The effect of in-out-in axis pedicle screws on the vertebral artery in the posterior occipitocervical surgery / 中华创伤骨科杂志

Objective:To observe the effect of insertion of in-out-in axis pedicle screws on the vertebral artery in the posterior occipitocervical surgery for atlantoaxial subluxation or instability.Methods:The data of 52 patients with atlantoaxial dislocation or instability were analyzed who had been treated by internal fixation with in-out-in pedicle screws in the posterior occipitocervical surgery from January 2015 to February 2021 at Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital. There were 30 males and 22 females, aged from 17 to 65 years (mean, 41.2 years). There were 26 cases of unilateral vertebral artery high-riding, 3 cases of bilateral high-riding, 19 cases of unilateral narrow pedicle due to C2 and C3 fusion, and 4 cases of bilateral narrow pedicles. X-ray, CTA and MRI were performed before and 3 days after surgery. The patients' clinical symptoms were recorded. CTA was used to measure the diameter of the vertebral artery at the transverse foramina of C 2 and C 3 and to observe the effect of in-out-in screws on the morphology of the vertebral artery. X-ray and CT examinations were performed at 6 months after surgery to observe the bone fusion. Results:The surgery went on uneventfully in all the patients. In the 9 cases undergoing anterior and posterior surgery, the operation time averaged 271.2 min (from 213 to 352 min) and the bleeding volume 471.5 mL (from 230 to 830 mL). In the 43 cases undergoing posterior surgery, the operation time averaged 171.6 min (from 131 to 226 min) and the bleeding volume 395.9 mL (from 170 to 660 mL). There was no such complication as spinal or vascular injury. The CTA reexamination 3 days after surgery showed that the diameter of the vertebral artery was (2.92±0.55) mm and (3.04±0.54) mm, respectively at the cervical 2 and 3 transverse foramina, showing no significant change compared with the preoperative values [(2.91±0.68) mm and (3.11±0.50) mm] ( P>0.05) and that the vertebral artery was displaced externally and inferiorly in 21 cases. Follow-ups for all patients ranged from 7 to 24 months (mean, 11 months). At 6 months after surgery, bone fusion was observed by imaging and no breakage or displacement of the internal fixation was observed. Conclusion:The in-out-in pedicle screws in the posterior occipitocervical surgery may have little impact on the vertebral artery, leading to reliable clinical outcomes.

Comparative study of the types of fixation in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis / Estudo comparativo dos tipos de fixação na escoliose idiopática do adolescente / Estudio comparativo de los tipos de fijación en la escoliosis idiopática del adolescente

ABSTRACT Objective: To conduct a comparative study of the results obtained in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with different types of fixations (traditional, selective and multiple), and to evaluate the correction of angular deformity in the frontal plane by the Cobb and sacral clavicular angle (SCA) methods. Methods: A study of a group of 278 patients with AIS who underwent selective, traditional, and multiple fixation surgeries. Results: Significant corrections of both the Cobb angle and the SCA were observed. Conclusions: In the multiple fixation surgeries there was a 100% correction between the preoperative and postoperative SCA values and a 50% correction in the traditional and selective fixations, a difference considered significant. Regarding the Cobb angle, the three fixations presented corrections between preop and postop with significant differences. Level of evidence III; Retrospective Study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar um estudo comparativo dos resultados obtidos no tratamento da escoliose idiopática do adolescente (EIA) com diferentes tipos de fixação tradicional, seletiva e múltipla e avaliar a correção da deformidade angular no plano frontal pelo método de Cobb e do â ngulo sacro clavicular (ASC). Métodos: Estudo de um grupo de 278 pacientes com EIA operados com fixações seletiva, tradicional e múltipla. Resultados: Observou-se correção significativa tanto do ângulo de Cobb quanto do ASC. Conclusões: Nas cirurgias com fixação múltipla constatou-se, entre pré-operatório (pré-op) e pós-operatório (pós-op), uma correção de 100% do ASC, e com as fixações tradicional e seletiva a correção foi de 50%, diferença que se considerou significativa. Com relação ao ângulo de Cobb as três fixações resultaram em correções entre o pré-op e o pós-op com diferença considerada significativa. Nível de evidência III; Estudo retrospectivo.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Realizar un estudio comparativo de los resultados obtenidos en el tratamiento de la escoliosis idiopática del adolescente (EIA) con diferentes tipos de fijación: tradicional, selectiva y múltiple, y evaluar la corrección de la deformidad angular en el plano frontal mediante el método de Cobb y del ángulo sacro clavicular (ASC). Métodos: Estudio de un grupo de 278 pacientes con EIA operados con fijaciones selectiva, tradicional y múltiple. Resultados: Se observó corrección significativa tanto del ángulo de Cobb como del ASC. Conclusiones: En las cirugías con fijación múltiple se constató, entre preoperatorio (pre-op) y postoperatorio (post-op), una corrección de 100% del ASC, y con las fijaciones tradicional y selectiva la corrección fue de 50%, diferencia que se consideró significativa. Con relación al ángulo de Cobb las tres fijaciones resultaron en correcciones entre pre-op y post-op con diferencia considerada significativa. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio Retrospectivo.

Relationship of anteversion of the femoral neck with patellofemoral pain syndrome in young women not practicing regular physical activity / Relação entre a anteversão de colo do fêmur e a síndrome da dor patelofemoral em mulheres jovens não praticantes de atividade física regular

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patellofemoral pain syndrome is an anterior knee pain (or retropatellar), associated to knee joint stress. The risk factors include musculoskeletal disorders that affect the distribution of forces acting on the knee joint, as in the femoral anteversion. The objective of this study was to verify the relationship between the femoral anteversion angle and the patellofemoral pain syndrome in young women who do not practice regular physical activity. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, case-control study. The sample includes 100 women (G1, n=50 - anterior knee pain; G2, n=50 - control group). The instruments applied were the Anterior Knee Pain Score, numerical pain scale, and Craig's test. The groups were compared using the Student's t-test, p<0.05 for significant results (GraphPad Prism 8). RESULTS: The mean age was 21.5±3.45 and 20.9±2.85 years old for G1 and G2, respectively. Mean pain intensity was 4.6±1.97 for G1, with no pain recorded in G2 (p=0.0001). The mean anteversion angle of the femoral neck was 16.2±4.85 degrees in G1 and 15.6±4.87 degrees in G2 (p= 0.566). The average score obtained with the Anterior Knee Pain Score was 81.4±10.46 and 94.8±5.41 points for groups 1 and 2, respectively (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: No relationship was found between angulation of the femoral neck and the presence of anterior knee pain, however, a greater functional loss in the group with pain was observed.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A síndrome da dor patelofemoral se manifesta com dor anterior no joelho ou retropatelar, relacionada ao aumento do "stress" articular. Os fatores de risco incluem disfunções musculoesqueléticas que afetem a distribuição de forças na articulação do joelho, como ocorre na anteversão femoral. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a relação do ângulo de anteversão femoral com a dor anterior no joelho de mulheres jovens não praticantes de atividade física regular. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, caso-controle. A amostra foi composta por 100 mulheres divididas nos grupos dor anterior no joelho (G1) e controle (G2) cada um com 50 indivíduos. Os instrumentos aplicados foram: o Anterior Knee Pain Score, a escala numérica da dor, e teste de Craig. Os grupos foram comparados entre si pelo teste t de Student, adotando-se p<0,05 para resultados significativos (GraphPad Prism 8). RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi de 21,5±3,45 e 20,9±2,85 anos para G1 e G2, respectivamente. A intensidade média da dor foi 4,6±1,97 para o G1, não havendo registro de dor no G2 (p=0,0001). A angulação média de anteversão do colo femoral foi de 16,2±4,85 graus no G1 e 15,6±4,87 graus no G2 (p=0,566). Por fim, o escore médio obtido com o Anterior Knee Pain Score foi de 81,4±10,46 e 94,8±5,41 pontos para os grupos 1 e 2, respectivamente (p=0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Não foi encontrada relação entre angulação do colo femoral com a presença de dor anterior do joelho, no entanto, observou-se no grupo com dor havia maior perda funcional.

Spinopelvic variability according to the roussouly classificaton curve type / Variabilidade espinopélvica de acordo com o tipo de curva da classificação de roussouly / Variabilidad espinopélvica de acuerdo con el tipo de curva de la clasificación de roussouly

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the variability of spinopelvic sagittal parameters and the distribution of lordosis in the lumbar spine in a sample of patients. Methods This is a cross-sectional study considering full-spine radiographs of a patient sample. The patients were classified according to the Roussouly classification and both radiographic spinopelvic alignment parameters and the lordosis measurement of each lumbar spinal segment were considered. The radiographic parameters were correlated with the Roussouly classification type. Results Ninety patients were included in the study. There was significant correlation between pelvic incidence (PI) and lumbar lordosis (LL) (R=0.89; p<0.0001). The values of PI were significantly higher in Roussouly types 3 and 4 than in types 1 and 2 (p<0.001), as were the values of LL L1-S1(p<0.001). Considering the total sample, 67% of LL L1-S1 was located between L4-S1, but with variations by the Roussouly classification curve types. Conclusion This study demonstrated a high correlation between the values of PI and LL, as well as the importance of the distal lumbar segment (L4-S1) in the overall value of LL L1-S1, which was even higher in patients with a lower PI value (Roussouly types 1 and 2). Level of evidence II; Retrospective analysis of a prospective database (Cohort); Diagnostic study.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a variabilidade dos parâmetros sagitais espinopélvicos em uma amostra de pacientes, assim como a distribuição de lordose no segmento lombar da coluna vertebral. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal, considerando radiografias da coluna total de uma amostra de pacientes. Os pacientes foram avaliados de acordo com a classificação de Roussouly e foram considerados os parâmetros radiográficos do alinhamento sagital espinopélvico, além da medida da lordose de cada segmento da coluna lombar. Os parâmetros radiográficos foram correlacionados com o tipo da classificação de Roussouly. Resultados Noventa pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Houve correlação significativa entre a incidência pélvica (IP) e a lordose lombar (LL) L1-S1 (R=0,89; p<0,0001). O valor da IP foi significativamente maior nos tipos 3 e 4 de Roussouly do que nos tipos 1 e 2 (p<0,001), assim como o valor da LL L1-S1 (p<0,001). Considerando o total da amostra, 67% da LL L1-S1 estava localizada entre L4-S1, porém com variação conforme o tipo de curva pela classificação de Roussouly. Conclusões O presente estudo demonstrou grande correlação entre os valores da IP e da LL, assim como a importância do segmento lombar distal (L4-S1) no valor global da LL L1-S1, ainda maior nos pacientes com menor valor de IP (tipos 1 e 2 de Roussouly). Nível de evidência II; Análise retrospectiva de banco de dados prospectivo (coorte); Estudo diagnóstico.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la variabilidad de los parámetros sagitales espinopélvicos en una muestra de pacientes, así como la distribución de lordosis en el segmento lumbar de la columna vertebral. Métodos Se trata de un estudio transversal, considerando radiografías de la columna total de una muestra de pacientes. Los pacientes fueron evaluados de acuerdo con la clasificación de Roussouly y fueron considerados los parámetros radiográficos de la alineación sagital espinopélvica, además de la medida de la lordosis de cada segmento de la columna lumbar. Los parámetros radiográficos fueron correlacionados con el tipo de la clasificación de Roussouly. Resultados Fueron incluidos 90 pacientes en el estudio. Hubo correlación significativa entre la incidencia pélvica (IP) y la lordosis lumbar (LL) L1-S1 (R=0,89; p <0,0001).). El valor de la IP fue significativamente mayor en los tipos 3 y 4 de Roussouly que en los tipos 1 y 2 (p <0,001), así como el valor de la LL L1-S1 (p <0,001). Considerando el total de la muestra, 67% de la LL L1-S1 estaba localizada entre L4-S1, aunque con variación conforme al tipo de curva por la clasificación de Roussouly. Conclusiones El presente estudio demostró gran correlación entre los valores de la IP y de la LL, así como la importancia del segmento lumbar distal (L4-S1) en el valor global de la LL L1-S1, aún mayor en los pacientes con menor valor de IP (tipos 1 y 2 de Roussouly). Nivel de evidencia II; Análisis retrospectivo de banco de datos prospectivo (cohorte), Estudio diagnóstico.

Biplanar imaging with tridimensional capabilities: applicability of this new examination to spinal deformities / Imagem biplanar com capacidade tridimensional: aplicabilidade do novo exame nas deformidades na coluna vertebral / Imagen biplanar con capacidad tridimensional: aplicabilidad del nuevo examen en las deformidades en la columna vertebral

ABSTRACT This study presents details about the applicability of the new image acquisition system, called the biplanar imaging system, with three-dimensional capabilities (EOS®) to the treatment of spinal deformities. This system allows radiographic acquisition of the entire body, with a great reduction in the dose of radiation absorbed by the patient and three-dimensional (3D) stereoradiographic image reconstruction of bone structures, including the spine. In the case of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, the analysis of the spinal deformity with 3D reconstruction allows better understanding of the deformity and surgical planning. In the case of adult spinal deformity, full-body analysis allows an evaluation of the spinopelvic deformity, including loss of sagittal alignment, in addition to an evaluation of compensatory mechanisms recruited by the individual in an attempt to maintain the sagittal balance. Level of evidence III; Descriptive Review.

RESUMO O presente estudo apresenta detalhes sobre a aplicabilidade do novo sistema de aquisição de imagem, denominado sistema de imagem biplanar, com capacidade tridimensional (EOS®) no tratamento de deformidades da coluna vertebral. Tal sistema permite a aquisição radiográfica do corpo inteiro, com grande redução da dose de radiação absorvida pelo paciente e reconstrução estereoradiográfica em imagem tridimensional (3D) das estruturas ósseas, incluindo a coluna vertebral. No caso de escoliose idiopática do adolescente, a análise da deformidade da coluna vertebral com reconstrução 3D permite a melhor compreensão da deformidade e planejamento cirúrgico. No caso da deformidade da coluna vertebral do adulto, a análise do corpo inteiro permite a avaliação da deformidade espinopélvica, incluindo a perda do alinhamento sagital, além da avaliação adicional dos mecanismos compensatórios recrutados pelo indivíduo na tentativa de manter o equilíbrio sagital. Nível de evidência III; Revisão Descritiva.

RESUMEN El presente estudio presenta detalles sobre la aplicabilidad del nuevo sistema de adquisición de imagen denominado sistema de imagen biplanar, con capacidad tridimensional (EOS®) en el tratamiento de deformidades de la columna vertebral. Tal sistema permite la adquisición radiográfica del cuerpo entero, con gran reducción de la dosis de radiación absorbida por el paciente y reconstrucción estereorradiográfica en imagen tridimensional (3D) de las estructuras óseas, incluyendo la columna vertebral. En el caso de escoliosis idiopática del adolescente, el análisis de la deformidad de la columna vertebral con reconstrucción 3D permite la mejor comprensión de la deformidad y planificación quirúrgica. En el caso de la deformidad de la columna vertebral del adulto, el análisis del cuerpo entero permite la evaluación de la deformidad espinopélvica, incluyendo la pérdida de la alineación sagital, además de la evaluación adicional de los mecanismos compensatorios reclutados por el individuo en el intento de mantener el equilibrio sagital. Nivel de evidencia III; Revisión Descriptiva.

Valgus Malalignment Due to Internally Malrotated Trochanteric Nail Placement, with Rotational Malalignment in Femoral Shaft Segmental Fracture Fixation, an Underestimated Avoidable Technical Error: A Case Report

@#Coronal malalignment due to malrotated trochanteric nail placement in femoral fracture fixation has never been reported. We present a case of a femoral segmental fracture fixed with a trochanteric nail, with a malrotated placement resulting in a valgus malaligned nail and femur, associated with a rotational malalignment. Knowledge of the modern nail design with proper intra-operative precautions, would avoid this underestimated technical error.

Functional Outcome of Internal Fixation of Fibula by Closed Tens Nailing in Addition to Tibia in Distal Both Bone Leg Fractures

Introduction: Treatment of adult tibiofibular fractures, especially severely comminuted fractures, is technically challenging dueto the lack of reduction markers and difficulty in restoring the alignment. Fixation of the fibula can facilitate the reduction of thetibia fracture and restoration of the lower extremity alignment.Aim: This study aims to study the functional outcome of internal fixation of fibula by closed tens nailing in addition to tibia indistal both bone leg fractures.Materials and Methods: Patients with distal both bone leg fractures for whom fibular fixation was done in addition to tibia nailing inGovernment Rajaji Hospital, Madurai from July 2016 to September 2018 with a minimum 1-year follow-up were included in the study.Results: In this study among 15 patients, 9 patients did not have any angulation, 6 patients had varus angulation with mean varusof 2°, and none of the patients had valgus angulation. The mean range of movements in patients with fibula fixation was 96%. Themean time of union in these patients was 5 months (minimum of 4 months and a maximum of 7 months). Johner and Wruch’s criteria:Among the 15 patients, 12 patients (80%) had excellent results and 3 (20%) had good results. There were no fair and poor results.Conclusion: Treatment of distal third both bone leg fractures by fixation of fibula by closed tens nailing in addition to the tibia isuseful in anatomical reduction of tibia and reduced malalignment of tibia with good ankle functions. Further randomized controlstudies are needed to assess the long-term functional outcome in these patients.

Dilemma in Chronic Extrusion of Medial Meniscus with Unicompartmental Osteoarthritis in Middle Aged: A Case Report

Abstract@#Medial meniscus root tear (MMRT) is uncommon and is often associated with osteoarthritis during presentation. Whether it is a cause or effect, it is still debatable at this point of time. However, when a combination of injuries occurs in a middle age group patient, a careful examination before offering a treatment is advised. We herein report a case of a middle-aged gentleman suffering from both arthritis and MMRT.

The use of three-column osteotomy in the treatment of rigid deformities of the adult spine / O uso da osteotomia das três colunas no tratamento de deformidades rígidas da coluna vertebral do adulto

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze and characterize data about clinical outcome and complication rates in three-column osteotomies (3 CO) for treatment of rigid adult spine deformity (ASD). Methods: Baseline and postoperative clinical outcomes, considering the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) questionnaires, radiographic parameters, and demographic data of patients who underwent 3 CO procedure for fixed ASD treatment were collected. Surgical characteristics and reports of perioperative complications were recorded, as well as those that occurred at a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Results: Ten patients underwent 3 CO and had a minimum follow-up of 12 months (mean 24 months). The patients showed significantly improved health-related quality of life scores (ODI, SRS-22 total, function/activity, pain, and appearance). They also presented a significant improvement in all radiographic parameters considered in the study. Taking into account the surgical procedure, the operative time was significantly higher in patients with staged procedure than in patients with single-stage surgery (p = 0.003), with similar estimated blood loss and complication incidence. There were ten complications in six patients (60%), with a mean of 1.0 complication per patient. Conclusions: Despite of the high complication rates, 3 CO was an effective technique, considering clinical and radiographic outcomes, to treat complex cases of rigid ASD in a sample of patients operated in a Brazilian spine center, with a minimum follow-up of 12 months.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar e descrever dados sobre o resultado clínico e as taxas de complicações em pacientes submetidos a osteotomia das três colunas (O3 C) para o tratamento de deformidade da coluna vertebral no adulto (DCVA) rígida em um mesmo serviço no Brasil. Métodos: Foram coletados dados clínicos, considerando os questionários Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) e Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22), e radiográficos pré- e pós-operatórios, além de dados demográficos, de pacientes submetidos a O3 C para tratamento de DCVA rígidas. Também foram coletados dados sobre o procedimento cirúrgico e complicações perioperatórias e no seguimento dos pacientes, com tempo mínimo de 12 meses. Resultados: O estudo incluiu dez pacientes com mínimo de 12 meses de seguimento (média de 24 meses). Houve melhoria significante nos indicadores de qualidade de vida (ODI, SRS-22 Total, Função/Atividade, Dor e Aparência). Houve melhoria significante de todos os parâmetros radiográficos analisados. Considerando o procedimento cirúrgico, o tempo de cirurgia foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com cirurgia estagiada do que naqueles com apenas um tempo cirúrgico (p = 0,003), foram similares o sangramento estimado e a incidência de complicações entre tais pacientes. Dez complicações foram observadas em seis (60%) pacientes, com média de uma complicação por paciente Conclusões: Apesar da elevada taxa de complicações, demonstrou-se que a O3 C é uma técnica bem-sucedida considerando o resultado clínico e radiográfico no tratamento de casos complexos de DCVA rígida em uma amostra de pacientes operados em um serviço de saúde brasileiro, com mínimo de 12 meses de seguimento

Adult spine deformity - an overview of radiographic and clinical considerations / Deformidade da coluna vertebral do adulto - panorama das considerações clínicas e radiográficas / Deformidad de la columna vertebral del adultos - visión general de las consideraciones clínicas y radiográficas

ABSTRACT Adult spine deformity is a complex pathology that represents a public health problem with a deep impact on society. When evaluating the patient, not only the clinical and radiographic aspects are essential, but also the clear understanding of the specific needs and expectations of the individual. To elaborate the treatment plan it is necessary to quantify the pain and disability, as well as the spinopelvic alignment of the patient, including the mechanisms that may be recruited to compensate for deformity. Considering these factors, it is possible to define objectives for the surgical correction in order to obtain clinical improvement.

RESUMO A deformidade da coluna vertebral do adulto é uma patologia complexa que representa um problema de saúde pública com profundo impacto na sociedade. Ao avaliar o paciente, não só os aspectos clínicos e radiográficos são essenciais, mas também o claro entendimento das necessidades e expectativas do indivíduo. Para elaborar o plano de tratamento, é necessário quantificar a dor e incapacidade do paciente, além do alinhamento espinopélvico, incluindo-se os mecanismos que podem estar sendo recrutados para compensar a deformidade. Considerando esses fatores, é possível definir os objetivos para a correção cirúrgica visando obter melhora clínica.

RESUMEN La deformidad de la columna vertebral de adultos es una enfermedad compleja que representa un problema de salud pública con un profundo impacto en la sociedad. Al evaluar el paciente, no sólo los aspectos clínicos y radiográficos son esenciales, sino también una clara comprensión de las necesidades y expectativas individuales. Para preparar el plan de tratamiento, es necesario cuantificar el dolor y la discapacidad del paciente, además de la alineación espinopélvica, teniendo en cuenta los mecanismos que pueden ser reclutados para compensar la deformidad. Teniendo en cuenta estos factores, se puede establecer objetivos para la corrección quirúrgica con el fin de obtener una mejoría clínica.

Functional disability, sagittal alignment and pelvic balance in lumbar spondylolisthesis / Incapacidade funcional, alinhamento sagital e equilíbrio pélvico em espondilolistese lombar / Discapacidad funcional, alineación sagital y balance pélvico en espondilolistesis lumbar

ABSTRACT Objectives: To demonstrate the recovery of lumbar sagittal pelvic alignment and sagittal pelvic balance after surgical reduction of lumbar spondylolisthesis and establish the benefits of the surgery for reduction and fixation of the lumbar spondylolisthesis with 360o circumferential arthrodesis for 2 surgical approaches by clinical and functional evaluation. Method: Eight patients with lumbar spondylolisthesis treated with surgical reduction and fixation of listhesis and segmental circumferential fusion with two surgical approaches were reviewed. They were evaluated before and after treatment with Oswestry, Visual Analogue for pain and Odom scales, performing radiographic measurement of lumbar sagittal alignment and pelvic sagittal balance with the technique of pelvic radius. Results: Oswestry scales and EVA reported improvement of symptoms after treatment in 8 cases; the Odom scale had six outstanding cases reported. The lumbar sagittal alignment presented a lumbosacral lordosis angle and a lumbopelvic lordosis angle reduced in 4 cases and increased in 4 other cases; pelvic sagittal balance increased the pelvic angle in 4 cases and decreased in 3 cases and the sacral translation of the hip axis to the promontory increased in 6 cases. Conclusion: The surgical procedure evaluated proved to be useful by modifying the lumbar sagittal alignment and the pelvic balance, besides reducing the symptoms, enabling the patient to have mobility and movement and the consequent satisfaction with the surgery.

RESUMO Objetivos: Demonstrar a recuperação do alinhamento pélvico sagital lombar e do equilíbrio pélvico sagital após a redução e fixação cirúrgica da espondilolistese lombar e estabelecer os benefícios do procedimento cirúrgico de redução e fixação da espondilolistese lombar com artrodese circunferencial 360° por dois acessos cirúrgicos por avaliação clínico-funcional. Método: Foram revisados 8 pacientes com espondilolistese lombar tratados com redução cirúrgica e fixação da listese e artrodese segmentar circunferencial por dois acessos cirúrgicos. Eles foram avaliados antes e após o tratamento pelas escalas de Oswestry, visual analógica para dor e de Odom, efetuando-se a medida radiográfica do alinhamento sagital lombar e do equilíbrio pélvico sagital com a técnica do raio pélvico. Resultados: As escalas de Oswestry e EVA relataram melhora dos sintomas após o tratamento em 8 casos, a escala de Odom teve 6 casos excelentes relatados. O alinhamento sagital lombar apresentou ângulo de lordose lombossacral e de lordose lombopélvica reduzidos em 4 casos e aumentados em 4 restantes; o equilíbrio sagital pélvico aumentou o ângulo pélvico em 4 casos e diminuiu em 3 casos e a translação sacral do eixo do quadril até o promontório aumentou em 6 casos. Conclusão: O procedimento cirúrgico avaliado comprova sua utilidade ao modificar o alinhamento sagital lombar e o equilíbrio pélvico e ao reduzir os sintomas, possibilitando que o paciente tenha mobilidade e movimento e a consequente satisfação com a cirurgia.

RESUMEN Objetivos: Demostrar la recuperación de la alineación sagital lumbar y del balance pélvico sagital tras la reducción quirúrgica de la espondilolistesis lumbar y establecer los beneficios del procedimiento quirúrgico de reducción y fijación de la espondilolistesis lumbar con artrodesis circunferencial de 360° por dos vías de abordaje mediante la evaluación clínico-funcional. Métodos: Se revisaron 8 pacientes con espondilolistesis lumbar tratados con reducción y fijación quirúrgica de la listesis y artrodesis circunferencial segmentaria por dos vías de abordaje. Se evaluaron antes y después del tratamiento con las escalas Oswestry, Visual Analógica del dolor y Odom, efectuando la medición radiográfica de la alineación sagital lumbar y del balance pélvico sagital con la técnica del radio pelviano. Resultados: Las escalas de Oswestry y EVA reportaron mejoría de la sintomatología después del tratamiento en los 8 casos; la escala Odom reporto 6 casos excelentes. La alineación sagital lumbar reportó los ángulos de lordosis lumbosacra y de lordosis lumbopélvica disminuidos en 4 casos y aumentados en 4 restantes; el balance pélvico sagital aumentó el ángulo pélvico en 4 casos y disminuyó en 3 casos; la traslación sacra del eje de las caderas al promontorio aumentó en 6 casos. Conclusión: El procedimiento quirúrgico evaluado demuestra su utilidad al modificar la alineación lumbar y el balance pélvico sagital y reducir la sintomatología, lo que permite la movilidad y el desplazamiento del paciente y la consecuente satisfacción con la cirugía.

Variability of Measurement of Patellofemoral Indices with Knee Flexion and Quadriceps Contraction: An MRI-Based Anatomical Study

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of varying knee flexion and quadriceps activity on patellofemoral indices measured on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: MRI of the knee was performed in 20 patients for indications other than patellar or patellofemoral pathology. Axial and sagittal sequences were performed in full extension of the knee with the quadriceps relaxed, full extension of the knee with the quadriceps contracted, 30° flexion of the knee with the quadriceps relaxed, and 30° flexion with the quadriceps contracted. Bisect offset, patella tilt angle, Insall-Salvati ratio and Caton-Deschamps index were measured. RESULTS: With the knee flexed to 30° and quadriceps relaxed, the mean values of patellar tilt angle, bisect offset, Insall-Salvati ratio and Caton-Deschamps index were all within normal limits. With the knee extended and quadriceps contracted, the mean patellar tilt angle (normal value, <15°) was 14.6° and the bisect offset (normal value, <65%) was 65%, while the Caton-Deschamps index was 1.34 (normal range, 0.6 to 1.3). With the knee extended and quadriceps relaxed, the mean Caton-Deschamps index was 1.31. CONCLUSIONS: MRI scanning of the knee in extension with the quadriceps contracted leads to elevated patellofemoral indices. MRI taken with the knee in 30° of flexion allows more reliable assessment of the patellofemoral joint and minimises the confounding effect of quadriceps contraction.

Significant Incidence of Extra-Articular Tibia Vara Affects Radiological Outcome of Total Knee Arthroplasty

PURPOSE: To identify and quantify the presence of extra-articular tibia vara that might influence the mechanical axis alignment after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 48 TKAs in 30 osteoarthritic Indian patients were prospectively evaluated. The hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), joint line convergence angle, and varus angulation at the femur and tibia were measured from the preoperative and postoperative standing hip-to-ankle radiographs. Four different methods were used to measure the varus angulation at the tibia: metaphyseo-diaphyseal angle (MDA), the angle between the anatomical axis and mechanical axis of the tibia, the angle between the proximal third and distal third of tibia and the angle between the proximal half and distal half of tibia. RESULTS: Extra-articular tibia vara quantified using MDA had the most positive correlation with HKA. Receiver operating characteristic plotting showed that MDA of >4degrees predicts abnormal postoperative HKA. Twenty-eight out of 48 knees had MDA of >4degrees, and 78.6% of these had postoperative HKA under-correction and 21.4% had less than ideal tibial component position. CONCLUSIONS: A significant inherent extra-articular varus angulation best measured using MDA exists in the proximal tibia in osteoarthritic Indian patients undergoing TKA. MDA of >4degrees is associated with abnormal postoperative HKA. Computer navigation may be useful for achieving ideal correction in such cases.

Lumbopelvic fixation: a surgical alternative for lumbar stability / Fixação lombopélvica: alternativa cirúrgica para a estabilidade lombar / Fijación lumbopélvica: una alternativa quirúrgica en la estabilidad lumbar

OBJECTIVE: Lumbopelvic fixation is a valid surgical option to achieving great stability in cases where it is particularly demanded, such as in patients with poor quality bone, degenerative scoliosis, and revision surgeries with modern materials and techniques. It enables simple integration of the iliopelvic systems with the rest of the spinal structure, maintaining hemorrhagia at acceptable levels, as well as surgery time. METHODS: We analyzed a case series of 15 patients of our center, who required major construction and/or presented poor quality bone. RESULTS: A total of 15 patients was studied, of which 12 (80%) were women and three (20%), men. Nine (60%) of these were revision surgeries, maintaining a surgery time of 5 hours (±1 h), with average blood loss of 1380 ml (±178 ml). All the patients received six to eight transpedicular screws, including iliac screws, and in all cases, a bone graft was inserted. CONCLUSION: Lumbopelvic fixation in patients with characteristics associated with osteopenia and osteoporosis, and in major instrumentations, particularly revision surgeries, three-dimensional correction is achieved, constructing a strong, stable pelvic base that is very useful, in patients with fragile surgical anatomy, for changes of implant or extensive decompression, provided the arthrodesis technique is adequate and with the insertion of a sufficient bone graft, and obviously, taking care to maintain the sagittal balance. .

OBJETIVO: A fixação lombopélvica é uma opção cirúrgica válida para se atingir grande estabilidade nos casos em que ela é particularmente exigida, como em pacientes com má qualidade óssea, escoliose degenerativa e cirurgias de revisão com os materiais e técnicas modernas, e permite a integração simples dos sistemas iliopélvicos ao restante da estrutura espinal, mantendo a hemorragia em taxa aceitável, assim como o tempo de cirurgia. MÉTODOS: Analisamos uma série de casos de 15 pacientes de nosso centro, que exigiam grande construção e/ou apresentavam má qualidade óssea. RESULTADOS: Foi estudado um total de 15 pacientes, dos quais 12 (80%) eram mulheres e tres (20%), homens. Nove (60%) dessas cirurgias foram de revisão, mantendo-se o tempo cirúrgico de 5 horas (±1 h), com média de perda de sangue de 1380 ml (±178 ml). Todos os pacientes receberam de seis a oito parafusos transpediculares, inclusive ilíacos e, em todos os casos, colocou-se enxerto ósseo. CONCLUSÃO: A fixação lombopélvica em pacientes com características associadas de osteopenia e osteoporose e nas instrumentações grandes, sobretudo nas cirurgias de revisão, atinge correção tridimensional, construindo base pélvica forte e estável, muito útil para os pacientes cuja anatomia cirúrgica é frágil ao se realizarem trocas de implante ou descompressão extensa, desde que a técnica de artrodese seja adequada e com colocação de enxerto ósseo suficiente e, evidentemente, com o cuidado de manter o equilíbrio sagital. .

OBJETIVO: La fijación lumbopélvica es una opción quirúrgica válida para adquirir gran estabilidad en casos donde es especialmente requerido, como pacientes con pobre calidad ósea, escoliosis degenerativa y cirugías de revisión con los materiales y técnicas actuales y permite una integración sencilla de los sistemas iliopélvicos al resto de la construcción espinal, manteniendo un sangrado en rango aceptable así como el tiempo quirúrgico. MÉTODOS: Analizamos una serie de casos de 15 pacientes de nuestro centro en donde se requería una construcción larga y/o presentaban pobre calidad ósea. RESULTADOS: Se estudió un total de 15 pacientes de los cuales 12 (80%) fueron del sexo femenino y tres (20%) del sexo masculino. El nueve (60%) fueron cirugías de revisión y se mantuvo un tiempo quirúrgico de 5 horas (±1 hora), con sangrado promedio de 1380 ml (±178 ml). A todos se les colocó seis a ocho tornillos transpediculares incluyendo iliacos y en todos los casos se coloco injerto óseo. CONCLUSIÓN: La fijación lumbopélvica en pacientes con características asociadas de osteopenia y osteoporosis y en las instrumentaciones largas, sobre todo cirugía de revisión, logra una corrección tridimensional, construyendo una base pélvica potente y estable, muy útil en pacientes en donde la anatomía quirúrgica queda endeble al realizar cambios de implantes o descompresión extensa, siempre y cuando la técnica de la artrodesis sea adecuada y con aporte suficiente de injerto óseo, y evidentemente con el cuidado de mantener el balance sagital. .

Torsional force applied to the tibia of living lambs in an attempt to change the bone rotational axis

To evaluate the effects of torsional force on the rotational axis of living lamb tibias. METHODS: An external fixator device was designed to apply rotation to the tibias of lambs. Once a week, the bone distal extremity was rotated 2º. After achieving ~20º of internal rotation, the turning was discontinued and the device was maintained in situ for one month and euthanasia occurred in group A (n=10) after this. In group B (n=9) euthanasia occurred three months after removing the device. Computed tomography scans evaluated the rotational angle; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessed the bone mineral density, and conventional and polarized light microscopy studied the bone microstructure. RESULTS: In group A, the mean angle of the external rotation in the control tibias was 24º and 8º in the twisted tibias (p<0.0001); in group B, the angle was 23º (control) and 7º (twisted, p<0.0001), with no differences between groups A and B (p=0.9567). The BMD increased in the twisted tibias in group A (p<0.0001) and in group B (p=0.0023), with no between-group differences (p>0.05). Microscopically, the twisted tibias showed asymmetrical subperiosteal bone deposition on the lateral cortex surface. CONCLUSION: Gradual torsion applied to the immature tibia significantly modified its rotational axis.

The Usefulness of Intraoperative Radiography for Prevention of Malalignment of the Cemented Femoral Stem / 대한고관절학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of our method, which estimated femoral stem alignment using a c-arm when the broach was inserted, for prevention of femoral stem malalignment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 103 hips were enrolled in this study. All patients underwentprimary hip arthroplasty from October 2011 to February 2013. The study was conductedretrospectively. Intraoperative estimated femoral stem alignments and final femoral stem alignments were classified into three groups. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed for analysis of factors (age, sex, diagnosis, body mass index, femoral stem size, osteoporosis, and proximal demur geometry) thatmight affect intraoperatively estimated femoral stem alignment. RESULTS: The distribution of intraoperative estimated femoral stem alignment was 80(78%) in the neutral group, 18(17%) in the varus group, and 5(5%) in the valgus group. The distribution of final femoral stem alignment was 100(97%) in the neutral group, 2(2%) in the varus group, and 1(1%) in the valgus group. There was no statistically significant factor affecting the intraoperatively estimated femoral stem alignment. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative estimated femoral stem alignment using a c-arm is an effective method for prevention of femoral stem malalignment.

Relação entre instabilidade do joelho e alterações posicionais do membro inferior de atletas de ginástica rítmica / Relationship between knee instability and lower limb positional changes in rhythmic gymnastics athletes

A Ginástica Rítmica (GR) é uma modalidade com elevado nível de exigência quanto à flexibilidade e força, sendo que os membros inferiores são imprescindíveis neste processo. As lesões são temidas por todos os esportistas, pois podem provocar afastamentos momentâneos ou permanentes, causar sofrimento e até influenciar negativamente no desempenho da técnica esportiva. Esta pesquisa objetivou conhecer a relação existente entre instabilidade articular do joelho e alterações posicionais do membro inferior em atletas de GR. A amostra consistiu de 21 atletas semi profissionais desta modalidade, de 6 a 16 anos, sendo que foram aplicados testes ligamentares para os joelhos e testes de alterações posicionais dos membros inferiores. Os ligamentares foram: estresse em valgo, estresse em varo, Lachman, gaveta anterior, gaveta posterior, Dejour, Pivot Shift e Loomer. Os testes para detectar possíveis alterações posicionais foram linha de Feiss, alinhamento perna-calcâneo e ângulo quadricipital (Q). Os resultados dos testes revelaram linha de Feiss alterada (61,9%), alinhamento perna calcâneo alterado (pé em eversão, 42,9%), instabilidades rotatórias póstero-laterais do joelho (28,6%, Loomer) e lesões do ligamento cruzado anterior do joelho (19%, Lachman). Observou-se relação significativa entre o teste de Lachman e o alinhamento perna calcâneo, o que sugere que um desalinhamento do pé, principalmente em eversão pode provocar ou estar sendo provocado por uma instabilidade anterior uniplanar. Torna-se fundamental verificar qual destes fatores é a causa para que, a partir disso, seja possível atuar preventivamente, ou seja, formulando e aplicando estratégias que visem diminuir o número de lesões e por conseqüência, atingir o máximo da técnica e do desempenho esportivo.

Rhythmic Gymnastics is a modality with high demand level about flexibility and force, and legs are important in this process. The lesions are feared by all athletes because it can cause momentary or permanent absences, causing suffering and even affect negatively the performance of sports technique. So, this study aimed to make relations between knee joint instabilities and lower limb position changes in rhythmic gymnastics´ athletes. The sample consisted of 21 semi professional women athletes, between 6 to 16 years old. There were applied eight ligament tests for knee and three tests of lower limb positional changes. Tests for knee stability were: valgus stress, varus stress, Lachman, anterior drawer, posterior drawer, Dejour, Pivot shift and Loomer. Tests to know the possible lower limb positional changes were: Feiss line, alignment between leg and calcaneus and quadriceps angle (Q). Tests results showed some important changes, like Feiss line changed (61,9%), changes in alignment between leg and calcaneus (foot evertion, 42,9%), posterolateral rotator knee instability (28,6%, Loomer) and knee anterior cruciate ligament injuries (19%, Lachman). Significant relationship was observed between the Lachman test and alignment between leg and calcaneus, suggesting that a foot misalignment, especially in eversion (flat foot) may cause or being caused by an uniplanar anterior knee instability. It is essential to check which of these factors can be considered the real cause, or the starting point. So, is possible to act preventively, by formulating and implementing strategies aimed at reducing the number of injuries and, therefore, reach peak athletic performance and technical.

Axial Malalignment after Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis in Distal Femur Fractures with Metaphyseal Comminution / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: We wanted to report on the functional results and the presence of axial malalignment after performing minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in distal femur fractures with metaphyseal comminution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 2007 and June 2009, fifteen patients with distal femur fractures and metaphyseal comminution were treated with minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis, and they were followed for a mean of 17.0 months (range: 12-40 months). The fractures according to the AO/OTA classification were two cases of 33A and thirteen cases of 33C, and seven cases were open fracture. We analyzed the axial malalignment and functional results according to bone union and Sanders' score. RESULTS: All the fractures were united without a bone graft after a mean of 20.4 weeks (range: 16-26 weeks) after the definitive plate fixation. One case had superficial infection and a stiff knee. The average ROM of the knee was 123.6degrees. The average Sanders' score was 33.0, and the results were five cases of excellent results, eight cases of good results and two cases of fair results. There was axial malalignment such as varus malunion in 3 cases and valgus malunion in 2 cases and the average shortening of the limb length was 7.9 mm (range: 0.3-21.9 mm). CONCLUSION: Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in a distal femur fracture with metaphyseal comminution provides satisfactory outcomes. However, this should be approached with caution because of the possibility of axial malalignment.

Surgical Treatment for Acquired Malalignment of the Toenail / 대한피부과학회지

Malalignment of the toenail is a rare deformity that is characterized by lateral deviation of the nail plate with respect to the longitudinal axis of the distal phalanx. The condition may be congenital or acquired. The acquired forms of malalignment may result from trauma or surgical intervention. However, there are only a few reports that have focused on surgical treatment for this condition. We present here a case of a 24-year-old woman who had this nail problem for 1 year and she was successfully treated with the surgical approach. We also discuss the probable mechanism of iatrogenic malalignment.

Condrodiastasis y transporte óseo simultáneos para formación de hueso único como alternativa de reconstrucción por trauma severo de antebrazo en niños: reporte de un caso / Chondrodiatasis and bone simultaneous transport for formation of one-bone as reconstruction alternative for severe trauma of forearm in children: report of a case

Los defectos post traumáticos severos de miembros superiores en niños son infrecuentes y cuando ocurren involucran mecanismos de alta energía. Se realiza estudio descriptivo, sobre preescolar masculino, 7 años, indígena, quien presentó trauma severo en antebrazo derecho con fractura abierta III b y pérdida de 2/3 distales del cúbito y 2/3 proximales del radio con preservación de placa de crecimiento de éste último. Planteamos como objetivo preservar el miembro, mantener longitud axial y su máxima función realizando la reconstrucción de antebrazo por condrodiastasis del radio y transporte óseo del cúbito simultáneamente utilizando fijador externo llizarov. Logramos alargamiento de 2,5 cms. en radio y 3 cms. en cubito con la consolidación de ambos para la formación de un hueso único radio-cubito, conservando los movimientos intrínsecos de la mano, el crecimiento epifisiario, la flexo-extensión de codo y muñeca con abolición de pronosupinación. Concluimos que la cirugía reconstructiva con formación de hueso único mediante técnicas combinadas de alargamiento óseo es una opción terapéutica eficaz para el manejo del trauma complejo del antebrazo con pérdida de hueso en niños.

Severe post-traumatic defects in the upper limbs of children are rather rare and when they happen they involve mechanisms of high energy. Material and methods descriptive and prospective study about indigenous masculine, 7 years, who present severe trauma in right forearm with open fracture III b and loss of 2/3 distal of the ulna and 2/3 proximal of the radio with preservation of plate of growth. We outline as objective to preserve the limb, to maintain axial longitude and their maximun function carrying out the forearm reconstruction simultaneously for chondrodiatasis of the radio and bone transport of the ulna using external fixation llizarov. We achieved lengthening of 2,5 cm. in radio and 3 cm. in ulna with thinks about the consolidation of both for the formation of a one-bone radio-ulna, conserving the intrinsic movements of the hand, the epiphyseal growth, the elbow flexo-extension and wrist with pronosupination abolition. WE concluded that the reconstructive surgery with formation of one-bone mediating combined techniques of bone lengthening is a therapeutic effective option for the hadling of the complex trauma of the forearm with bone loss in children.