First facts on the distribution of personal protective equipment during the coronavirus pandemic and facts revealed by medical entities in Brazil: a cross-sectional study

Abstract BACKGROUND: The 2019 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has revealed precarious public health conditions worldwide, where serious failures have occurred, similar to the distribution of personal protective equipment (PPE) to physicians in the government of Brazil. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this investigation was to prove through facts that there have been failures in the distribution of PPE to medical professionals within a reasonable timeframe. DESIGN AND SETTING: Through a cross-sectional study, we sought to identify the information and data on the subject of "Distribution of PPE" from the official sites of all the national and regional medical representative entities. METHODS: All medical representative entities, such as unions, councils, and federations, were identified by searching their existing websites, which were active on the World Wide Web, identifying facts, news, and official data regarding the supply of PPE on a daily basis and during the research period. RESULTS: It was evident from the identification of over 3,900 physician complaints and news reports that there was a failure to distribute PPE to medical professionals in Brazil over a reasonable period. Several physicians obtained PPE through the ruling of the courts. CONCLUSIONS: There was indeed a failure in the context of health service administration, which compromised the second level of the Maslow Scale, safety needs, and exposed these professionals to a greater risk than necessary, compromised the quality of work life, and directly compromised the doctor-patient relationship. The condition of the physicians cannot be forgotten during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Hierarquia das necessidades de Maslow: validação de um instrumento / Maslow's hierarchy of needs: validation of an instrument / Jerarquía de necesidades de Maslow: validación de un instrumento

Este estudo teve como objetivo adaptar ao contexto brasileiro o Inventário de Satisfação das Necessidades Básicas (ISNB), reunindo evidências de sua validade (fatorial e convergente) e consistência interna. Realizaram-se dois estudos [Estudo 1 (n = 200) e Estudo 2 (n = 199)], contando com a participação de estudantes universitários, que responderam o ISNB e perguntas demográficas; no Estudo 1 eles também responderam a Escala de Satisfação com a Vida. Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória (Estudo 1) indicaram um modelo com cinco ou seis fatores, porém se optou pelo primeiro por ser mais parcimonioso e coerente com a teoria. Os cinco fatores se correlacionaram positivamente com a satisfação com a vida. Posteriormente, realizou-se uma análise fatorial confirmatória (Estudo 2) em que se compararam os modelos uni, penta e hexafatorial, tendo o de cinco fatores se revelado mais adequado. Em ambos os estudos os alfas de Cronbach dos cinco fatores se mostraram adequados para fins de pesquisa (α > 0,60). Concluiu-se que o ISNB é uma medida psicometricamente adequada, podendo ser empregada em contexto brasileiro para conhecer a satisfação das necessidades das pessoas e seus correlatos.

This study aimed to adapt the Basic Needs Satisfaction Inventory (BNSI) to the Brazilian context, gathering evidence of its validity (factorial and convergent) and reliability. Two studies were carried out [Study 1 (n = 200) and Study 2 (n = 199)], considering as participants undergraduate students. They answered the BNSI and demographic questions; in Study 1 they also answered the Life Satisfaction Scale. Results of the exploratory factorial analysis (Study 1) indicated a model with five or six factors, but the first solution was chosen because it was more parsimonious and in line with the theory. All five factors correlated positively with satisfaction with life. Subsequently, a confirmatory factorial analysis was performed (Study 2) in which the one, five and six-factors models were compared, with five factors being more adequate. In both studies Cronbach's alphas of the five factors proved to be adequate for research purposes (α > 0.60). In conclusion, the BNSI is a psychometrically adequate measure and can be used in a Brazilian context to know the people's satisfaction of needs and their correlates.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo adaptar el Inventario de Satisfacción de Necesidades Básicas (ISNB) al contexto brasileño, reuniendo evidencia de su validez (factorial y convergente) y consistencia interna. Se llevaron a cabo dos estudios [Estudio 1 (n = 200) y Estudio 2 (n = 199)], con la participación de estudiantes universitarios, que respondieron al ISNB y preguntas demográficas; en el Estudio 1 también respondieron la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida. Los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio (Estudio 1) indicaron un modelo con cinco o seis factores, pero el primero fue elegido para ser más parsimonioso y consistente con la teoría. Los cinco factores se correlacionaron positivamente con la satisfacción con la vida. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio (Estudio 2) comparando los modelos uni, penta y hexafactorial, y el modelo de cinco factores fue más apropiado. En ambos estudios, los alfa de Cronbach de los cinco factores demostraron ser adecuados para fines de investigación (α > 0,60). Se concluyó que el ISNB es una medida psicométrica adecuada y puede usarse en un contexto brasileño para conocer la satisfacción de las necesidades de las personas y sus correlatos.

Application influence of Maslow's theory of hierarchy of demands on the psychological and therapeutic compliance of patients with psychosis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To explore the application influence of Maslow's theory of hierarchy of demands on the psychological and therapeutic compliance of patients with psychosis.@*Methods@#Totally 100 patients with mental disorders who met the requirements of this study were selected from January 2016 to December 2016 in 984 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. They were randomly divided into 2 groups according to the number table method, 50 cases in each group. The control group adopted the routine nursing mode, while the experimental group followed the intervention mode guided by Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, and implemented the corresponding nursing and health education. Concise Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was used to assess the severity of psychiatric symptoms, Self-knowledge and Treatment Attitude Questionnaire (ITAQ) was used to assess patients' compliance with treatment, and Quality of Life Scale (SQLS) was used to assess patients' quality of life.@*Results@#After intervention, the symptoms of anxiety, depression, lack of vitality, thinking disorder, activation, hostile suspicion score, and BPRS scores of the control group were (5.84±3.51), (6.24±3.05), (6.49±2.35), (3.72±1.42), (4.34±1.81), (26.14±6.21) points. After the intervention of the study group, they were (3.78±2.07), (4.11±2.28), (5.15±2.36), (3.02±1.23), (3.58±1.07), (23.08±5.95) points. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=2.516-2.845, P<0.05 or 0.01). After the ITAQ score intervention, the control group and the study group were (10.85±3.41) and (12.34±3.89) points. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=-2.037, P<0.05). After the intervention, the quality of life of the control group was compared with psychosocial, motivation/energy, symptom/adverse reaction score, and total score of SQLS (25.34±7.16), (18.69±9.09), (10.54±1.31), (24.00±10.31) points. The study group were (19.06±4.26), (14.75±8.89), (9.56±1.06), (19.36±9.11) points, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=2.191-5.330, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory can significantly improve mental symptoms, improve treatment compliance and quality of life in psychiatric patients, and is worthy of clinical application.

Application influence of Maslow's theory of hierarchy of demands on the psychological and therapeutic compliance of patients with psychosis / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the application influence of Maslow's theory of hierarchy of demands on the psychological and therapeutic compliance of patients with psychosis. Methods Totally 100 patients with mental disorders who met the requirements of this study were selected from January 2016 to December 2016 in 984 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. They were randomly divided into 2 groups according to the number table method, 50 cases in each group. The control group adopted the routine nursing mode, while the experimental group followed the intervention mode guided by Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, and implemented the corresponding nursing and health education. Concise Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was used to assess the severity of psychiatric symptoms, Self-knowledge and Treatment Attitude Questionnaire (ITAQ) was used to assess patients' compliance with treatment, and Quality of Life Scale (SQLS) was used to assess patients'quality of life. Results After intervention, the symptoms of anxiety, depression, lack of vitality, thinking disorder, activation, hostile suspicion score, and BPRS scores of the control group were (5.84 ± 3.51), (6.24±3.05), (6.49±2.35), (3.72±1.42), (4.34±1.81), (26.14±6.21) points. After the intervention of the study group, they were (3.78±2.07), (4.11±2.28), (5.15±2.36), (3.02±1.23), (3.58±1.07), (23.08±5.95) points. The differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=2.516-2.845, P<0.05 or 0.01). After the ITAQ score intervention, the control group and the study group were (10.85 ± 3.41) and (12.34 ± 3.89) points. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (t=-2.037, P<0.05). After the intervention, the quality of life of the control group was compared with psychosocial, motivation/energy, symptom/adverse reaction score, and total score of SQLS (25.34±7.16), (18.69±9.09), (10.54 ± 1.31), (24.00 ± 10.31) points. The study group were (19.06 ± 4.26), (14.75 ± 8.89), (9.56 ± 1.06), (19.36 ± 9.11) points, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (t=2.191-5.330, P<0.05). Conclusion Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory can significantly improve mental symptoms, improve treatment compliance and quality of life in psychiatric patients, and is worthy of clinical application.

The effect analysis of Maslow′s hierarchy of needs theory in elderly patients with stroke / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the elderly stroke patients into Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory to carry out the effect of nursing intervention on the Barthel and self efficacy, quality of diagnosis and treatment of this kind of special group that the accumulation of evidence-based care experience. Methods Eighty-two cases of elderly patients with stroke in our hospital from September 2015 to March 2017, with the random number table as the grouping criterion, will meet the inclusion criteria of the object is divided into study group and control group, 41 cases in each group. The control group received traditional nursing care, while the research group introduced the Maslow hierarchy of needs theory to intervene. The two groups of patients were evaluated before and after treatment, and the neurological function level, daily living ability, complication rate and nursing satisfaction were compared. Results After treatment, the score of basic knowledge, poor dietary harmful cognition, treatment knowledge, self-management knowledge and complication prevention knowledge were (2.3 ± 0.6), (2.4 ± 0.7), (2.3 ± 0.7), (2.5±0.7), (2.6±0.8) points respectively in study group, and (1.4 ± 0.4), (1.5 ± 0.4), (1.4 ± 0.4), (1.6 ± 0.5), (1.7 ± 0.5) points in control group. The difference was statistically significant (t=8.175-15.260, P<0.05).Neurological deficits after treatment in the study group were (7.8 ± 1.1) points lower than those in the control group (14.5±2.2) points. Barthel index was (61.5±5.4) higher than that in the control group (41.3± 4.0). The length of stay in hospital was (16.3±2.6) d, which was shorter than that in control group (25.3± 3.2) d, the difference was statistically significant (t=15.260, 12.352, 8.367, P<0.05). The complication rate was 9.8％ (4/41) in the study group, which was lower than 29.3％ (12/41) in the control group. The satisfaction rate in the study group was 97.6％(40/41), which was higher than 82.9％(34/41) in the control group), the difference was statistically significant (χ2=13.279, 13.267, P<0.05). Conclusions For elderly stroke patients, nursing intervention into Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, help to improve their self-efficacy and nerve function level, and can improve the nursing satisfaction, is worthy of further promotion.

Study on motivational preferences of rural doctors in Shandong province / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective To make a comprehensive analysis of the satisfaction and preferences of rural doctors'incentive measures,and to identify the incentives that need to be optimized.Methods The method of multi-stage stratified random sampling was used to investigate the rural doctors in Shandong province in 2015.This survey called into play the sample mean and standard deviation for descriptive analysis.And according to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory, the scoring and ranking of different levels and specific incentive measures were calculated.The important quadrant model which combined with motivational preference and satisfaction of incentive measures was used to analysis them.Results The top preference for rural doctors was survival demand,scoring 4 284.Among the specific incentives,the top wss lower medical practice risk,scoring 945.75.In combination with satisfaction analysis, 7 incentive measures, including improving welfare and policy assurance, were now in the state of low satisfaction and high preference. Conclusions In terms of demand level,the survival incentive factor tops the needs of rural doctors.In the specific incentive measures, the seven incentives, such as lower practice risk, deserve more attention. Relevant departments should actively improve and implement these seven measures in order to maximize their motivation for rural doctors.

Psicologia humanista de Abraham Maslow: recepção e circulação no Brasil / Abraham Maslow's humanistic psychology: reception and circulation in Brazil / Psicología humanista de Abraham Maslow: recepción y circulación en Brasil

Esta pesquisa objetiva refletir aspectos relacionados à biografia de Abraham Maslow, seu projeto de Psicologia Humanista e o estado corrente de suas ideias no Brasil. Introduzimos, inicialmente, um esboço biográfico de Maslow. Depois, situamos a participação dele no desenvolvimento da Psicologia Humanista nos EUA. Posteriormente, apresentamos três investigações bibliográficas que analisam a recepção e a circulação das ideias de Maslow no Brasil: a primeira faz uma revisão narrativa em duas bases de dados; a segunda examina os livros de e sobre Maslow publicados no Brasil; a terceira minuta as ideias de Maslow em livros gerais de Psicologia e Administração. Evidenciamos que a vida e a obra de Maslow possibilitam uma articulação com a Psicologia Humanista, para a qual ele tinha propósitos definidos antes, durante e depois de sua ascensão. A Psicologia de Maslow é recebida parcialmente no Brasil e a circulação de suas ideias ocorre, hegemonicamente, em textos relacionados aos campos da Administração e da Psicologia Organizacional. Finalmente, apontamos outras possibilidades de pesquisas para desenvolver o legado de Maslow no cenário brasileiro.

This research aims to reflect aspects about Abraham Maslow's biography, his project of Humanistic Psychology and the current status of his ideas in Brazil. We introduced, initially, a biographical sketch of Maslow. Then, we situated his participation at the development of the Humanistic Psychology in EUA. Posteriorly, we presented three bibliographical investigations analyzing the reception and the circulation of Maslow's ideas in Brazil. The first is a narrative review in two databases; the second examines the Maslow's books and books mentioning Maslow published in Brazil; the third shows the Maslow's ideas in general books of Psychology and Management. We evidenced that the life and Maslow's work allows an articulation with a Humanistic Psychology, that for it he had defined purposes before, during and after of his ascension. The Maslow's Psychology is partly received in Brazil the circulation of his ideas occurs, hegemonically, in texts related of Management area and of the Organizational Psychology. Finally, we point out other possibilities to develop the Maslow's legacy in Brazil.

Esta pesquisa pretende reflejar aspectos relacionados con la biografía de Abraham Maslow, su proyecto de Psicología Humanista y el estado actual de sus ideas en Brasil. Introdujo inicialmente una semblanza de Maslow. Luego ponemos su participación en el desarrollo de la Psicología Humanista en el EE.UU. Adelante, se presentan tres investigaciones análisis bibliográficas de la recepción y el movimiento de las ideas de Maslow en Brasil: la primera es una revisión narrativa en dos bases de datos; la segunda examina los libros sobre Maslow publicado en Brasil; el tercer, las ideas de Maslow en los libros generales de Psicología y Gestión. Hemos demostrado que la vida y la obra de Maslow permiten una articulación con la Psicología Humanística, por el que había definido los propósitos antes, durante y después de su ascensión. La psicología de Maslow se recibe en parte en Brasil y la circulación de ideas se produce hegemónicamente en los textos relacionados con el ámbito de la Administración y en la Psicología de las Organizaciones. En final, señalamos otras posibilidades de investigación para desarrollar el legado de Maslow en la escena brasileña.

Survey on assessments from family member and nurse for needs of critical patients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To investigate the assessments from family member and nurse for nursing care needs of critical patients based on the Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Methods Questionnaires regarding nursing care needs of critical patients were designed according to the Maslow′s hierarchy of needs; these questionnaires were performed to family members and nurses, and the results were analyzed. Results There was difference regarding the order of various needs of critical patients between family members and nurses; compared to nurse, family members had significantly higher scores on love and belongingness need [(4.08±0.72) points vs. (3.44±0.63) points, t=5.61, P<0.01], and had obviously lower scores on safety needs [(3.71±0.62) points vs. (3.92±0.69) points, t=2.18, P<0.05]. Conclusions The asymmetry in assessments from family member and nurse for nursing care needs of critical patients exist objectively;during clinical nursing, communication with family members should enhance and provide humanized services and management measures should be adopted to improve family members′satisfaction towards nursing service.

Factores motivacionales protectores de la depresión y el consumo de drogas / Motivational protective factors for depression and drug abuse

As a part of a innovative research line on mental health and addictions focused to operationalize the clinical approach of Maslow's motivational theory, this study is focused to prove a theoretical multi-factorial model that presuppose a relationship between a set of psycho-social protective factors and affective disorders, attraction to drugs, and severity of legal and illegal drug use, all them mediated by the satisfaction degree of deficit needs and its pleasurable associated sensations. The study was implemented with a cross-sectional, ex-post-facto design, with a 241 sample made out by urban young adults that were actual illicit drug users, which used more than five times one of the next drugs: marijuana, cocaine, crack, inhalants, heroin or metamphetamine. These subjects had a 24,5 mean age (SD= 5,1), with a ratio of almost eight men at of each woman. More than half of them were single, a third part was married or lived together and the fifth part was separated or divorced. Half of participants had high school studies, a fourth part had college and 8% had superior level. Half of the subjects were employed, 10% were students, 4% were housemakers, 5% studied and worked simultaneously, and a third part did not work. A fourth part were referred to previous treatment(s) for drug abuse. Based on the diagnosis, marijuana was identified as a drug of greater impact (29,9%), followed by cocaine (27,4%), inhalants (16,2%), heroin (12.0%), crack (10%) and crystal (4,6%). It was applied a battery of instruments that included: a) A scale to test the Severity of drug abuse (alpha = .953), that included items to evaluate issues such as: the incapacity to control drug use; intense desire to use; increase in the consumption; inability to reject drugs; changes in mood; transgression of the rules; residual symptoms; fights, and self injures. b) The Beck Depression Inventory (alpha = .918), conformed by two factors, Affective-cognitive depression (alpha = .867), with items related to feeling punished, failed and guilty, and Physiological-behavioral depression (alpha = .853) with items associated to insomnia, feeling tired, irritable, unsatisfied and hesitated. c) A multifactorial scale of Degree of Satisfaction of Deficit Needs of Health and security (alpha = .876), with items such as: tranquility, confidence, order and education; authenticity (alpha = .878), with items like honesty, sincerity, respect and freedom; affective (alpha = .780), with items like affection, friendship and love; self esteem (alpha = .825), with items like recognition, work, success and money; and enjoyment (alpha = .910), with items like joy, amusement, happiness, play, laugh, sing and dance. d) A multi-factorial risk and protection scale of drug use and related syndromes (alpha = .794), with the following factors: satisfactory family relations (alpha = .850), satisfactory relation with friends (alpha =927) and individual ability for satisfaction (alpha = .841). e) A multi-factorial scale related with the attraction for legal and illegal drugs (alpha = .949), with a factor for alcohol attraction (alpha = .933), other factor for tobacco attraction (alpha = .890) and a factor for alcohol attraction (alpha = .926). Furthermore, two models were developed with three antecedent manifest variables: individual ability for satisfaction, satisfactory family relations and satisfactory relation with friends. Both models showed that individual ability for satisfaction predicts 17% of variance of the satisfactory family relations and 10% of the satisfactory relation with friends. The mediating latent variable Satisfaction degree of deficit needs showed different forms in each model because the first one included a) satisfaction degree of health and security needs, b) satisfaction degree of self esteem needs and c) satisfaction degree of enjoyment needs, whereas the second model, more parsimonious, kept the first two factors. Both models incorporate, as consequent latent variables, depression (explained in 53% of its variance in model 2) as well as the manifest variable of: severity of drug abuse (explained in 45%) and the mediating latent variable attraction for legal and illegal drugs with an explained variance of 32% (for example: <>). The models provide conceptual validity to the clinical approach of Maslow's theory, because it verifies that the unsatisfaction of deficit needs is related to: the presence of affective disturbance like depression; the attraction by legal and illegal drugs; and the severity of alcohol consumption and drugs. Model one includes among others the mediating variable satisfaction of the needs of self esteem, showing the influence of Jonah's complex usually related to the fear of recognition, success, etc. Model 2 is more parsimonious and reaffirms the importance of satisfying physiological and security needs, and its associated enjoinment. In adittion, it stands out that the individual capacity of satisfaction is related to the satisfaction of deficit needs causing the appearance of moments of joy, amusement and happiness, possibly associated with the Reward Circuit Activation. On the other hand, the individual capacity of satisfaction also maintains a direct relation with satisfactory relations with family and friends. Both variables have as well a positive influence in the satisfaction of deficit needs. Moreover, the individual capacity of satisfaction is related to the satisfaction of the deficit necessities, causing the appearance of moments of joy, amusement and happiness possibly associated with the reward circuit activation. On the other hand, the individual capacity of satisfaction also maintains a direct relationship with satisfactory relations with family and friends, which have also a positive influence to the satisfaction of the deficit needs and their associated enjoyment sensations, such as laugh, singing and dancing, that usually take place in social interactions. Also, it was shown how the individual aptitudes as well as relationships with others were substantial sources for satisfaction of deficit needs. Additionally, it was observed that a deficient degree of needs satisfaction was related to an increment in affection disturbances and in the severity of drug use, supporting the Maslow's psycho-pathogenesis construct. Finally, it was observed how a deficient degree of satisfaction also shows a direct relationship with the attraction to legal and illegal drugs, and is stand out how the presence of affection disturbances increases the attraction to drugs, which at the same time increases the severity of drug use.

Ethnic Differences and Motivation Based on Maslow’s Theory at a Medical University

Introduction: Motivation in Malaysia is to a large extent influenced by the value system amongst all Malaysians. Being able to motivate employees is one of the important keys to the success of the organization. In this paper, an attempt was made to look into the needs of employees in organizations and in particular, the needs based on Maslow’s theory on motivation. Subjects and Methods: Employees which consisted of both academic and administrative employees of the International Medical University (IMU) were surveyed using a standard questionnaire. The aim of this study was to compare which levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory had been fulfilled and which needs were yet to be fulfilled in the different ethnic groups at IMU. Results: Amongst the males, the Chinese and Indian ethnic groups placed most emphasis on the esteem needs and on self-actualization needs. The Malay males gave importance to Safety needs. Amongst the female ethnic groups, all three groups placed most importance on the esteem needs and self-actualization needs. The Chinese females scored the lowest for the Basic needs compared to the Malay and Indian females. The Indian females scored the lowest for Social needs. Conclusion: Organisations should play an important role in the motivation of employees. Human resource development is an integral part in the development of its employees.

Probe and Improve Patient Centered Medical Service with Maslow's Theory of Hierarchy of Need / 中国医学伦理学

With the development of the idea of patient centered, many medical institutions are probing a kind of service to satisfy patient most. With Maslow's theory of hierarchy of need, the patients'needs are analyzed. The author also gives the advice of how to operate the patient centered medical service.