Oculocutaneous albinism in southern Africa: Historical background, genetic, clinical and psychosocial issues

Albinism is an inherited condition associated with significant depigmentation of the skin, hair and eyes. It occurs in every population with varying frequency, and narratives of people with albinism have been recorded since 200 BC. In southern Africa albinism is common, about 1 in 4000 people are affected, but it remains a poorly understood condition surrounded by myths and superstition. This article provides a historical background on oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) in southern Africa and presents relevant information from the literature regarding epidemiology, genetics and genetic counselling, health, psychosocial and cultural issues, and medical care. There are several recessively inherited types of OCA and a mutation, responsible for about 80%of South African variants, has been identified in OCA type 2. The physical characteristics associated with albinism, that is, sun-sensitive skin and low vision, can be managed. However, people with OCA in Africa also experience psychosocial issues, such as discrimination, because of the various superstitious beliefs and attitudes held in the community. Management should include medical care for health problems, appropriate adjustment of the schooling context and genetic counseling. In addition, widespread public awareness programs are required to increase the knowledge of the genetic causes of OCA and of the nature of genetic counselling, to address the negative attitudes in the community, to reduce the marginalization and stigmatization of people with albinism and to improve their quality of life.

Oculocutaneous albinism in southern Africa: Historical background, genetic, clinical and psychosocial issues

Albinism is an inherited condition associated with significant depigmentation of the skin, hair and eyes. It occurs in every population with varying frequency, and narratives of people with albinism have been recorded since 200 BC. In southern Africa albinism is common, about 1 in 4000 people are affected, but it remains a poorly understood condition surrounded by myths and superstition. This article provides a historical background on oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) in southern Africa and presents relevant information from the literature regarding epidemiology, genetics and genetic counselling, health, psychosocial and cultural issues, and medical care. There are several recessively inherited types of OCA and a mutation, responsible for about 80%of South African variants, has been identified in OCA type 2. The physical characteristics associated with albinism, that is, sun-sensitive skin and low vision, can be managed. However, people with OCA in Africa also experience psychosocial issues, such as discrimination, because of the various superstitious beliefs and attitudes held in the community. Management should include medical care for health problems, appropriate adjustment of the schooling context and genetic counseling. In addition, widespread public awareness programmes are required to increase the knowledge of the genetic causes of OCA and of the nature of genetic counselling, to address the negative attitudes in the community, to reduce the marginalisation and stigmatization of people with albinism and to improve their quality of life

Research on the motif management culture in chinese university / 中国医学装备

On the grounds of multicultural coexistence system of Chinese University, this paper propose the basic elements management culture, namely integrity management, innovation management, intelligence management, fine management, system management, which referred to as primitive management culture. This paper also describes the meaning, and explores the function, values and application of primitive management culture. This paper advocates the development of the primitive management culture, and learns primitive management at the same time. We aim to cultivate talent with primitive management cultural qualities, and to achieve the dream of culture encouraged strong school, strong and prosperity nation with the production activities, social and natural science learning and practice.

Exsudatos radiculares de plantas de cobertura no desenvolvimento de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum / Exudates of cover crops in the development of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência dos exsudatos radiculares das plantas de cobertura: crotalária (Crotalaria juncea L.), braquiária (Urochloa ruziziensis R. Germ. & Evrard), capim-mombaça (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça Jacq.), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Brown), feijão-guandu-anão (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) e estilosantes (Stylosantes capitata Vog.; Stylosanthes macrocephala Ferr. Et Costa) no desenvolvimento de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Para a liberação dos exsudatos, as raízes de plantas cultivadas durante 24 dias foram submetidas à centrifugação. Obtido os exsudatos, estes foram esterilizados por processos de filtragem com a utilização de membrana com poro de 0,22µm armazenados em tubos e acondicionados a -20ºC. O efeito dos exsudatos foi estudado em relação ao crescimento micelial, germinação micelial, desenvolvimento carpogênico do escleródio e germinação dos ascósporos de S. sclerotiorum. As concentrações utilizadas foram 1%, 10% e 25%, obtidas por meio da diluição em água destilada esterilizada. Os resultados mostraram que o índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial foi menor quando utilizado o exsudato de U. ruziziensis nas concentrações de 1% e 10%. Os exsudatos não influenciaram a germinação micelial dos escleródios. Quanto aos ascósporos, os exsudatos radiculares de Cajanus cajan e Styloshantes sp. inibiram a germinação quando não foi adicionado sulfato de streptomicina.

The objective was to explore the influence of root exudates of some cover plants known as Crotalaria juncea, Urochloa ruziziensis, Panicum maximum cv. mombaça, Pennisetum glaucum, Cajanus cajan e Stylosantes sp. For the release of exudates roots plants were grown for 24 days, were subjected to centrifugation. Retrieved these exudates were sterilized by filtering processes using a membrane with pore size of 0.22 micrometers. The filtrates were stored in tubes and stored at -20°C. The effect of the exudates were studied in relation to mycelial growth, mycelial and carpogenic germination of sclerotia and germination of ascospores of S. sclerotiorum. The concentrations used were 1%, 10% and 25% obtained by dilution in sterile water. The results showed mycelial growth rate was lower when using the exudate of U. ruziziensis concentrations of 1% and 10%. The exudates did not affect mycelial germination of sclerotia. Concerning the ascospores of Cajanus cajan and Stylosanthes spp. root exudates inhibited germination when it was added streptomycin.