Consideraciones clínicas y desenlaces quirúrgicos del cáncer asociado a implante mamario: una enfermedad emergente de interés

El cáncer de mama sigue siendo una de las principales prioridades en salud global y salud pública y permanece como la neoplasia maligna más frecuente y mortal en mujeres en el mundo. El linfoma anaplásico de células grandes asociado a implante mamario (LACG-AIM) consiste en un linfoma no-Hodgkin de tipo raro, del cual se desconoce mucho sobre su patogenia y fisiopatología, pero que se ve cada vez con mayor frecuencia, debido al aumento de procedimientos estéticos. A la fecha, existen limitaciones en cuanto al conocimiento sobre el comportamiento clínico y se manifiesta de muchas formas, con un tiempo de evolución variable, y desenlaces quirúrgicos inciertos a mediano y largo plazo. Con base en lo anterior, el objetivo de esta revisión consiste en resumir evidencia sobre las consideraciones clínicas y desenlaces quirúrgicos del cáncer asociado a implante mamario, que faciliten la identificación y abordaje de esta condición. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en los motores de búsqueda y bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, EBSCO y MEDLINE. Dentro de las consideraciones clínicas y quirúrgicas, se debe tener en cuenta el tipo de implante utilizado (texturizado), el tiempo del antecedente del implante, la severidad de las manifestaciones y la estadificación, para poder determinar la oportunidad de intervención quirúrgica y terapia neoadyuvante e intentar garantizar la supervivencia y evitar recurrencia. Aquellos pacientes sometidos a capsulectomía completa acompañado de radioterapia tienen mejores desenlaces.

Breast cancer continues to be one of the main priorities in global health and public health, and remains the most frequent and deadly malignant neoplasm in women worldwide. Breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) is a rare type of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, whose pathogenesis and pathophysiology are not well known, but which is seen with increasing frequency due to the increase in cosmetic procedures. To date, there are limitations in terms of knowledge about the clinical behavior of the disease, which can manifest itself in many forms, with a variable evolution time and uncertain surgical outcomes in the medium- and long-term. Based on the above, the aim of this review is to summarize evidence on the clinical considerations and surgical outcomes of breast implant-associated cancer to facilitate the identification and management of this condition. A bibliographic search was performed in the search engines and databases pubmed, sciencedirect, embase, ebsco and medline. Within the clinical and surgical considerations, the type of implant used (textured), the time of the implant history, the severity of the manifestations, and the staging, must be taken into account in order to determine the opportunity for surgical intervention and neoadjuvant therapy, and to try to guarantee survival and avoid recurrence. Patients who undergo complete capsulectomy with radiotherapy have better outcomes.

Caracterização de teses e dissertações sobre neoplasia mamária em homens / Characterization of theses and dissertations on breast cancer in men / Caracterización de tesis y disertaciones sobre cáncer de mama masculino

Objetivo: caracterizar as teses e dissertações disponíveis no banco de teses da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior que abordem a neoplasia mamária masculina. Método: Realizou-se uma revisão de literatura, de caráter bibliométrico, selecionando 7 estudos, por meio de check list previamente estabelecido. Resultados: Identificou-se que 85,7% dos estudos selecionados eram dissertações de mestrado, publicadas entre 2007 e 2019. A maioria foi produzida na Universidade de São Paulo (42,8%). Quanto à publicação de artigos originados das teses e dissertações, 71,4% dos autores não publicaram. Conclusão: embora os métodos de diagnóstico do câncer de mama tenham avançado, a produção científica sobre o câncer de mama masculino ainda se faz incipiente no Brasil. Esse é um dado importante que pode auxiliar na elaboração de novos trabalhos, objetivando um melhor atendimento e prognóstico nesses pacientes.

Objective: to characterize the theses and dissertations available in the theses bank of the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel that address male breast cancer. Method: A bibliometric literature review was carried out, selecting 7 studies, using a previously established checklist. Results: We identified that 85.7% of the selected studies were master's theses, published between 2007 and 2019. Most were produced at the University of São Paulo (42.8%). As for the publication of articles originating from theses and dissertations, 71.4% of the authors did not publish. Conclusion: although methods for diagnosing breast cancer have advanced, scientific production on male breast cancer is still incipient in Brazil. This is an important fact that can help in the development of new studies, aiming at better care and prognosis for these patients.

Objetivo: caracterizar tesis y disertaciones disponibles en el banco de tesis de la Coordinación de Perfeccionamiento del Personal de Educación Superior que abordan el cáncer de mama masculino. Método: Se realizó una revisión bibliométrica de la literatura, seleccionando 7 estudios a través de un checklist previamente establecido. Resultados: Se identificó que el 85,7% de los estudios seleccionados fueron tesis de maestría, publicadas entre 2007 y 2019. La mayoría fueron producidos en la Universidad de São Paulo (42,8%). Cuanto la publicación de artículos provenientes de tesis y disertaciones, el 71,4% de los autores no publicó. Conclusión: aunque los métodos de diagnóstico del cáncer de mama han avanzado, la producción científica sobre el cáncer de mama masculino es aún incipiente en Brasil. Este es un hecho importante que puede ayudar en el desarrollo de nuevos estudios, con el objetivo de mejorar la atención y el pronóstico de estos pacientes.

Ectopic Male Breast Cancer in the Perineum: A Case Report / 한국유방암학회지

Ectopic breast tissue and male breast cancer are both very rare diseases with only a few reports in the literature. Here, we present the first case of ectopic male breast cancer in the perineum. The patient was a 70-year-old man with a palpable mass in the perineum. A wide local excision and inguinal lymph node dissection revealed invasive breast carcinoma of no special type involving the skin and subcutis, and inguinal lymph node metastases. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the tumor cells were strongly positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors and negative for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Moreover, no p53 overexpression was observed. Herein, the clinical and pathologic features, as well as a review of ectopic male breast cancer are discussed.

Clinical Features of Male Breast Cancer: Experiences from Seven Institutions Over 20 Years / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Breast cancer treatment has progressed significantly over the past 20 years. However, knowledge regarding male breast cancer (MBC) is sparse because of its rarity. This study is an investigation of the clinicopathologic features, treatments, and clinical outcomes of MBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical records of 59 MBC patients diagnosed during 1995-2014 from seven institutions in Korea were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Over a 20-year period, MBC patients accounted for 0.98% among total breast cancer patients, and increased every 5 years. The median age of MBC patientswas 66 years (range, 24 to 87 years). Forty-three patients (73%) complained of a palpable breast mass initially. The median symptom duration was 5 months (range, 1 to 36 months). Mastectomy was performed in 96% of the patients. The most frequent histology was infiltrating ductal carcinoma (75%). Ninety-one percent of tumors (38/43) were estrogen receptor–positive, and 28% (11/40) showed epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) overexpression. After curative surgery, 42% of patients (19/45) received adjuvant chemotherapy; 77% (27/35) received hormone therapy. Five out of ten patients with HER-2 overexpressing tumors did not receive adjuvant anti–HER-2 therapy, while two out of four patients with HER-2 overexpressing tumors received palliative trastuzumab for recurrent and metastatic disease. Letrozole was used for one patient in the palliative setting. The median overall survival durations were 7.2 years (range, 0.6 to 17.0 years) in patients with localized disease and 2.9 years (range, 0.6 to 4.3 years) in those with recurrent or metastatic disease. CONCLUSION: Anti–HER-2 and hormonal therapy, except tamoxifen, have been underutilized in Korean MBC patients compared to female breast cancer patients. With the development of precision medicine, active treatment with targeted agents should be applied. Further investigation of the unique pathobiology of MBC is clinically warranted.

Comportamiento clínico de cáncer de mama en hombres en una población latinoamericana / Clinical behavior of breast cancer in men in a Latin American population

El cáncer de mama en hombres es una enfermedad poco frecuente, en Colombia la incidencia estimada anual es de 1 caso por cada 1.000.000 de habitantes, lo cual es significativamente menor que en otros países. Objetivo: Describir la presentación clínica, histopatológica, tratamiento inicial y recaídas de pacientes de sexo masculino con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología entre el periodo 1996 a 2011. Resultados: La población del estudio fue de 27 pacientes. Los principales síntomas reportados por los pacientes fueron masa y dolor. La mayoría de los pacientes (89%) presentaban un estadio clínico localmente avanzado (IIIB y IV). El tipo histológico ductal NOS fue el más predominante (82%). Se encontró resultado de receptores hormonales en 22 de los 27 pacientes, de los cuales 19 (86%) eran positivos. El porcentaje de pacientes llevados a cirugía fue del 71% (20 pacientes), la técnica quirúrgica utilizada en 17 de los 20 pacientes fue la mastectomía radical modificada. En todos los pacientes sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico fue realizado vaciamiento axilar y resección del CAP. La mediana de seguimiento de los pacientes fue de 8,9 meses. Dos pacientes presentaron recaída sistémica. Ninguno de los pacientes presentó recaída locorregional. Conclusión: Presentamos una serie de pacientes con cáncer de mama en hombres, lo cual es una entidad de baja incidencia. Nuestros pacientes se presentaron principalmente en estadio avanzado, en una proporción mayor a lo descrito en otras series latinoamericanas. Aunque la biología tumoral encontrada representa factores de buen pronóstico, no concuerda con el hecho de que la mayoría de tumores sean avanzados.

Breast cancer in men is a rare disease in Colombia, with an estimated annual incidence of 1 case per 1,000,000 habitants, which is significantly lower than in other countries. Objective: To describe the clinical presentation, histopathology, initial treatment and relapse of male patients diagnosed with breast cancer at the National Cancer Institute between 1996 and 2011. Results: The study population was 27 patients. The main symptoms reported by patients were mass and pain. Most patients (89%) had locally advanced clinical stage (IIIB and IV). NOS ductal histological type was the most prevalent (82%). Hormone receptor was found in 22 of 27 patients, of whom 19 (86%) were positive. The percentage of patients undergoing surgery was 71% (20 patients), and the surgical technique used in 17 of the 20 patients was modified radical mastectomy. Axillary dissection and resection of the CAP was performed on all patients who underwent surgical treatment. The median follow up of patients was 8.9 months. Two patients had systemic relapse. None of the patients had locoregional relapse. Conclusion: A case series is presented of male patients with breast cancer, which is a disease of low incidence. Our patients are mainly presented in advanced stages, a greater proportion than that described in other Latin American series. Although tumour biology found good prognostic factors, it is not consistent with the fact that most tumours are advanced.

Cáncer de mama en hombres. ¿Es una entidad diferente al cáncer de mama en la mujer? Revisión de la literatura / Breast cancer in males: Is it a different condition from breast cancer in women? A review of the literature

El cáncer de mama en hombres es una entidad rara y constituye menos del 1% de todos los tumores de mama. En Colombia la incidencia estimada anual es de 0.1 casos por 100.000. El pronóstico del cáncer de mama en hombres parece ser peor que el de mujeres en el mismo estadio y los factores involucrados parecen de tipo biológico. El tratamiento de estos tumores se ha extrapolado de la contraparte femenina ya que no hay ensayos clínicos controlados que lo avalen. El objetivo de la revisión fue buscar evidencia que comparara las características biológicas y el manejo de estos tumores en hombres y mujeres. Debido al número limitado de casos, los estudios publicados hasta el momento no permiten establecer evidencia contundente respecto al manejo de este cáncer en los hombres y las conductas se derivan de la literatura existente en mujeres.

Male Breast cancer is rare, and accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers. In Colombia, the estimated annual incidence is 0.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The prognosis seems to be worse in men than in women in the same stage and the factors involved seem to be biological. The treatment of these tumors has been extrapolated from the female counterpart; however no controlled clinical trials support this. The objective of the review was to look for evidence that compared biological characteristics and management of these tumors between men and women. In conclusion, due to the limited number of cases, the studies published to date do not present conclusive evidence regarding the management of this cancer in men. All therapeutic approaches are derived from the existing literature on women.

Multi-mode ultrasound analysis of male breast cancer / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To analyze the multi-mode ultrasound manifestation of male breast cancer, and to discuss its value in clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Methods: The clinical data of 15 male patients with pathologically-confirmed breast cancer were retrospectively reviewed. All the patients were examined by multi-mode ultrasound (including 2D, 3D, color Doppler flow imaging [CDFI], and intravenous contrast-enhanced ultrasound [CEUS]). The ultrasonic characteristics of the 8 patients were compared with those of 7 patients with hyperplasia. The diagnostic values of the ultrasonic characteristics were summarized. Results: (1) 2D sonogram: 6 of 7 cases with ultrasonically diffused masses, which were all initially interpreted as hyperplasia on ultrasound, were confirmed pathologically, with an accurate rate of 86%. All the 8 patients had unilateral focal masses (ipsilateral in 3 of 8). They were all diagnosed as having breast cancer by ultrasound, with hypoechoes and irregular shape. Three of them had micro-calcification. All the 8 patients were confirmed to have breast cancer pathologically, with the accurate rate of ultrasound being 100%. (2) CDFI and CEUS: hyperplasia patients had weak blood flow signal and breast cancer patients all had rich blood flow signal. High frequency CEUS showed that only 3 breast cancer patients had marked micro-vascular enhancement, while low-frequency CEUS showed prominent enhancement in all cancer cases. (3) 3D reconstruction: coronary display of 2 focal masses showed "convergent sign". Conclusion: Multi-mode ultrasound imaging can provide comprehensive information of male patients with breast disorders; it may facilitate the early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment for male breast cancer.