Ser enfermeiro no quotidiano da atenção primária à saúde: o fazer, o aprender e o conviver / Ser enfermero en la práctica cotidiana de la atención primaria de la salud: hacer, aprender y convivir / Being a nurse in the daily routine of primary health care: the doing, learning and living with

OBJETIVO: compreender o quotidiano do enfermeiro na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) e suas vivências como ser, no fazer, aprender e conviver. MÉTODO: estudo de casos múltiplos holístico-qualitativo, fundamentado na Sociologia Compreensiva do Quotidiano, com 54 enfermeiros. RESULTADOS: o ser enfermeiro na APS vivencia o protagonismo, a autonomia, a aplicabilidade de conhecimentos e as habilidades profissionais, ao desempenhar o fazer com humanização, empatia, responsabilidade e ética. Os enfermeiros vivem, aprendem e convivem com os desafios quotidianos, como o elevado número de pessoas cadastradas, a falta de recursos humanos, a elevada demanda espontânea e reprimida, a atenção centrada no adoecimento e a necessidade de Educação Permanente. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: o ser, fazer, aprender e conviver dos enfermeiros é pautado por grandes responsabilidades e cobranças em torno do que é ideal e o que é real no quotidiano da APS. A infraestrutura e a funcionalidade das unidades de APS encontram-se longínquas da realidade idealizada e desejada.

OBJETIVO: comprender la cotidianeidad del enfermero en la Atención Primaria de la Salud (APS) y las experiencias que lo llevan a ser, hacer y convivir. MÉTODO: estudio de casos múltiples holístico cualitativo, basado en la Sociología Comprensiva de lo Cotidiano, con 54 enfermeros. RESULTADOS: el ser enfermero en la APS implica experimentar el protagonismo, la autonomía, la aplicación de conocimientos y habilidades profesionales, al desempeñar el hacer con carácter humanitario, empatía, responsabilidad y ética. Los enfermeros viven, aprenden y conviven con desafíos cotidianos a saber: elevado número de personas registradas, falta de recursos humanos, elevada demanda espontánea y reprimida, atención enfocada en la enfermedad y necesidad de Educación Permanente. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES: a los enfermeros se les impone ser, hacer, aprender y convivir en función de las grandes responsabilidades y exigencias en torno de lo ideal y lo real en la cotidianeidad de la APS. La infraestructura y la funcionalidad de las unidades de la APS se hallan muy lejos de la realidad idealizada y deseada.

OBJECTIVE: understand the daily life of the Primary Health Care (PHC) nurse and their experiences as being it, doing it, and learning to live together. METHOD: a holistic-qualitative multiple case study, based on Comprehensive Sociology of Daily Life, with 54 nurses. RESULTS: The being a nurse in PHC experiences protagonism, autonomy, the applicability of knowledge and professional skills by performing the doing with humanization, empathy, responsibility, and ethics. The nurses live, learn and live with daily challenges, such as a high number of registered people, lack of human resources, high spontaneous and repressed demand, attention focused on illness and the need for continuing education. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: the being, doing, learning, and living with of the nurses is guided by great responsibilities and charges around what is ideal and what is real in the daily life of the PHC. The infrastructure and functionality of PHC units are far from the idealized and desired reality.

Disparity in self-rated health between male and female elderly: a Fairlie decomposition analysis / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To investigate the disparity and factors of self-rated health between male and female elderly so as to provide evidence for narrowing the disparity and promoting health equity. Methods We extracted data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2013. Fairlie decomposition was adopted to analyze the disparity of self-rated health between 3 744 male and female elderly who were 65 and older. Results The male elderly reported a significantly higher ratio of good health than the female elderly(47.1% vs 41.6%, 2=11.74, P<0.001). Fairlie decomposition analysis revealed that lifestyle, income and educational level were significant influencing factor for self-rated health (all P<0.05), which could explain 73.98%, 17.48% and 16.70% of the overall disparity in self-rated health among the elderly. Conclusions There is a disparity between male and female elderly’s self-rated health. The self-rated health of male elderly is better than that of female elderly. It would contribute to the equity of male and female elderly’s health by promoting publicity of health education and advocating healthy lifestyle of female elderly.

Drug utilisation pattern in dermatology outpatient department at a tertiary care hospital

Background: Skin is the part of integumentary system that constitutes the largest organ of human body and thus it is exposed to injury by various extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The skin disorders have serious detrimental effect on quality of life of the general population. The present study was planned to define the prescription pattern in terms of rationality, drug interactions and financial burden of disease to the individual. Also, in the identification of problems related to drug use such as poly-pharmacy and drug-drug interaction.Methods: The present study was conducted in the male and female out-patient Department of Dermatology at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Hyderabad, Telangana over a period of two months. Prescriptions of 400 patients were analyzed i.e. 200 each were taken from the male and female OPD patients. An observational and cross-sectional study design was adopted for this study.Results: Prescriptions of 400 patients were analyzed. The average number of drugs per prescription was 3.73 in male OPD and 3.59 in female OPD. The percentage of generic drugs prescribed was 84.13% in male OPD and 77.3% in female OPD, drugs prescribed by brand name was 15.82% in male OPD and 22.7% in female OPD. Antihistamines were the most commonly prescribed drugs followed by antibacterial in female OPD and antifungals in male OPD.Conclusions: Prescription of maximum drugs was by their generic name and was dispensed free of cost to the patients from the hospital pharmacy. Almost all the drugs prescribed as oral formulation were present in the NLEM, India 2011. Whereas some topical formulations prescribed are not present in the NLEM. Therefore, were prescribed by trade name. Regular educational interventions like sensitization on pharmacovigilance may further promote rational prescribing.

Comparison of Schistosoma japonicum development between single sexual infection and double sexual infection in mice and rabbits / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To observe the development of Schistosoma japonicum after single sexual infection and double sexual infection respectively. Methods A single Oncomelania hupensis snail was infected by a single schistosome miracidium. The lar?va were induced and released from the snail after 60?day incubation at 26℃. The mice were infected by the larva(single sexual infection)and dissected 40 days after the infection. All the worms were collected and the sex of the larvae was determined by the sex of the adult worms. Then,the mice and rabbits were infected by single sex of larvae(single sexual infection)and double sex of larvae(double sexual infection)respectively. The mice and the rabbits were dissected 40 days after the infection. All the worms were collected and measured under a microscope. Results All the male or female worms were collected from the mice and rabbits after single sexual infection. There were three main forms of worms after dissection of double sexual infection of mice and rabbits:folded mature male and female,male or female. Few folded male and immature female were found. Only the double sexual larva infected mice or rabbits had schistosome eggs in the liver and the liver had typical schistosome egg nodules. The sin?gle sexual larva infected mice or rabbits had no schistosome eggs or schistosome egg nodules in the liver tissues. The single male larva could develop to worms with the testis,and with a little smaller size compared to the mature folded male,while the single sexual infection female worm could not develop to the mature stage with much thinner and smaller compared to the mature folded female. Conclusions The male or female worms from single sexual infection are smaller than those from double sexual infection (mature worms?folded male and female). So it is necessary to check single sex worms in vessels of intestinal mucosa thoroughly in the sentinel mice when no schistosome eggs were found in the liver.

How Do Male and Female Medical Students Perceive Their Own Career? Implications from a Student Viewpoint / 日本プライマリ・ケア連合学会誌

<b>Introduction</b>: The aim of this study is to explore career perceptions of male and female medical students.<br><b>Methods</b>: Semi-structured interviews to 16 medical students (9males, 7 females) were undertaken.<br><b>Results</b>: Qualitative data analysis showed that development of their career perceptions were affected by “gender view”, “interests in medicine” as well as their “perceptions of family”. Specifically, female students in the lower grades felt difficulty in making decisions on career choices due to the conflict between carrying out family responsibilities (e.g., housework and childcare) and interests in medicine. After clinical clerkships, their perceptions of a career were formed in one of two ways: giving priority to family responsibilities or interest in medicine. On the other hand, male students in lower and higher grades consistently gave priority to their interests in medicine for their career choices.<br><b>Conclusion</b>: Differing career perceptions between male and female medical students emerged from this study, and supports the need for undergraduate education on gender-equality in society.

Assessment of awareness about HIV/AIDS in slum areas of Jodhpur city

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the disease, whose mode of transmission is known and is largely preventable, but due to lack of knowledge and practices in general population causes its continuous spread. Aim and objectives: To assess the awareness level about HIV/AIDS among male and female of 15- 44 years age group residing in slum areas. Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at slum areas of Jodhpur city to assess the awareness and knowledge about HIV/AIDS among male and female of 15-44 years age group. Total 741 persons were selected by multi stage sampling method in 254 households from 66 slums and a predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to record the information. The data was entered into Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using “Chi square test” of significance. Results: Only 20.1% were aware about the word “HIV” and only 8.7% of these knew the meaning of HIV while 68.8% subjects aware about word “AIDS” and only 12% of them knew the meaning of the word AIDS. Age, sex, religion, caste, literacy and socio-economic status were significantly influenced the knowledge gained (p<0.01). Unsafe sex (heterosexual) was most frequently (52.5%) known route of transmission by the respondents. Conclusion: In spite of having large scale information, education and communication activities, at the national and state level, the knowledge of various aspects of HIV/AIDS was deficient and myths about modes of transmission were prevalent in studied slum population

Effect of Leonuri Herba alkaloids on prostatic hyperplasia in older rats / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the pharmacological effects and mechanism of Leonuri Herba alkaloids (LHA) on prostate hyperplasia in older rats. Methods: The prostate hyperplasia model in older rats was induced by male and female hormone, the rats were divided into five groups: 50.0, 25.0, 12.5 mg/kg alkaloids dosage group, 30 mg/kg Longbishu Capsule suspension group, and model group given the same volume of saline. Otherwise aged rats and young rats were set as control groups administered with saline, and administered once daily for consecutive 30 d. The wet weight and prostate index in rat prostate were measured, and the expression of E2, DHT, T, bFGF, TGF-β1, EGF, and IGF-1 in serum and prostate tissue were detected after the experiment. The rat prostate tissue morphology changes and rat prostate cells ultrastructural changes were observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results: Compared with the model group, benign prostatic hyperplasia rat model was replicated successfully, low-dose LHA can significantly reduce the rat prostate wet weight and prostate index (P < 0.05), mid-dose LHA can significantly reduce the rat prostate index (P < 0.05). Each dose of LHA can significantly reduce the levels of T and DHT in prostate model rats (P < 0.01). Each dose of LHA can significantly reduce the expression of bFGF, EGF, and IGF-1 in prostate model rats (P < 0.01). Low-dose LHA can significantly increase the expression of TGF-β1 in prostate tissue. Each dose of LHA can significantly reduce the density of prostate model rats (P < 0.05, 0.01), and significantly increase the membrane surface and surface area values (P < 0.01). Each dose of LHA can significantly reduce intracytoplasmic mitochondria in prostate cells caused by model, and relieve the pathological changes of mitochondria cristae. Conclusion: LHA has good therapeutic effect to prostatic hyperplasia model rats induced by male and female hormone.

Effect of Isolation Stress on Glucose/Lipid Metabolism in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) Fatty Rats.

Aim: The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rat is a novel obese type 2 diabetic model, showing hyperphagia, obesity, and diabetes mellitus from a young age. In this study, we investigated the effects of isolation stress on pathophysiology in SDT fatty rats. Methods: SDT fatty rats (4 weeks old) were housed 3 per cage for 2 weeks and separated as males or females so as each gender will be placed in a separate cage to avoid mating. After acclimatization in 6 weeks of age, the rats were exposed to isolation stress (IS) (one rat per cage, using 5 animals in each sex). In the control group, each sex of experimental rats were housed separately continuously 3 per cage (using 6 animals in each sex). Food intake, body weights, and blood chemical parameters, such as glucose, insulin, triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, of the rats from 6 to 15 weeks of age were measured at every 3 weeks. Satellite groups were prepared for pathological analyses. Necropsy of satellite group was performed at 12 weeks of age, and the pathological analyses, such as adrenal, thymus and spleen, were performed. Results: The blood glucose level in IS group in female SDT fatty rats was significantly increased at 12 weeks of age as compared with that in control group. Female SDT fatty rats showed accelerated diabetic progression, but the male rats did show the effects of IS on the glucose/lipid metabolism. In male SDT fatty rats, an increase of adrenal weight and a decrease of thymus weight were observed in IS group and the female rats in IS group showed a tendency of an increase of adrenal weight and a decrease of thymus weight. In histopathological analyses, adrenal hypertrophy and thymus atrophy were observed in IS group in both male and female rats. Conclusion: Isolation stress affected the progression of diabetes in female SDT fatty rats. Housing conditions is a factor to care for in evaluation of pathophysiology in diabetic models.

Content Comparison of Polysaccharide and Protein in Male and Female Trichosanthis Radix / 中国药师

Objective:To compare the contents of polysaccharide and protein in male and female Trichosanthis Radix to provide reasonable explanation for that male plant was better. Methods:Polysaccharides in Trichosanthis Radix were obtained by water-extrac-tion and ethanol-precipitation method, and the content was determined by anthrone-sulfuric acid method. Tichosanthin ( TCS) was ob-tained by hydrochloric acid extraction and acetone precipitation. Based on the light absorption of Coomassie brilliant blue G-250 com-bined with proteins, the content of TCS was detected. Results: The polysaccharides content in male and female Trichosanthis Radix was 2. 628% and 3. 237%, TCS content was 0. 193% and 0. 280%, respectively. Conclusion: The contents of polysaccharides and TCS in male plant are higher than those in female plant. The male plant is a better source for Trichosanthis Radix.

Comparison of mood among male and female workers as a function of reproductive stage / Comparación del ánimo entre los trabajadores hombres y mujeres como una función de la etapa reproductiva

El propósito de este estudio fue comparar la frecuencia de alteraciones del estado de ánimo de los trabajadores masculinos y femeninos maduros. También se intentó demostrar la relación de los síntomas con algunos aspectos psicológicos como la autoestima de los voluntarios (AE), la satisfacción marital (SM) y las actitudes hacia la sexualidad (AHS). Materiales y métodos: En un diseño transversal, se determina la frecuencia de la depresión, la ansiedad, los síntomas no específicos de la depresión (SNED), MS, y los sentimientos de síndrome del nido vacío (SSNV) en 103 hombres y 129 mujeres de 40 a 64 años de edad. Depresión, los SNED y la ansiedad fueron evaluados según los criterios DSM-III-R calificados con la prueba de Bech-Rafaelsen Hamilton. La AE se evaluó con la prueba Coopersmith, AHS y SSNV con un cuestionario previamente validado y SM con la prueba de selección De Weiss. Las mujeres se dividieron en función de su último período menstrual en pre, peri y postmenopáusicas. Resultados: Los resultados demostraron que el SSNV fue más frecuente en mujeres que en varones (p = 0,03). Las mujeres perimenopáusicas tuvieron mayor frecuencia de depresión, ansiedad y SNED que los hombres y las mujeres pre y posmenopáusicas. La AE fue asociada positivamente con alteraciones del estado de ánimo en el trabajo masculino y femenino. En los hombres, la MS estuvo significativamente asociada con SSNV y con la depresión y los SNED en las mujeres perimenopáusicas. Conclusiones: Llegamos a la conclusión de que las alteraciones del estado de ánimo son más frecuentes en las mujeres que en los hombres maduros. También hemos demostrado que en las mujeres maduras una pobre AE podría ser un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de problemas del estado de ánimo. En ambos, hombres maduros y mujeres posmenopáusicas, la MS juega un papel importante en la aparición de SSNV.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the frequencies of mood alterations of mature male and female workers. Also we aimed to demonstrate the relationship of symptoms with some psychological aspects such as volunteer's self-esteem (SE), marital satisfaction (MS) and attitudes toward sexuality (ATS). Materials and methods: In a cross-sectional design, we determine the frequencies of depression, anxiety, non-specific symptoms of depression (NSSD), MS, and the feelings of empty nest syndrome (FENS) in 103 males and 129 females from 40 to 64 years of age. Depression, NSSD and anxiety were evaluated according to DSMIII-R criteria and scored with the Hamilton Bech-Rafaelsen test. SE was evaluated with the Coopersmith test, ATS and FENS with a previously validated questionnaire, and MS with the Pick De Weiss test. Women were divided according to their last menstrual period in pre- peri- and postmenopausal. Results: The results demonstrated that FENS were more frequent in females than in males (p=0.03). Perimenopausal women had higher frequencies of depression, anxiety, and NSSD than males and pre- and postmenopausal females did. SE was positively associated with mood alterations in both male and female labors. In males, MS was significant associated with FENS; and with depression and NSSD in perimenopausal females. Conclusions: We concluded that mood alterations are more frequent in mature females than in males. Also we demonstrated that in mature females poor SE could be a risk factor to development mood problems. In both mature male and postmenopausal females, MS plays an important role in the appearance of FENS.

La música y el enfoque de género en niños y niñas / Music and gender approach in male and female children

Introducción: la música constituye un recurso pedagógico motivador que puede favorecer la adquisición de conocimientos en los estudiantes. Su aplicación en el abordaje de temáticas como el enfoque de género en los niños y las niñas es una opción a tener en cuenta. Objetivos: describir concepciones y estereotipos de género en niñas y niños.Métodos: se realizó una investigación acción cualitativa. Se utilizó la música como eje conductor de ocho sesiones de trabajo con objetivos y técnicas participativas específicas. Estas fueron: familiarización, integración de elementos de la música y el género, introducción de contenidos y retroalimentación. La técnica de recogida de información fue la observación participante. El grupo de estudio estuvo constituido 16 niños de entre 9 y 12 años de edad seleccionados por criterios de intención. Resultados: se identificó la existencia de roles de género y estereotipos en el comportamiento de los infantes. Estos últimos vinculan a las niñas con los instrumentos de apariencia débil y sonidos agudos, a los niños con los instrumentos musicales de apariencia fuerte y sonidos graves, así como la asociación de algunos instrumentos musicales con lo sexos biológicos de los músicos. Las sesiones de retroalimentación contribuyeron a que los niños visualizarán el condicionamiento social de esa construcción.Conclusiones: la utilización de la música para la identificación de concepciones y estereotipos de género en los niños permitió identificar aspectos vinculados con su construcción alrededor de ésta manifestación e implementar acciones para reconstruirlos(AU)

Background: music is a motivating pedagogical resource that can favor the acquisition of knowledge in the students. Its application in the addressing of topics such as the gender approach in male and female children is an option to consider. Objective: to describe conceptions and gender stereotypes in male and female children. Methods: a qualitative action research was conducted. Music was used as the central theme of eight working sessions with specific objectives and participative techniques. These were: familiarization, integration of elements of music and gender, introduction of contents, and feedback. The technique for data collection was the participating observation. The study group was composed of 16 children between 9 and 12 years of age who were selected by intention criteria. Results: the existence of gender roles and stereotypes was identified in the behavior of infants. The latter relate girls with the weak appearance instruments and high-pitched sounds, the boys with strong appearance instruments and bass sounds as well as the association of some musical instruments with the biological sexes of the musicians. Feedback sessions contributed to children visualization of the social conditioning of this construction. Conclusions: the use of music for the identification of conceptions and gender stereotypes in children allowed to identify aspects related to its construction around this manifestation and implement actions to reconstruct them(AU)

Study on comparison of physical activity and behavior characteristics between male and female college students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To compare the differences in physical activity (PA), self-efficacy, stages of change and physical exercise behaviour in college students. Methods International physical activivty questionnaire( IPAQ), scales of self-efficacy, questionnaire of stage of change in physical exercise behaviour, and scales of physical behaviour were used to make a study on college students from Zhejiang province. Results The rate of males (40.43%) was signficant higher than that of females (26.09%) MET in the high activity tertile. There was significantly more energy expenditure in males (( 3462.79 ± 976.31 ) MET) than in females (( 3118.63 ±944.29 ) MET) (P ＜ 0.05 ). The rate of males (44.68 % ) was more than females (25.00%) in maintainanee period and period of action. PA characteristics were shown significant defferences in different stages (F= 31. 380, F=6.012, P ＜ 0.01 ). Characteristics in stages of change were shown high in behaviour score (F= 13.071, F= 7. 461,P ＜0. 01 ). Four factors as attitude,cognitive controls, behavior disposition and self-efficacy in males were entered into regression model of MET( t = 2.138 ～ 3. 789, P ＜ 0.05 ), while in females only the factor of behaviour attitude was entered. Conclusion There is significant difference in PA, stages of change, behaviour characteristics, and self-efficacy between male and female college students.

La configuración del campo de la rectoría escolar oficial en Colombia / A Configuraçao do campo da reitoria escolar oficial na Colômbia / The configuration of the official school principalship in Colombia

Este artículo se inscribe en el contexto de las reformas educativas contemporáneas y caracteriza cómo se está configurando el campo de la rectoría oficial escolar en Colombia a partir de las relaciones de poder que se generan entre el rector o rectora y las dimensiones macropolítica y micropolítica de las instituciones educativas. Los resultados muestran cómo el campo de la rectoría está fuertemente regulado por las normas y políticas educativas nacionales y la recontextualización que se hace de éstas en los escenarios macropolíticos locales. El campo del rector o rectora se configura a través de tres líneas de fuerza de dominio que cambian la orientación de la rectoría, afectan su función y generan cambios en sus relaciones: la primera hala al rector o rectora hacia el entorno en búsqueda de recursos, proyectos y relaciones con el gobierno local; la segunda hala al rector o rectora hacia la promoción de la democratización de la institución educativa y el disciplinamiento de los maestros y maestras; la tercera se orienta hacia la rendición de cuentas. Concluimos que la reconfiguración del campo del rector o rectora se da en un contexto socialmente problematizado y signado por amplias expectativas sobre el papel de la escuela y los rectores y rectoras. La labor directiva está marcada por un sesgo altamente administrativo, una orientación hacia el disciplinamiento de los maestros y maestras, y la rendición de cuentas. En medio de restricciones, los rectores y rectoras ensayan estrategias de negociación, y promueven acciones para lograr cumplir con los objetivos institucionales, con las demandas de la comunidad escolar y con las expectativas de su rol.

Este artigo fica no contexto das reformas educativas contemporâneas e caracteriza como se configura o campo da reitoria oficial escolar na Colômbia a partir das relações de poder que se geram entre o reitor e as dimensões macropolítica e micropolítica das instituições educativas. Os resultados indicam como o campo da reitoria está regulado fortemente pelas normas, políticas educativas nacionais e pela sua re-contextualização nos cenários macropoliticos locais. O campo do reitor configura-se através de três linhas de força de domínio que alteram a orientação da reitoria, afetam sua função e geram mudanças nas suas relações. A primeira impulsiona o reitor para o meio na busca de recursos, projetos e relações como o governo local; a segunda impulsiona o reitor para a promoção da democratização da instituição educativa e para o disciplinamento dos professores e das professoras; a terceira orienta-se para a apresentação de relatórios. O artigo conclui que a reconfiguração do campo do reitor se apresenta num contexto socialmente problematizado e caracterizado por expectativas amplas sobre o papel da escola e dos reitores e reitoras. A função diretiva está marcada por um preconceito altamente administrativo, uma orientação para o disciplinamento dos professores e das professoras, como também para a apresentação de relatórios. No meio de restrições, os reitores e as reitoras ensaiam estratégias de negociação e promovem ações para satisfazer os objetivos institucionais, as demandas da comunidade escolar e as expectativas do seu papel.

This article belongs in the context of contemporary school reforms and characterizes how the Colombian school principalship is being configured from the power relations generated between the principal and the macropolitical and micropolitical dimensions in educational institutions. The results show how the field of principalship is heavily regulated by national educational norms and policies and by their corresponding recontextualization in the local macropolitical scenarios. The principalship field is configured through three domain force lines that change the principalship orientation, affect its function and generate changes in their relations. The first force induces the principal towards the search for resources, projects and their relations; the second induces the principal towards the promotion of the democratization of the educational institution and to disciplining both male and females teachers; and the third refers to reporting management activities. The conclusion states that the reconfiguration of the principal's field takes place in context that is socially problematized and marked by wide expectations about the role of schools and by both male and female principals. The directive function is widely marked by a highly administrative bias, an orientation towards the disciplining of teachers and towards the reporting of management activities. In a world of restrictions, the principals try new negotiation strategies and promote actions aiming at meeting institutional objectives, along with the demands from the school and the expectations resulting from their roles.

Médicos e médicas em São Paulo e os Livros de Registros do Serviço de Fiscalização do Exercício Profissional (1892-1932) / Male and female doctors in São Paulo and the Records of the Professional Practice Audit Service (1892-1932)

Esse artigo tem como objetivo analisar o perfil (naturalidade, nacionalidade e sexo), a formação e a inserção profissional dos médicos no mercado de trabalho em São Paulo, entre 1892-1932, período com poucos trabalhos sobre o tema. Utiliza como fontes a coleção de Livros do Serviço de Fiscalização do Exercício Profissional do Estado São Paulo, preservados pelo Centro de Memória da Saúde Pública (SES/SP). Trata-se de um estudo preliminar - primeiros resultados de uma pesquisa em andamento, que faz parte de um projeto mais amplo, voltado para a construção de um banco de dados e análise da formação e do perfil dos trabalhadores/as que atuaram em diferentes áreas da Saúde em São Paulo, entre 1892-1978.

This article aims at analyzing the profile (place of origin, nationality and sex), the place/institution of graduation and the insertion of physicians into the labor market of São Paulo between 1892 and 1932, a period covered by only a small number of studies on this topic. The source of information used in this survey is the collection of records of the Professional Practice Audit Service of the State of São Paulo, preserved in the Center for the Memory of Public Health. The present paper refers to a preliminary study, part of a broader project aimed at constructing a data bank and analyzing the formation and the profile of workers acting in São Paulo in different health areas, between 1892 and 1978.

The Analysis of New Patients in Oriental Medicine Research Center of the Kitasato Institute and its Application to Medical Care / 日本東洋医学雑誌

In general hospitals or clinics, medical treatment and instruction in medical therapies and nursing are carried out by the medical staff (doctors, pharmacists and nurses) on hand. It is necessary to understand overall trends in patient illness, in addition to personal information, in order to practice medical care comprehensively. For these reasons we analyzed popular medicines, patient make up, and major disease distributions at our own Kampo clinic institute, for patients admitted since 2001.<br>34% of our patients were male and 66% were female. The majority of these patients were between 20 to 30 years old or, 50 to 70 years old. There were few patients, either male or female, in their 40s. As for major disease distribution, atopic dermatitis was most common among both males and females. Next in line were cold sensations and endometriosis, for females, while respiratory organ diseases such as bronchial asthma or nasal inflammation, and Alzheimer's disease were most common, for males.<br>Among major disease types, atopic dermatitis was treated with Oren-gedoku-to (JTDN: Japanese Traditional Drug Name) and Ogi-kenchu-to (JTDN), while diabetes was treated with Hachi-mi-gan (JTDN) and Seishin-renshi-in (JTDN). Cold sensations were treated with Toki-shigyaku-ka-goshuyu-shokyo-to (JTDN) and Toki-shakuyaku-san (JTDN), while hypertension was treated with Cho-to-san and Saiko-ka-ryukotsu-borei-to (JTDN).<br>The present report contains information useful for diagnosis with Kampo medicines, as well as instruction in the nursing and use of these medications by doctors, pharmacists and nursing staff. This report may be utilized in order to administer appropriate medical care for patients.

Difference of Hypoxia Tolerance with Reference to Sex

BACKGROUND: Time of useful consciousness is related with various factors including smoking, age, sex, drug, and temperature. It is still unclear whether acute hypoxia tolerance is different between male and female. METHOD: We included 32 healthy students (male, n=16; female, n=16) volunteered to participate in this study. The blood hemoglobin concentration was measured at a day before flight. With high altitude rapid decompression flight training chamber, flight to simulated altitude of 25,000 ft was performed after nitrogen extraction breath. At 25,000 ft, heart rate and arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) were measured by using pulse oximeter after taking off oxygen mask. We compared the duration from mask-off to the time at 60% SaO2 between male and female and correlated the time at 60% SaO2 with hemoglobin concentration. RESULTS: The duration from mask-off to SaO2 reaching 60% were significantly longer in the male group. There was a linear relationship between hemoglobin concentration and time at 60% SaO2. CONCLUSION: Acute hypoxia tolerance differs from the two sexes and the difference of hemoglobin concentration is one of possible causative factors of this difference.

Comparison of Psychological Problems Between the Male and Female Workers in the “Three Form Enterprises” / 中国医师杂志

Objective To evaluate mental health among male and female workers in the “three form enterprises”. Methods Data from 7779 participants using self-report Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) were statistically analyzed. HZ Results ⑴All the statistical parameters and average factor scores of each item were all significantly higher than the normal group (U test, P