities they provide. The results of this study contribute to the conservation of Scarlet Macaws in Central Pacific Costa Rica through promoting protection of individual trees, and through local elementary school reforestation programs focusing on tree species that macaws use for feeding and/or nesting. Scarlet Macaw conservation is extremely important, as numerous population pressures have caused significant declines in macaw numbers in Costa Rica.

Entre 1993-97, observamos el comportamiento de alimentación de la lapa roja (Ara macao) en el Pacifico Central de Costa Rica. La lapa roja se alimentó de semillas, frutas, hojas, flores y corteza de 43 especies de plantas. Varias partes de las plantas comidas por las lapas contienen compuestos secundarios tóxicos al ser humano, y especies adicionales incluidas en la dieta son exóticas; introducidas por razones agrícolas, forestales o estéticas. Especies de árboles importantes como alimento de la lapa roja incluyen: Ceiba pentandra, Schizolobium parahybum, y Hura crepitans; también son criticas para la población de la lapa roja debido a proveen cavidades para anidación. Los resultados de este estudio contribuyen a la conservación de la lapa roja en el Pacifico Central de Costa Rica a través de la promoción de la protección de árboles individuales y programas de reforestación a nivel de escuela primaria que se enfocan en especies de árboles que la lapa utiliza para alimentación o anidación. La conservación de la lapa roja es importante, debido al declive de sus números en Costa Rica.

Comparison on the Licensed Pharmacists in Hong Kong,Macao,Taiwan and Mainland of China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for the supervisors of licensed pharmacists and other correlative personnel in mainland of China.METHODS:The related information on the licensed pharmacists in Hong Kong,Macao,Taiwan and mainland of China were compared and analyzed.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The licensed pharmacists in Hong Kong,Macao,Taiwan are different from those in the mainland of China in terms of the legal bases for management,the control agency,classification and numbers,distribution,qualifications for access,education and continuing education etc.The mainland of China can draw merits from Hong Kong,Macao and Taiwan to further perfect its management on the licensed pharmacists.

Discussion on traditional Chinese medicine syndrome and treatment mechanism about early hypertension in Macao / 中华中医药杂志

On the basis of analyzing traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) pathogenesis character of early hypertension in Macao,to induce the main pathological mechanism of early hypertension is stagnation of phlegm and blood,excess of liver yang.Activiting qi,blood and regulating vessel are general principles of treatment.Dissipating phlegm and promoting blood circulation,repressing hyperactive liver yang and nourishing tendon interrupt early pathological change,moreover,it embodies the TCM theory of ‘early treatmrnt to prevent deterioration’.

Analysis of 989 cases of dengue fever in Macao / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To study the clinical characteristics of dengue ferver (DF) in Macao. Methods 989 cases of DF between August and December 2001 in Kiang Wu Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. Results The age of highest morbidity was between 41-50 years old, the peak time was September and October. The density of the population was linear relative to the morbidity(r=(0.866,) P