Caso importado de malaria por Plasmodium vivax en El Salvador. Un abordaje epidemiológico / Imported Case of Malaria by Plasmodium vivax in El Salvador. An Epidemiological Approach

Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de origen guatemalteco con historia de fiebre alta de tipo intermitente, mialgias, artralgias, debilidad generalizada, mareo y vómito de contenido gástrico. Fue tratado inicialmente en un hospital privado con diagnóstico de síndrome febril agudo y referido a un hospital de la red nacional con diagnóstico de dengue con signos de alarma, al tercer día de estancia hospitalaria se diagnostica como un caso de malaria importado por Plasmodium vivax. Intervención terapéutica. Se le dio tratamiento antimalárico con cloroquina y primaquina. Evolución clínica. Presentó mejoría clínica y las pruebas de laboratorio de control reportaron resultados negativos para Plasmodium vivax

Case presentation. Male patient of Guatemalan origin with history of intermittent high fever, myalgia, arthralgia, generalized weakness, dizziness, and vomiting of gastric contents. He was initially treated in a private hospital with a diagnosis of acute febrile illness and referred to a national network hospital with a diagnosis of dengue with warning signs. On the third day of hospital stay a diagnosis of an imported malaria case by Plasmodium vivax was presented. Treatment. The patient was given antimalarial treatment consisting of chloroquine and primaquine. Outcome. The patient presented clinical improvement, and control laboratory tests were negative for Plasmodium vivax.

Frequency of blood donation and malaria occurrence among blood donors in a tertiary hospital, Nigeria

Context: Malaria is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Transfusion transmitted malaria contributes significantly to the burden of malaria in SSA. The safety of blood transfusion as it relates to frequency of blood donation and malaria occurrence on the part of donors is an aspect that has not been properly investigated hence this study. Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the frequency of blood donation and occurrence of malaria among blood donors at OAUTHC, Ile-Ife. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Ethical approval was obtained. One hundred and thirty-three consenting blood donors aged between 18-50 years were recruited for the study. Two milliliter's of blood were collected from each study participant and immediately transported to the laboratory for processing. Giemsa-stained films of the samples were viewed under the oil immersion objective of the microscope. Questionnaires were administered to the study participants to obtain relevant information. Data generated were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS software version 20. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The prevalence of malaria among the blood donors was 21.1% with the highest rate among commercial donors (33.3%) followed by family donors (12.9%) then voluntary donors (11.9%). Evaluation of the frequency of donation showed that malaria occurred more in recurring donors (77.78%) than first time donors (22.22%).

Falciparum malaria is associated with risk markers of type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals with or without COVID-19 exposure

Background: Scientific information on the impact of malaria on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after recovery from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited in the Ghanaian context. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between selected risk markers of T2DM in falciparum malaria patients post-COVID-19 or not at a tertiary hospital in Ghana. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study of 38-recovered COVID-19 adult participants with malaria and 40 unexposed COVID-19 adults with malaria at the Tamale Teaching Hospital, Ghana. Demographic, anthropometric and levels of glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein and lipid profiles were measured in the two groups of participants under fasting conditions. Parasitaemia was assessed microscopically but insulin resistance and beta-cell function were assessed by the homeostatic model. Results: The COVID-19 exposed participants were older (p=0.035) with lower parasitaemia (p=0.025) but higher mean levels of insulin, insulin resistance, and beta-cell function compared with their unexposed counterparts (p<0.05). Parasitaemia correlated positively with a number of the measured indices of diabetogenic risk markers in the COVID-19 exposed group only, and predicted (Adjusted R2=0.751; p=0.031) by beta-cell function, C-reactive protein and triglycerides with the model explaining about 75% of the observed variation. Parasitaemia could only be predicted (Adjusted R2=0.245; p=0.002) by C-reactive protein with the model explaining just about a quarter of the observed variation in the COVID-19 unexposed group. Insulin resistance and sub-optimal beta-cell function were detected in both groups of participants. Conclusion: Falciparum malaria is associated with risk markers for development of T2DM irrespective of COVID-19 exposure. Insulin resistance, inflammation and sub-optimal beta-cell secretory function may drive the risk. The observed diabetogenic risk is higher in the recovered COVID-19 participants.

Hematological Indicators of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency in Malaria-Infected Individuals

@#Introduction: Malaria, a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, continues to be a major global health concern, particularly in regions with high transmission rates. This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the hematological indicators of G6PD deficiency in individuals infected with malaria. The study utilized medical records and laboratory test results to analyze the hematological parameters and markers in individuals with confirmed malaria and G6PD deficiency. Methods: Data were collected from the laboratory unit of Mosul Teaching Hospitals in Ninevah Province, Iraq, from March 2021 to November 2022. The study population consisted of individuals diagnosed with malaria and with available G6PD deficiency test results. G6PD deficiency was determined by measuring the G6PD enzyme activity in the patient’s blood. Hematological parameters, including complete blood counts, platelet counts, and red blood cell indices, were recorded using a laboratory information system. Results: The study population exhibited a relatively low prevalence of G6PD deficiency, with no significant differences observed in age or gender distribution between individuals with and without G6PD deficiency. The distribution of malaria types did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, patients with G6PD deficiency showed a significantly higher monocyte count, indicating a potential association between G6PD deficiency and altered monocyte response during malaria infection. The clinical significance of this finding requires further investigation. Conclusion: This study sheds light on the hematological indicators of G6PD deficiency in individuals infected with malaria. The findings suggest a potential relationship between G6PD deficiency and altered monocyte response during malaria infection.

Tratamiento con sostén extracorpóreo en malaria grave / Extracorporeal support treatment in severe malaria

Resumen La malaria es una enfermedad con amplia distribu ción en áreas tropicales. En su forma grave se caracteriza por afección orgánica y/o hiperparasitemia. Se definen los criterios para el monitoreo temprano en las salas de terapia intensiva, debido a que sin tratamiento oportu no y precoz la malaria grave tiene una mortalidad de 100%. Si bien no es amplia la literatura en este aspecto la terapia extracorpórea en forma secuencial para de toxificación hepática y renal es una herramienta útil y segura que puede ser utilizada en terapia intensiva. Se describe un caso de un varón de 36 años con diagnóstico de malaria grave según criterio de la Organización Mun dial de la Salud (OMS) que comenzó con tratamiento con artesunato endovenoso y por evolución tórpida, ascenso brusco de bilirrubinemia con encefalopatía, parámetros de lesión renal aguda y edema agudo de pulmón, realiza tratamiento extracorpóreo secuencial, plasma filtración acoplada a adsorción, plasmaféresis de alto intercambio y hemodiafiltración continua con evolución favorable. En conclusión, el caso presentado nos demuestra que el rol del sostén extracorpóreo en manos entrenadas y en forma oportuna es crucial cuando el fallo de órganos evoluciona rápidamente para lograr dar estabilidad y otorgar el tiempo necesario para la acción del tratamien to definitivo en este caso, los antimaláricos de acción rápida hasta negativización de la parasitemia.

Abstract Malaria is a wide-spread disease in tropical areas. The severe form is characterized by organic involve ment and/or hyperparasitaemia. Criteria for early monitoring in intensive care rooms are defined; with out a timely and early treatment, severe malaria has a 100% mortality. Although the literature in these cases is not extensive, extracorporeal therapy used sequentially for hepatic and renal detoxification is a useful and safe tool that can be used in intensive care. We describe the case of a 36-year-old man with a diag nosis of severe malaria according to WHO criteria. He began treatment with intravenous artesunate and due to a torpid evolution, a sudden increase in bilirubine mia with encephalopathy, parameters of acute kidney injury and acute pulmonary edema, undergoes extra corporeal sequential treatment, coupled with plasma filtration adsorption, high-exchange plasmapheresis, and continuous hemodiafiltration with favorable evo lution. This case shows that extracorporeal support in trained hands and in a timely manner is effective when organ failure evolves rapidly to achieve stability and provide necessary time for definitive treatment, in this case rapid action antimalarials until parasitemia becomes negative.

Caracterización molecular del dominio de la hélice del gen k13 de Plasmodium falciparum en muestras de comunidades nativas de Condorcanqui, Amazonas, Perú / Molecular characterization of the Plasmodium falciparum k13 gene helix domain in samples from native communities of Condorcanqui, Amazonas, Perú

Introducción. La resistencia de Plasmodium falciparum a diferentes fármacos antipalúdicos es un obstáculo para eliminar la enfermedad. El genotipo resistente de P. falciparum a la artemisinina puede evaluarse examinando los polimorfismos en el dominio de la hélice del gen Pfk13. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda utilizar estas mutaciones como marcadores moleculares para detectar la resistencia a la artemisinina en países donde la malaria por P. falciparum es endémica. Objetivo. Identificar mutaciones relacionadas con la resistencia a artemisinina presentes en el dominio de la hélice del gen k13 de P. falciparum. Materiales y métodos. Mediante la detección pasiva de casos, se recolectaron 51 muestras positivas por microscopía para Plasmodium, provenientes de seis comunidades del distrito de Río Santiago en Condorcanqui, Amazonas. Se realizó la confirmación molecular de la especie mediante PCR en tiempo real y el dominio de la hélice del gen Pfk13 se amplificó y secuenció por electroforesis capilar. Las secuencias obtenidas se compararon con la cepa de referencia 3D7 de fenotipo silvestre. Resultados. Se confirmó un total de 51 muestras positivas para P. falciparum, provenientes de las comunidades de Ayambis, Chapiza, Palometa, Muchinguis, Alianza Progreso y Caterpiza. Después del alineamiento de las secuencias de ADN, se determinó que las muestras no presentaron mutaciones asociadas con resistencia en el gen K13. Discusión. Los resultados obtenidos son coherentes con estudios similares realizados en otros países de Sudamérica, incluyendo Perú. Estos datos proporcionan una línea base para la vigilancia molecular de resistencia a artemisinina en la región Amazonas y refuerzan la eficacia de la terapia combinada con artemisinina en esta área.

Introduction. Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to different antimalarial drugs is an obstacle to disease elimination. The artemisinin-resistant genotype of P. falciparum can be assessed by examining polymorphisms in the helix domain of the Pfk13 gene. The World Health Organization recommends these mutations as molecular markers to detect artemisinin-resistant in countries where P. falciparum malaria is endemic. Objective. To identify artemisinin resistance-related mutations present in the helix domain of the P. falciparum k13 gene. Materials and methods. We collected a total of 51 samples through passive case detection, positive for Plasmodium by microscopy, from six communities in the district of Río Santiago in Condorcanqui, Amazonas. Molecular species confirmation was performed by real-time PCR and Pfk13 helix domain was amplified and sequenced by capillary electrophoresis. The obtained sequences were compared with the wild type 3D7 reference strain. Results. A total of 51 positive samples were confirmed for P. falciparum from the communities of Ayambis, Chapiza, Palometa, Muchinguis, Alianza Progreso and Caterpiza. DNA sequences alignment showed the absence of resistance-associated mutations in the k13 gene of the collected samples. Discussion. The obtained results are consistent with similar studies conducted in other South American countries, including Perú, so these data provide a baseline for artemisinin- resistance molecular surveillance in the Amazon region and reinforce the efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapy in this area.

Perfil de notificações de malária em gestantes de Oiapoque, Amapá / Profile of malaria reports in pregnant women from Oiapoque, Amapá / Perfil de notificaciones de malaria en gestantes de Oiapoque, Amapá

Objetivo: caracterizar as notificações de malária em gestantes no município de Oiapoque. Método: estudo documental, descritivo, retrospectivo e com abordagem quantitativa, realizado a partir de dados secundários do Sistema de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Malária em Oiapoque-Amapá, Brasil, no período de 2013 a 2017. Abordam-se as seguintes variáveis de casos autóctones de malária em gestantes: ano, mês de ocorrência, idade gestacional, espécie infectante de Plasmodium e unidade de notificação. Os dados foram apresentados e analisados mediante estatística descritiva e formulação de mapas de distribuição espacial, gerados pelo software ArcGIS. Resultados: predominaram notificações em áreas urbanas, especialmente no bairro Paraíso (74%), sendo o Plasmodium vivax o principal agente (88%), e de maior incidência entre outubro a dezembro (33%), no terceiro trimestre gestacional (35%). Conclusão: o perfil de notificações de malária em gestante desse munícipio assemelha-se a estudos anteriores nessa região quanto ao local de concentração e período de maior ocorrência. No entanto, a introdução gradativa do protozoário Plasmodium falciparum traz um alerta para a mobilização de gestores e profissionais.

Objective: to characterize the notifications of malaria in pregnant women in the municipality of Oiapoque. Method: documentary, descriptive, retrospective and quantitative study, conducted from secondary data of the Epidemiological Surveillance System of Malaria in Oiapoque-Amapá, Brazil, from 2013 to 2017. The following variables of autochthonous cases of malaria in pregnant women are addressed: year, month of occurrence, gestational age, Plasmodium infecting species and notification unit. Data were presented and analyzed using descriptive statistics and formulation of spatial distribution maps, generated by ArcGIS software. Results: notifications predominated in urban areas, especially in the Paraíso neighborhood (74%), with Plasmodium Vivax being the main agent (88%), and with a higher incidence between October and December (33%), in the third gestational quarter (35%). Conclusion: the profile of reports of malaria in pregnant women of this municipality resembles previous studies in this region, regarding the place of concentration and period of greater occurrence. However, the gradual introduction of the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum brings an alert to the mobilization of managers and professionals.

Correlation between parasitemia and different complications of malaria – The clinical outlook

Background: Malaria is one of the most severe public health problems worldwide. India contributes a substantial burden of malaria. It can cause several complications. Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the association of parasitemia of current malaria with age of patients, hemoglobin level, liver function test (LFT), platelet count, previous history of malaria, and relapse/recrudescence of malaria up to 1 year. Materials and Methods: An observational study conducted in hospital settings included thin and thick smear preparation with Leishman’s staining to determine the parasitemia as per the WHO guidelines from the blood samples of 280 malaria parasite dual antigen (MPDA) kit positive patients and their details were taken during study period of 2 years. Hemoglobin, LFT, and platelet count were tested and they were correlated with parasitemia. The previous history of malaria was taken and follow-up was done up to 1 year for relapse/recrudescence and their association with parasitemia in current disease was evaluated. Statistical tool R was used for data analysis. Results: Age group 20–40 years was most commonly affected with maximum mean percentage parasitemia. Higher parasitemia was associated with higher grade of anemia, LFT derangement, and thrombocytopenia. Disease severity was maximum for mixed infection followed by falciparum and vivax malaria. About 9.28% of patients with the previous history of malaria developed lower parasitemia in current infection. Relapse rate in vivax malaria –2.325% and recrudescence rate in falciparum malaria–12.5%. Conclusion: Malaria parasitemia should be reported routinely as it carries prognostic importance.

A study to assess knowledge of primary health workers on malaria epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment in Patiala district, India

Background: India accounts for (4%) of all malaria cases worldwide. The World malaria report 2017 showed that, by 2016, global progress against malaria had stalled and was off track to meet the Global Technical Strategy milestones for 2020. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study is to assess knowledge of rural medical officers (RMO) and health workers on malaria epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment as per National Vector Borne Disease Control Program of India guidelines. Materials and methods: A descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study was done among government health personnel’s using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: In the present study, 258 health personnel’s participated comprising multipurpose health workers female (MPHW-F), multipurpose health worker male (MPHW-M), and RMO. The standardized score on knowledge of vector biology and epidemiology was 72% and 54% for RMO and (MPHW-M), respectively. On malaria diagnosis, MPHW-M has got median score (53%) as compared to RMO (46%). On national malaria drug policy, there is a marginal difference between median score of RMO (42%) and MPHW-M (40%). Overall, there is incomplete and poor knowledge of treatment of malaria among all health personnel’s with lack of concept about presumptive treatment. Training showed some positive impact on the knowledge of MPHW-F but no impact on MPHW-M. Graduates and experienced workers have got better knowledge than undergraduates and MPHW-M have more knowledge than MPHW-F. There is poor knowledge of reporting formats, and usage of rapid diagnostic kits among all the health personnels. There was no significant impact of education qualification, in service training and work experience on the knowledge of Male health workers. Conclusion: Training needs to be suitably tailored as there is a lot of scope of improvement in the knowledge regarding malaria diagnosis and treatment among health workers.

Toll-like receptor 2-mediated downstream cytokine levels as determinant of malaria pathogenesis

Background & objectives: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins that recognize specific molecular patterns and activate downstream cytokine production usually for the eradication of invading pathogens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic polymorphism of TLR2 Arg753Gln (rs 5743708) and soluble cytokines and TLR2 expression levels in malaria disease cases. Methods: The study included prospectively collected 2 ml blood samples from 153 individuals clinically suspected for malaria and confirmed by microscopy and RDT from Assam. Stratification of the study groups was done as healthy control (HC, n=150), uncomplicated malaria (UC-M, n=128) and severe malaria (SM, n=25). The PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method was applied for the analysis of TLR2 Arg753Gln polymorphism and following the ELISA for soluble serum TLR2 (sTLR2) and its associated downstream cytokines, viz. tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-? and interferon (IFN)-? levels. Results: Variation in TLR2 Arg753Gln gene showed no association with the susceptibility and the severity of malarial infection. Soluble TLR2 expression was significantly higher in uncomplicated malaria (UC-M) cases compared to healthy controls (P=0.045) and in terms of SM cases, the expression was also found to be higher in UC-M cases (P=0.078). The TNF-? expression was significantly higher in SM cases compared to both UC-M and control (P=0.003 and P=0.004). Similarly, significantly elevated expression of IFN-? was noted in SM cases compared to both UC-M (P=0.001) and healthy controls (P<0.001). Interpretation & conclusions: The present study suggests the association of deregulated TLR2 pathway that leads to the deleterious downstream immune response in the development of malarial pathogenicity.

Sequential analysis of erythrocyte aggregation in P. falciparum malaria with and without ASAQ therapy by optical signal and image analysis

The aggregation of erythrocytes is an important mechanism for blood flow through the cardiovascular system. In malaria, this is complicated by infection caused by P. falciparum and is further complicated by the severity of parasitemia. Hence analysis of this micro-mechanism is essential to know the changes in blood not only in diseased conditions but also after artemisinin combination therapy (ASAQ) to alleviate suffering. For analysis purposes, aggregation of erythrocytes was determined by LED laser aggregometer, represented in terms of various parameters related to the changes in laser transmitted intensity. Formed aggregates are further analyzed by imaging and image-processing methods. For this study blood samples from young adults (18 – 40 years old) infected with P. falciparum (n= 80), without any other serious illness, were performed. These samples were selected based on the severity of parasitemia, and were divided into low (LP), medium1 (MP1), medium 2 (MP2), and high (HP) parasitemia. For three days, the selected individuals were treated with artemisinin-based combination therapy ASAQ (Artesunate 4 mg/kg and amodiaquine 10 mg base/ kg once a day). Healthy subjects (n=20) without any history of the disease were selected as a control group. The results, as obtained by various parameters, show a significant elevation of aggregation of erythrocytes (P< 0.05) in P. falciparum malaria with the increase of parasitemia level. There was a decrease in the aggregation after treatment on day four tending towards normal. Thus the current study shows the potential beneficial role of ASAQ on erythrocytes aggregation, which may contribute to reducing the harmful effects on various organs in P. falciparum-infected blood.

Comparative evaluation of rapid diagnostic test and real-time PCR in clinically suspected malaria

Background: India represents 3% related to the global malaria problem. Early diagnosis and treatment that are complete alongside preventive measures are modalities essential to managing the situation. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that are malaria that is real-time be used to obtain an exceedingly really very early diagnosis in acutely febrile customers. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to gauge the effectiveness of RDT bloodstream that is utilized entire from clients clinically suspected of malaria and compare it with real-time PCR. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study is observationally done and made up of 158 patients admitted to Index Hospital, Indore, having a serious illness that is febrile and medical suspicion of malaria. RDT for malaria antigen and PCR that are real-time done in the bloodstream that is whole examples depending on kit guidelines. Results: There exists a difference that is significant the nice and examples which are negative by both techniques. RT-PCR is diagnostic PCR that is real-time RDT has been good in 62 (44%) clients, whereas, real-time PCR detected the parasite in 136 (91%) customers. RDT was in reality negative for malaria antigen in 16 (12.8%) consumers, in whom RT-PCR was good. RDT failed to identify Plasmodium falciparum antigen in RT-PCR samples that can be good. RT-PCR indicates basic greater sensitiveness (82.4–95% CI 79.2–84.5%) in diagnosing malaria set alongside the quick test is an antigen. The sensitiveness of RT-PCR in detecting P. falciparum had been also high (74.2%, 95% CI 71.4–77.2). This has greater specificity than RDT in detecting P. falciparum disease (91.3%, 95% CI 89.4–95.4) in detecting P. falciparum than RDT. Conclusion: RT-PCR has better efficacy to look for the presence of malaria parasites in acutely clients being febrile remain undiscovered by RDT. Therefore, it might be helpful for the verification of diagnoses and studies which are epidemiological.

A Study of Malaria in Seven States of India: Jammu and Kashmir; Punjab, Uttar Pradesh; Madhya Pradesh; Assam; Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh

Background: To the best knowledge of the author, there is no available literature on the status of Malaria in the Union Territory (U.T.) of Jammu and Kashmir (J & K), the Punjab state of India, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh. Hence the preparation of this document. Objectives: To find out the parameters of Malaria in the U.T. of J & K, Punjab state of India, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, and Arunachal Pradesh till as recently as possible. Methods: By studying the documents prepared by the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP), an internet search, a study of the website of the National Health Mission, Manipur, and a study of the document titled “National Framework for Malaria Elimination in India 2016-2030” published by the NCVBDC. Results: Rajouri District in the U.T. of J & K had an Annual Parasite Incidence (API) of Malaria during 2017 of 0.12 which decreased to 0.06 in 2018. It is seen that the API of Malaria in Punjab had come down to the very low level of 0.02 in 2018 and that there were only 4 cases of Malaria during 2021 (up to 26 th April 2021). Bareilly district in Uttar Pradesh had a low API of Malaria of 0.06 during 2017 which increased to 7.32 in 2018. Sheopur District of Madhya Pradesh had a very high API of Malaria during 2017 and 2018 of 6.34 and 4.42 respectively. Udalguri district in Assam had an API of Malaria during 2017 of 1.24 which increased to 2.62 in 2018. Manipur reached zero API in 2018. Arunachal Pradesh used to have a high API of Malaria of 4.30 during 2014 which decreased to 0.39 in 2018. Conclusions: If interventions like the treatment of asymptomatic carriers take place, it is expected that the API in the U.T. of J & K, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh will come down sooner. Punjab state of India is very close to achieving Malariaelimination goals. A finding from the 2019 Malaria epidemic in Uttar Pradesh was that, out of the 74749 cases of Malaria in the state, 9690 were found to be due to P. falciparum. Although Manipur did not reach zero Malaria cases in 2018, it did reach zero API that year. Therefore, it is a good candidate for being the first state or union territory in the country close to being able to achieve near-elimination goals since no other state or union territory achieved zero API in 2018.

Directrices en torno a las epidemias en México. Perspectiva histórica / Guidelines on epidemics in Mexico. Historical perspective

Resumen Se ofrece una perspectiva de las epidemias y pandemias en México en tres periodos: fines del siglo XVIII y siglos XX y XXI, con el fin de analizar cómo las autoridades sanitarias y gubernamentales abordaron estos problemas, así como los desafíos que han representado. Se consultaron fuentes históricas documentales y, en los casos actuales, la participación en ellos. Se combinó metodología epidemiológica e histórica social. La presencia de las epidemias en México es una constante, lo cual evidencia la necesidad de actualizar el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica, de estar preparados para enfrentar una epidemia y de elaborar un plan de contingencia.

Abstract A perspective of epidemics and pandemics in Mexico is offered, focusing on three time periods, namely, end of the 18th century, the 20th century, and the 21st century, in order to analyze how they were approached by health and government authorities, as well as the challenges they have represented. Historical documentary sources were consulted and, in current cases, participation in them was analyzed. Epidemiological and social historical methodologies were combined. The presence of epidemics in Mexico is a constant on its evolution, which highlights the need for the epidemiological surveillance system to be updated, the importance of being prepared to face an epidemic and to develop a contingency plan.

Quality assurance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests: An aid in malaria elimination

Background & objectives: India targets malaria elimination by 2030 in a phased manner, so malaria’s assured diagnosis is crucial. Introduction of rapid diagnostic kits in India in 2010 has revolutionized malaria surveillance. The storage temperature of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), kit components and handling in transportations impact the results of RDTs. Therefore, quality assurance (QA) is required before it reaches end-users. The Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR) has a World Health Organization (WHO) recognized lot-testing laboratory facility to assure the quality of RDTs. Methods: The ICMR-NIMR receives RDTs from different manufacturing companies as well as various agencies such as National and State Programmes and Central Medical Services Society. The WHO standard protocol is followed to conduct all the tests, including long-term and post-dispatch testing. Results: A total of 323 lots tested during January 2014-March 2021 were received from different agencies. Amongst them, 299 lots passed the quality of test and 24 failed. In long-term testing, 179 lots were tested and only nine failed. A total of 7741 RDTs were received from end-users for post-dispatch testing of which 7540 qualified the QA test with a score of 97.4 per cent. Interpretation & conclusions: RDTs received for quality testing showed compliance with QA evaluation of malaria RDTs based on the protocol recommended by the WHO. However, continuous monitoring of the quality of RDTs is required under QA programme. Quality-assured RDTs have a major role, especially in areas where low parasitaemia of parasites persists.

Socioeconomic determinants of malaria prevalence among under five children in Uganda: Evidence from 2018-19 Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey

Background & objectives: Malaria remains a significant public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, affecting mainly children and pregnant women. In Uganda, little is known about the underlying socioeconomic correlates of malaria prevalence in children under five years of age. This study investigated the link between malaria infection among children under five and the socio-economic factors in Uganda. Methods: We estimated the prevalence of malaria among under-five children using secondary data from the 2019 Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey. Malaria infection status was ascertained using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Multivariable logistic regression was employed to explore the socioeconomic correlates of malaria prevalence. Svyset command in STATA 16.0 was used to control for survey design. Results: Overall, 6503 children were enrolled in the study. Of these, 1516 children tested positive for malaria, leading to an observed malaria prevalence of 23.3%. Older children (OR 1.01, 95%CI 1.01–1.01), and those from rural areas (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.09–2.84) had higher odds of malaria infection. Children belonging to the highest wealth quintile had lower odds of malaria (OR 0.2, 95%CI 0.08–0.44). Indoor residual spray (OR 0.2, 95%CI 0.10–0.51) and use of treated bed nets (OR 0.8, 95%CI 0.69–0.99) were associated with reduced odds of malaria in children Interpretation & conclusion: Despite the significant increase in malaria preventive interventions in the last two decades, malaria remains highly prevalent in Ugandan under-five children. Indoor residual spraying and treated bed nets need to be promoted countrywide to reach malaria control targets. It is also imperative that appropriate education on proper and consistent use of mosquito bed-nets should be emphasized alongside embracing living habits that reduce the chances of mosquito bites like staying indoors.

Dried blood spots: a robust tool for malaria surveillance in countries targeting elimination

With the advancements in analytical and molecular techniques, Dried Blood Spots (DBS) are re-emerging as attractive and cost-effective alternatives for global health surveillance. The use of DBS has been well-characterized in the neonatal screening of metabolic diseases, therapeutic screening as well as in epidemiological studies for biomonitoring. Malaria is one such infectious disease where DBS use can expedite molecular surveillance for assessing drug resistance and for refining drug usage policies. In India, malaria cases have reduced significantly over the past decade but to achieve malaria elimination by 2030, country-wide DBS-based screening should be conducted to identify the presence of molecular markers of artemisinin resistance and to study parasite reservoirs in asymptomatic populations. DBS has wide applications in genomics, proteomics, and metabolomic studies concerning both host and pathogen factors. Hence, it is a comprehensive tool for malaria surveillance that can capture both host and parasite information. In this review, we elucidate the current and prospective role of DBS in malaria surveillance and its applications in studies ranging from genetic epidemiology, parasite and vector surveillance, drug development and polymorphisms to ultimately how they can pave the roadmap for countries aiming malaria elimination

A rare case of complicated malaria presenting as warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) has been rarely reported worldwide or from India as the underlying cause of anemia in malaria. We hereby present a case of complicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria with concomitant warm AIHA in a 31-year-old male. Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT) was positive and elution studies showed pan-agglutination reaction. Clinico-hematological and serological follow-up of the patient was done post artesunate treatment until day 9. We suggest that it is important to establish the immune basis of anemia in malaria patients for guiding the treatment plan for the clinicians and providing packed red blood cell transfusion if required.

Malaria and environmental, socioeconomics and public health conditions in the municipality of São Félix do Xingu, Pará, Eastern Amazon, Brazil: An ecological and cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT Background: Malaria is a parasitosis conditioned by several factors. This study sought to analyze the spatial distribution of malaria considering environmental, socioeconomic, and political variables in São Félix do Xingu, Pará, Brazil, from 2014 to 2020. Methods: Epidemiological, cartographic, and environmental data were obtained from the Ministry of Health, Brazilian Geographical and Statistical Institute, and National Space Research Institute. Statistical and spatial distribution analyses were performed using chi-squared tests of expected equal proportions and the kernel and bivariate global Moran's techniques with Bioestat 5.0 and ArcGIS 10.5.1. Results: The highest percentage of cases occurred in adult males with brown skin color, mainly placer miners, with a primary education level, living in rural areas, who were infected with Plasmodium vivax and with parasitemia of two or three crosses as diagnosed by the thick drop/smear test. The disease had a non-homogeneous distribution, with distinct annual parasite indices associated with administrative districts and clusters of cases in locations with deforestation, mining, and pastures close to Conservation Units and Indigenous Lands. Thus, a direct relationship between areas with cases and environmental degradation associated with land use was demonstrated, along with the precarious availability of health services. Pressure on protected areas and epidemiological silence in Indigenous Lands were also noted. Conclusions: Environmental and socioeconomic circuits were identified for development of diseases associated with precarious health services in the municipality. These findings highlight the need to intensify malaria surveillance and contribute to the systematic knowledge of malaria's epidemiology by considering the complexity of its conditioning factors.

Malaria and COVID-19 coinfection in a non-malaria-endemic area in Brazil

ABSTRACT Differential diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from other febrile diseases is one of several challenges imposed by the pandemic. We present a case of severe malaria and COVID-19 coinfection in a non-malaria-endemic region. A 44-year-old female with malaise, fever, hypotension, jaundice, and enlarged liver and spleen was admitted to the intensive care unit. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were positive. Rapid tests, microscopy, and quantitative PCR were positive for Plasmodium vivax. Cytokine storm profiles were identified. We could not determine whether the severe vivax malaria in our patient was triggered by COVID-19 coinfection.