Marginal versus Segmental Mandibulectomy in the Treatment of Oral Cavity Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract Introduction Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is the most common malignancy in the oral cavity. Two types of mandibular resections have been described: the segmental mandibulectomy and the marginal mandibulectomy. Both may have a different impact over the quality of life, oncological prognosis, and functional or aesthetic result. Objectives The aim of this study was to systematically explore the literature to determine the survival outcomes and disease control rates in patients who underwent segmental or marginal mandibulectomy for OCSCC with histological evidence of cortical and medullary bone invasion. Data Synthesis This review involved a systematic search of the electronic databases MEDLINE/PUBMED, Google Scholar, Ovid Medline, Embase, and Scopus including articles from 1985 to 2019. Fifteen articles were included for qualitative analysis and 11 articles were considered for meta-analysis calculations. All of them correspond to retrospective cohort studies. Conclusion This systematic review reveals the low-level evidence regarding the impact over local control or survival according to the type of mandibulectomy. Our results need to be considered with precaution according to the limited evidence available. We just found difference regarding the 5-year disease-free survival, and a tendency in favor of segmental mandibulectomy was confirmed when medullary invasion was evident.

An alternative method for reconstructing anterior segmental mandibulectomy defects with a plate and pectoral major muscle flap

Background: Reconstruction of anterior segmental mandibulectomy still remains a challenge. Osteocutaneous free flap remains the ideal choice of reconstruction because it restores cosmesis and function. The use of other locoregional flaps compromises cosmesis and function. Here, we have introduced a unique technique of reconstruction with lingual cortex mandibular plate as an alternate choice for free flap. Method: Six patients aged 12–62 years underwent oncological resection for oral cancer which involved the anterior segment of the mandible. Following resection, they underwent lingual cortex mandibular plating with pectoralis major myocutaneous flap reconstruction. Adjuvant radiotherapy was delivered to all patients. Results: The mean bony defect was 9.2 cm. There were no significant perioperative events related to the surgery. None required tracheostomy and all were safely extubated with no post-surgical complications. The cosmetic and functional outcomes were acceptable. Following the completion of radiotherapy with a median follow-up of 11 months, Plate exposure occurred in one patient. Conclusion: The technique is cheap, quick and simple, and can be effectively applied in resource-constrained and demanding situations. It is possible to consider this as an alternative treatment strategy for osteocutaneous free flap in anterior segmental defects

Clinicopathologic profile of patients with maxillofacial tumors in a tertiary level government institution

RATIONALE@#Bone tumors of the head and neck region are rare. Their occurrence, biologic behavior, and management can cause significant personal, social, behavioral and economic ramifications. The aim of this study was to describe the clinicopathologic profile of patients with maxillofacial tumors in a tertiary level government hospital. @*METHODS@#This was a retrospective, descriptive study over a five-year period (January 2013 to December 2018).@*RESULTS@#A total of 256 patients was included in the study, with females accounting for 53.5% and males for 46.5%. The mean age of presentation was 37.4 years with a range of 18-80 years. The mean age of patients with benign tumors was 36.1 years, while those with malignant tumors was higher at 61.8 years. Majority of the tumors involved the mandible. Ameloblastoma and dentigerous cysts were the most prevalent benign odontogenic tumors while squamous cell cancer was the most common malignancy. Radical surgery with composite reconstruction was done in malignant cases to ensure adequate pathologic margins, while a more conservative tissue-sparing approach was done for benign cases.@*CONCLUSION@#Management of maxillofacial tumors remains a challenge because of its relative anatomic location and locally-advanced state upon detection. Identifying these tumors at an early stage ensures adequate resection with minimal functional and aesthetic loss. The low morbidity and mortality rates reported in this study emphasizes the role of the multidisciplinary team approach, surgical experience and comprehensive perioperative care in the management of bone tumors in the head and neck.

Radical resection of giant ameloblastoma mandible with free fibula reconstruction: a case report and review of literature

The ameloblastoma is a rare odontogenic tumor of the oral cavity. It is slow growing, locally invasive benign tumor affecting mandible more than maxilla mostly in age group 30-60 years. It grows in bone and soft tissue causing facial disfigurement. Treatment is surgical taking wide margins. This case report describes the treatment of a 30-year-old female having right side jaw swelling since two years, fine needle aspiration cytology was suggestive of ameloblastoma. Right hemi mandibulectomy was done by head and neck surgery team and reconstruction was done by plastic surgery team using free fibula flap. The free fibula osteocutaneous flap is the most versatile and reliable option for microsurgical reconstruction of large mandibular defects.

Full mouth rehabilitation in a patient with partial mandibulectomy using CAD/CAM zirconia framework and monolithic zirconia / 대한치과보철학회지

Defects due to mandibulectomy often cause hard and soft tissue loss and result in esthetic problems and functional disorders such as mastication, swallowing, and pronunciation. After the mandibular reconstruction, several complications including loss of alveolar bone can cause limitations in maintenance or supporting of removable prosthesis. For these patients, implant-supported fixed restorations have been an appropriate prosthetic restorative method. In this case report, we report the patient who underwent mandibulectomy and mandibular reconstruction owing to oral cancer, and then restored the current dentition functionally and aesthetically by applying zirconia frameworks and monolithic zirconia crowns by computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing.

A simple technique for repositioning of the mandible by a surgical guide prepared using a three-dimensional model after segmental mandibulectomy / 대한악안면성형재건외과학회지

BACKGROUND: Mandibular reconstruction is performed after segmental mandibulectomy, and precise repositioning of the condylar head in the temporomandibular fossa is essential for maintaining preoperative occlusion. METHODS: In cases without involvement of soft tissue around the mandibular bone, the autopolymer resin in a soft state is pressed against the lower border of the mandible and buccal and lingual sides of the 3D model on the excised side. After hardening, it is shaved with a carbide bar to make the proximal and distal parts parallel to the resected surface in order to determine the direction of mandibular resection. On the other hand, in cases that require resection of soft tissue around the mandible such as cases of a malignant tumor, right and left mandibular rami of the 3D model are connected with the autopolymer resin to keep the preoperative position between proximal and distal segments before surgical simulation. The device is made to fit the lower border of the anterior mandible and the posterior border of the mandibular ramus. The device has a U-shaped handle so that adaptation of the device will not interfere with the soft tissue to be removed and has holes to be fixed on the mandible with screws. RESULTS: We successfully performed the planned accurate segmental mandibulectomy and the precise repositioning of the condylar head by the device. CONCLUSIONS: The present technique and device that we developed proved to be simple and useful for restoring the preoperative condylar head positioning in the temporomandibular fossa and the precise resection of the mandible.

Condylar hyperplasia, diagnosis and clinical management: a clinical case report / Hiperplasia condilar, diagnóstico y manejo clínico: a propósito de un caso clínico

ABSTRACT Condylar hyperplasia is a disorder characterized by excessive and progressive growth affecting the condyle, neck, body, and mandibular ramus. Under this condition, mandibular growth occurs in all three planes of space, but more predominantly in one of them. Its etiology is controversial in its own. Some of its suggested causes include: trauma, hypervascularity, infections, and hereditary/intrauterine factors. Treatment protocols are varied, but one of the best treatment choices is high condylectomy. Following is the case of a 16-year-old female patient with this anomaly. The physical exam showed free facial asymmetry with mandibular deviation. Treatment consisted of TMJ surgery and high condylectomy plus a second orthodontic stage. The clinical outcomes at two-year follow-up suggest that a second intervention won′t be necessary. Patient was very satisfied with the results.

RESUMEN La hiperplasia condilar es una alteración caracterizada por crecimiento excesivo y progresivo, que afecta el cóndilo, el cuello, el cuerpo y la rama mandibular. Bajo esta condición, el crecimiento mandibular ocurre en los tres planos del espacio, pero con predominio por alguno de ellos. La etiología de la misma es motivo de controversia. Se sugieren como sus causas: traumatismos, hipervascularidad, infecciones y factores hereditarios e intrauterinos. Los protocolos de tratamiento son variados, pero una de las mejores opciones de tratamiento es la condilectomía alta. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de género femenino de 16 años de edad, portadora de esta anomalía. Al examen físico, se observa una franca asimetría facial con desviación mandibular. El tratamiento consistió en una cirugía de articulación temporomandibular con condilectomía alta y luego una segunda etapa ortodóntica. Los resultados clínicos a dos años de seguimiento sugieren que no será necesario hacer una segunda intervención. La paciente mostró alto grado de satisfacción con los resultados obtenidos.

Mandibular ameloblastoma with lung metastasis 10 years after resection

@#<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> To present a case of mandibular ameloblastoma with pulmonary metastasis after ten years and discuss the possible pathophysiology, diagnostic and therapeutic options.<br /><strong>METHODS:</strong><br /><strong> Design:</strong> Case Report<br /> <strong>Setting:</strong> Tertiary Private Hospital<br /><strong> Patient:</strong> One<br /><strong>RESULTS:</strong> A  27-year-old  woman  diagnosed  with  follicular  variant  ameloblastoma  underwent left  segmental  mandibulectomy  with  iliac  bone reconstruction  in  2004.  The  titanium  plates were  removed  in  2008  because  of  a  recurrent  orocutaneous  fistula.  She  was  apparently  well until 2014, when she complained of intermittent, non-radiating, sharp and piercing, right upper back pains. Work-ups revealed multiple bilateral lung nodules.  A CT scan-guided percutaneous needle  biopsy  of  the  right  upper  lung  nodule  revealed  metastatic  ameloblastoma.  Opting  for observation  instead  of  chemoradiation,  she  remains  asymptomatic  on  regular  follow-ups  with medical oncology, pulmonary medicine and otorhinolaryngology.<br /><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> Though  benign,  ameloblastoma  has  a  high  propensity  for  local  invasion  and  may metastasize.  It  is  difficult  to  predict metastasis, even  with  adequate  treatment  of  the  primary lesion. There is no standard protocol to prevent or detect metastatic ameloblastoma, but regular and close follow up may ensure early diagnosis.</p>

Prosthetic rehabilitation of marginal mandibulectomized patient using implant-supported removable partial denture / 대한치과보철학회지

Surgical management of oral cancer results in compromised masticatory and swallowing function which affects patient in social and psychological aspects due to reduced phonetic ability and facial deformity, thus, it is imperative to provide applicable prosthetic treatment to overcome such complications. This clinical study describes rehabilitation of a patient with squamous cell carcinoma treated with marginal mandibulectomy and implantation on preserved posterior portion of mandible to provide stability and support for subsequent denture treatment. Kennedy class IV removable partial denture has provided satisfactory results in esthetics and function. Bone level stability around implants was reported to be maintained during eight months of clinical observation.

Ameloblastic carcinoma of the mandible.

Ameloblastic carcinoma is a highly malignant tumour and requires aggressive treatment. This case report describes an aggressive ameloblastic carcinoma that infiltrated the mandible. Mandibulectomy with right functional radical neck dissection and left supra omohyoid dissection was followed by primary reconstruction with a single free vascularised fibula flap. The post-operative course was uneventful. The 2 year regular follow up revealed no signs of recurrent tumour or metastasis. Future reporting of this rare condition is encouraged in lieu of limited information in its clinical course and prognosis.

Reconstrução microcirúrgica de mandíbula com retalho livre de fíbula / Microsurgical reconstruction of mandible with free fibula flap

Os autores apresentam uma revisão sobre reconstrução mandibular com retalho livre de fíbula, acrescida à experiência de centros de referência em reconstrução oncológica e craniofacial. A fíbula apresenta vários aspectos positivos para ser empregada como opção de reconstrução mandibular. O seu pedículo vascular, de anatomia relativamente constante, possui dois sistemas de vascularização (periosteal e endosteal), permite moldagem e montagem versáteis, pode ser acompanhada de ilha de pele para reconstrução tanto intra como extraoral, suporta implantes osteointegrados para a reconstrução da arcada dentária e tem morbidade relativamente baixa na área doadora. O retalho livre de fíbula continua sendo o padrão-ouro para a reconstrução de grandes perdas mandibulares (AU)

The authors present a review of mandibular reconstruction with free fibula flap, as well as the experience of reference centers in oncological and craniofacial reconstruction. The fibula has numerous positive aspects to be used as a mandibular reconstruction option. Its vascular pedicle, with a relatively constant anatomy, has two vascularization systems (periosteal and endosteal), allows versatile molding and assembly, can be accompanied by skin island for both intra and extraoral reconstruction, supports osseointegrated implants for reconstruction of the dental arch, and has fairly low morbidity at the donor site. The free fibula flap remains the gold standard for the reconstruction of large mandibular losses (AU)

Unicystic Ameloblastoma Involving the Mandible: A Case Report

Unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) refers to those cystic lesions that show clinical, radiographic, or gross features of a mandibular cyst, but on histological examination show a typical ameloblastomatous epithelium lining part of the cyst cavity, with or without luminal and/or mural tumour growth. UA is believed to be the less aggressive than the solid or multicystic ameloblastomas. We present a case report of 40 year old male patient with UA involving the entire body of the mandible.

Manejo protésico-quirúrgico del paciente hemimandibulectomizado / Prosthetic and surgical treatment of patient previously subjected to hemi-mandibulectomy

Por lo general las mejores opciones de rehabilitación para el paciente hemimandibulectomizado quedan fuera del alcance del poder adquisitivo de la mayoría de ellos, esto hace que el abordaje reconstructivo protésico- quirúrgico para éstos se tenga que restringir al uso de materiales más accesibles tales como el clavo de Kirschner y las prótesis inmediatas de metilmetacrilato, siendo estas últimas las más recomendables por su bajo costo, fácil manejo, por evitar la rotación mandibular y por prevenir la atrofia de los tejidos blandos. Se reporta el caso clínico de un paciente masculino de 25 años de edad el cual ingreso al Servicio de Oncología del Hospital General de México debido a la presencia de un aumento de volumen en el área correspondiente al ángulo mandibular izquierdo, diagnosticándose microscópicamente como un tumor mixto maligno (diagnóstico histopatológico final). Se decidió hacer la hemimandibulectomía de la zona involucrada, con reconstrucción del segmento óseo perdido mediante la colocación de una prótesis inmediata implantada confeccionada con metilmetacrilato de metilo termocurable, la cual fue fijada con alambre para osteosínteis aproximadamente a 3 y 6 milímetros por arriba de la cortical inferior mandibular en ambos bordes de sección.

In general terms, the best rehabilitation options for patients previously subjected to hemi-mandibulectomy are far beyond their financial possibilities. For this reason surgical-prosthetic reconstructive approach is mainly restricted to the use of more affordable materials such as Kirschner wire and methyl-methacrylate immediate prostheses. The latter are widely recommended due to their low cost, ease of handling, and because they prevent soft tissue atrophy. A clinical case is reported in this article: 25 year old male patient seeking treatment at the Oncology Service of the Hospital General de Mexico (Mexico's General Hospital) due to the presence of a volume increase in the area of the left mandibular angle. Microscopic analysis revealed presence of mixed malign tumor ( final histopathological diagnosis). It was decided to perform hemi-mandibulectomy of involved area, with reconstruction of lost bone segment by means of positioning an immediate methyl methacrylate prosthesis (thermosetting methyl). The prosthesis was fixated with osteosynthesis wire at both resection margins, at 3 mm above the cortex.

Suspension of the tongue to the digastric tendon following resection of the anterior mandibular arch for oral cancer prevents postoperative tongue fall and avoids the need for tracheostomy.

Background: Resection of the anterior arch of the mandible leads to tongue fall and postoperative stridor because of the detachment of tongue musculature from the mandible. In this article, a simple method of tongue suspension is described which would prevent such complications and the need for tracheostomy. Settings and Design: This study was carried out on patients with oral cancer requiring resection of the anterior arch of the mandible as a part of the surgical resection at a tertiary centre. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 32 patients with oral cancer requiring resection of the anterior arch of the mandible as a part of the surgical resection. Following an appropriate resection of the oral cancer (including the anterior mandibular arch) and neck dissection, a silk suture is used to loop the tongue musculature on either side to the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle. Result: This technique of tongue suspension was used in 32 patients who required resection of the anterior mandibular arch for oral cancer. Prophylactic tracheostomy was not performed. One patient developed stridor at extubation and required temporary tracheostomy. All other patients could be successfully extubated within 12 h of surgery and none experienced postoperative stridor or sleep apnea. One other patient required temporary tracheostomy for pulmonary toilet as he developed aspiration pneumonitis related to nasogastric feed. Conclusion: This simple method of tongue suspension to the digastric tendon prevents postoperative tongue fall and obviates the need for tracheostomy in most instances.

Guide flange prosthesis for early management of reconstructed hemimandibulectomy: a case report

Surgical resection of the mandible due to presence of benign or malignant tumor is the most common cause of the mandibular deviation. Depending upon the location and extent of the tumor in the mandible, various surgical treatment modalities like marginal, segmental, hemi, subtotal, or total mandibulectomy can be performed. The clinicians must wait for extensive period of time for completion of healing and acceptance of the osseous graft before considering the definitive prosthesis. During this initial healing period prosthodontic intervention is required for preventing the mandibular deviation. This case report describes early prosthodontic management of a patient who has undergone a reconstructed hemi-mandibulectomy with modified mandibular guide flange prosthesis. The prosthesis helps patient moving the mandible normally without deviation during functions like speech and mastication.

Diseño y fabricación de un nuevo distractor curvo de sínfisis mandibular para transporte óseo / Design and manufacture of a new curve symphyseal distractor for mandibular bone transport

Son activados principalmente por el operador diariamente; teniendo como ventaja estos últimos la ausencia de cicatrices cutáneas permanentes. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue diseñar y fabricar un prototipo de distractor curvo de sínfisis, intraoral para reconstrucción mandibular. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizaron pruebas técnicas: modelo elementos finitos del distractor y cuerpo mandibular, generando una malla formada por 80.000 elementos con restricciones en el condilo mandibular, dos tornillos a cada lado de la placa y cuatro a cada lado del distractor en todos los grados de libertad; se aplicaron fuerzas de 248N a la zona. Finalmente, se realizó la prueba de instalación en cadáver para verificar la técnica quirúrgica y su ergonomía. Resultados: Se observó una distribución uniforme de esfuerzos para todo el sistema mandíbula- distractor, garantizando su resistencia y estabilidad estructural. Conclusiones: El dispositivo es resistente a las fuerzas de masticación, es de facial instalación y activación; permite la reconstrucción de segmentos curvos de amplia longitud.

Introduction and Objective: Currently, there are extra-and intra devices, which are mainly triggered by the operator daily, taking advantage as the latter no permanent scars skin. The main objective of this study was to design and manufacture a prototype of intraoral curve symphyseal distractor for mandibular reconstruction. Materials and Methods: The following technical tests were carried out: finite element model of the distractor and mandibular body creating a net of 80,000 elements with restrictions in the mandibular condyle, two screws on each side of the plate and four on each side of the distractor in every degree of freedom. 248N forces were applied to the zone. Finally, the installation test on a cadaver was done in order to verify the surgical technique and its ergonomy. Results: A uniform distribution of strains was observed for all the mandibular-distractor system, guarantying its resistance and structural stability. Conclusions: The device is resistant to masticatory forces; it is easy to install and to activate and allows the reconstruction of wide range curved segments.

Rehabilitation of a marginal mandibulectomy patient using a modified neutral zone technique: a case report

Anterior edentulous areas usually display unusual soft tissue configurations and compromised bone support in patients with marginal mandibulectomy. There are several treatment modalities for these patients. A removable partial denture may be the treatment of choice. Maximum stability of the partial denture base for mandibulectomy patients may be accomplished by the application of the neutral zone concept, which helps providing stability to the base. This case report describes the fabrication of a removable partial denture for a patient with marginal mandibulectomy using a modified neutral zone technique.

Areas anteriores edêntulas apresentam configurações incomuns de tecido mole e suporte ósseo comprometido em pacientes submetidos a mandibulectomia marginal. Há diversas modalidades de tratamento para estes pacientes. A instalação de uma prótese parcial removível pode ser o tratamento de escolha. Máxima estabilidade da base da prótese parcial para pacientes submetidos a mandibulectomia pode ser obtida pela aplicação do conceito da zona neutra, o que auxilia na estabilização da base. Este relato de caso descreve a fabricação de uma prótese parcial removível em um paciente com mandibulectomia marginal utilizando uma modificação da técnica da zona neutra.

Implant in autogeneous bone graft in mandible

Clinical study on iliac crest composite free flap in the reconstruction of mandibular defects / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective :To observe the effects of iiiac crest composite free flap (ICCFF) in the reconstruction of mandibular defects. Methods:Mandibular defects were reconstructed with ICCFF in 5 cases. "Window flap" was used to monitor the blood supply of ICCFF. Follow-up was carried out for 1 year and the effects of reconstructionwere evaluated by general observation and radiography. Results:Satisfactery face contour and bony healing of the grafts with the adjacent bone bed were observed in all the cases. Conclusion: ICCFF can be used to reconstruct large defects in mandible and the "window flap"can be used to moniter the blood supply of bone grafts.