Colesteatoma congénito: revisión de la literatura / Congenital cholesteatoma: literature review

El colesteatoma congénito es una entidad clínica única y desafiante, que se caracteriza por acumulación anormal de queratina en el oído medio, medial a la membrana timpánica. Se presenta, mayoritariamente, en el género masculino, con una incidencia estimada de 0.12 por 100.000 habitantes, representando el 4% a 24% de los colesteatomas en población pediátrica y un 2% a 5% del total de colesteatomas. Su origen aún es controversial, siendo la teoría más aceptada, la del arresto epitelial. Su diagnóstico es clínico, variando la sintomatología según severidad del compromiso, presentándose desde hallazgo incidental, hipoacusia de conducción, hasta presentar otalgia y perforación timpánica. Las imágenes se consideran un apoyo complementario preoperatorio. El tratamiento es quirúrgico, con diferentes técnicas disponibles, las cuales se deben definir de manera individual en el caso de cada paciente. Es fundamental su diagnóstico y manejo precoz, para lograr un tratamiento oportuno con menor tasa de complicaciones y compromiso a largo plazo. A continuación, se presenta una revisión de la literatura respecto de esta patología, para difusión en nuestro medio.

Congenital cholesteatoma (CC) is a unique and challenging clinical entity characterized by abnormal accumulation of keratin in the middle ear, medial to the tympanic membrane, being more frequent in the male gender, with an estimated incidence of 0.12 per 100,000 inhabitants. It represents 4% to 24% of cholesteatomas in the pediatric population and 2% to 5% of all cholesteatomas. Its cause is still controversial, the most accepted theory being epithelial arrest. The diagnosis is clinical, varying the symptoms according to the severity of the compromise, from incidental finding, through conduction hearing loss, to presenting otalgia and tympanic perforation. Images are considered additional preoperative support. Treatment is predominantly surgical, with different techniques available, which must be defined individually. Its early discovery and management are essential to achieve proper treatment with a lower rate of complications and long-term commitment. We present a review of the literature regarding CC to provide information relevant to our area of expertise.

Concordancia entre hallazgos radiológicos y quirúrgicos en pacientes sometidos a mastoidectomía / Concordance between radiological and surgical findings in patients undergoing mastoidectomy

Introducción: Existe gran controversia acerca de los signos radiológicos de la patología de oído medio y su relación con la extensión real de la patología que nos sugiera decidir un comportamiento determinado. Objetivo: establecer la concordancia entre los hallazgos radiológicos y quirúrgicos encontrados en pacientes sometidos a mastoidectomía. Material y Método: Diseño observacional descriptivo de corte transversal de prueba diagnóstica. Se revisó fichas clínicas y se especificó el tipo de cirugía junto con los hallazgos intra-quirúrgicos. Resultados: se observó erosión de la cadena osicular intraoperatoria en 75 pacientes, 63 predichos correctamente por tomografía computada (TC), con sensibilidad del 84% y especificidad del 94% (k = 0,625). Se detectó erosión del tegmen tympani en nueve pacientes por TC de los 10, con un VPP = 90% y un VPN = 95% (k = 0,809). Hubo sospecha de erosión del canal semicircular lateral en cinco pacientes y se encontró dehiscencias intraoperatorias en 12, sin falsos positivos (k = 0,554). La TC detectó dehiscencia del canal del nervio facial con sensibilidad del 55% y especificidad del 98% (k = 0,636). Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que la TC preoperatoria con evidencia radiológica de erosión osicular tiene una buena a muy buena concordancia con los hallazgos intraoperatorios.

Introduction: There is a great controversy about the radiological signs of middle ear pathology and its relation with the real extension of the pathology that suggests us to decide a certain medical choice. Aim: To establish concordance between radiological and surgical findings in patients submitted to mastoidectomy. Material and Method: An observational and descriptive design of retrospective cross-sectional diagnostic test. Clinical records were reviewed to specify the type of surgery and intraoperative findings. Results: Intraoperative ossicular chain erosion was observed in 75 patients, 63 were correctly predicted by computed tomography (CT), with a sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 94% (k = 0.625). Tegmen tympani erosion was detected by CT in 9 patients out of 10, with a PPV = 90% and NPV = 95% (k = 0.809). There was suspected lateral semicircular canal erosion in 5 patients and intraoperative dehiscence was found in 12, with no false positives (k = 0.554). CT detected facial nerve canal dehiscence with sensitivity of 55% and specificity of 98% (k = 0.636). Conclusion: The results suggest that preoperative CT with radiological evidence of ossicular erosion has good to very good agreement with intraoperative findings.

Modelos de simulación para entrenamiento en cirugía de hueso temporal / Temporal bone surgery simulation-training models

El fresado de hueso temporal (HT) es un desafío para los otorrinolaringólogos. Este procedimiento requiere un conocimiento detallado de esta zona anatómicamente compleja y un dominio de la técnica quirúrgica. La exposición a una mastoidectomía simple o mastoidectomía radical varía entre residentes y distintos programas de especialidad y, frecuentemente, no se cumple el número requerido para la curva de aprendizaje durante la formación. Por lo anterior, surge la necesidad de realizar simulación quirúrgica de fresado de HT. El gold standard para su entrenamiento son los modelos cadavéricos, sin embargo, su costo y baja disponibilidad representan una limitación importante. Los modelos de simulación no cadavéricos podrían jugar un rol importante en el entrenamiento de esta cirugía. Se realizó una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura sobre los modelos de simulación disponibles en fresado de HT. Se encontraron estudios sobre modelos cadavéricos, basados en impresión 3D, realidad virtual y de bajo costo. Los modelos de impresión 3D y realidad virtual han sido evaluados favorablemente en cuanto a adquisición de habilidades, aprendizaje de anatomía, similitud con modelos cadavéricos y sensación táctil. Los modelos de impresión 3D presentan mayor fidelidad anatómica y física, pero tienen un mayor costo. En suma, se han desarrollado modelos de fresado de HT no cadavéricos que cuentan, principalmente, con validez de apariencia y contenido, y solo algunos con validez de constructo. Se necesitan más estudios para evaluar su validez predictiva y transferencia de habilidades al paciente real.

Temporal bone (TB) dissection is a challenging procedure for otolaryngologists. It requires a detailed knowledge of this anatomically complex area and mastery of the surgical technique. Exposure to a simple or radical mastoidectomy may vary among residents and specialty programs, frequently not complying with the required number of surgeries to complete the learning curve during residency. Hence, TB dissection simulation is of great importance. The gold standard for simulated training are cadaveric models, nevertheless, the associated high cost and low availability represent a major limitation for this modality. Non-cadaveric simulation models could play a key role in simulated training for this surgery. A comprehensive review of the literature regarding the available simulation models for TB dissection was conducted. Articles for cadaveric, 3D-printed, virtual reality and low-cost models were identified. 3D-printed and virtual reality models have been favorably evaluated in terms of skill acquisition, anatomy learning, similarity to cadaveric models, and tactile sensation. 3D-printed models present superior anatomic and physical fidelity, but are more expensive. In sum, the current non-cadaveric models for TB dissection mostly present face and content validity, while few models count with construct validity. Further studies are required to assess predictive validity and skill transfer to the real patient.

O uso do retalho de fáscia parietotemporal no tratamento do colesteatoma recidivado: caso clínico / The use of parietotemporal fascia flap in the treatment of recurrent cholesteatoma: clinical case

O colesteatoma consiste em um processo inflamatório que resulta na migração do epitélio escamoso queratinizado para o ouvido médio. Embora considerada uma entidade histopatologicamente benigna, pode se comportar de forma bastante agressiva sendo uma importante causa de surdez em todos os países. Descarga, dor, ruptura do tímpano com extensão para o ouvido interno levando à surdez e vertigem, são as manifestações clínicas mais comuns. O tratamento consiste na excisão cirúrgica de todo o epitélio estranho da orelha média. As recorrências podem chegar a 50% e são um desafio para os médicos de ouvido, nariz e garganta. Neste relato de caso descrevemos um caso de colesteatoma recorrente adquirido em um hospital terciário em Portugal, tratado com ablação radical de ouvido médio e cavidade mastóide pelos médicos otorrinolaringologistas. A opção reconstrutiva escolhida foi a obliteração do espaço morto com retalho fascial temporo-parietal pelo Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica.

Cholesteatoma consists of an inflmmatory process that results in the migration of squamous keratinized epithelium into the middle ear. Although regarded as a histopathologically benign entity it can behave quite aggressively being an important cause of deafness in all countries. Ear discharge, pain, ear drum rupture with extension into the inner ear leading to deafness and vertigo, are the most common clinical manifestations. Treatment consists of surgically excising all the foreign epithelium from the middle ear. Recurrences can be as high as 50% and are a challenge to Ear, Nose and Throat doctors. In this case report we describe a case of an acquired recurrent cholesteatoma in a tertiary hospital in Portugal, treated with radical ablation of middle ear and mastoid cavity by the otolaryngologists. The chosen reconstructive option was obliteration of the dead space using a temporo-parietal fascial flap by the Plastic Surgery Department

A retrospective analysis of facial palsy in patients of squamosal chronic suppurative otitis media with diabetes mellitus

Background: Facial nerve palsy is a common intra-temporal complication of untreated chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) causing erosion of the fallopian canal and its pressure effects leading to facial weakness. There is a less favorable outcome in patients of CSOM with diabetes as they are more prone to neural degeneration. In such patients, early surgical decompression of the facial nerve helps in resolving facial palsy to some extent. In our study of 22 patients, we analyzed the prognosis and advantage of doing early surgical facial nerve decompression along with modified radical mastoidectomy in patients of unsafe CSOM with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: We present a retrospective study of 22 patients with a squamosal type of CSOM with diabetes mellitus who came to the outpatient department, from June 2019 to March 2021, with complaints of ear discharge and facial palsy grades 3–5, in whom we did early surgical facial nerve decompression along with modified radical mastoidectomy. We observed the incidence of facial palsy and recovery after facial nerve decompression with limited use of steroids in patients with diabetes mellitus. Results: In our retrospective study of 22 patients with squamosal type of CSOM with diabetes mellitus with complaints of facial palsy, 10 were males and 12 were females. Patients were assessed clinically using House– Brackmann grading: 55% are of grade III, 31% are of grade IV, and 14% are of grade V. About 82% of the patients from our study had lesions at the tympanic segment, 9% patients had lesions at the vertical segment, 4.5% patients had lesion at the first genu, and 4.5% patients had lesion at the second genu. In our study, 95% of the patients from the study improved with early facial nerve decompression along with modified radical mastoidectomy, 55% of the patients improved to grade I, 36% of the patients improved to grade II, and 9% of the patients improved to grade III. Conclusion: In squamosal-type CSOM patients with facial palsy, early facial nerve decompression along with modified radical mastoidectomy within 12 weeks of development of facial palsy provides better results than just modified radical mastoidectomy as it increases recovery rate and reduces the need for post-operative steroids which is an advantage in diabetics.

Colesteatoma complicado en un niño con síndrome de Down: un caso clínico / Complicated cholesteatoma in a child with Down syndrome: a case report

El colesteatoma adquirido en niños es una enfermedad agresiva debido a su rápido crecimiento y la alta tasa de recurrencia. Las complicaciones se dividen en dos grandes grupos: las relacionadas con el hueso temporal (dentro o fuera de él) y las complicaciones intracraneales. El absceso subperióstico es la complicación extratemporal más común y es más frecuente en los niños más pequeños. Los pacientes que padecen síndrome de Down tienen una prevalencia elevada (superior al 80 %) de otitis media con efusión, que puede estar determinada anatómicamente por la hipoplasia mediofacial con una nasofaringe estrecha y adenoides hipertrófica, junto a trastornos funcionales y mecánicos de la trompa auditiva. Se presenta un niño de 8 años con síndrome de Down que desarrolló un absceso subperióstico como complicación de un colesteatoma que requirió abordaje quirúrgico inmediato para su resolución.

Acquired cholesteatoma in children is an aggressive disease due to its rapid growth and high recurrence rate. The complications are divided into intra-and extratemporal complications or intracranial complication. Subperiosteal abscess is the most common extratemporal complication. It is most frequent in young children. However, there are also other associated complications described in the literature. Down syndrome patients have anatomical and functional predisposing factors that contribute to chronic cholesteatomatous otitis media. The prevalence is greater than 80 %. In this report, we present a case of subperiosteal abscess in an 8-year-old child with Down's syndrome. This abscess presented as a complication of an extended cholesteatoma and required inmediate surgery for resolution.

Actinomicosis en el hueso temporal. Reporte de un caso pediátrico / Actinomycosis in temporal bone. A pediatric case report

La actinomicosis es una infección causada por un bacilo anaerobio Gram-positivo, filamentoso, ramificado, no esporulado. Integra la flora habitual de la orofaringe y coloniza transitoriamente el tracto gastrointestinal, genital femenino y el árbol bronquial. Es poco frecuente en el hueso temporal. Por su semejanza a un hongo, es difícil su reconocimiento, lo que hace necesaria la sospecha clínica para obtener los cultivos apropiados en condiciones anaeróbicas en forma prolongada. Los hallazgos microscópicos típicos incluyen necrosis con gránulos de azufre amarillento y la presencia de filamentos que se asemejan a infecciones fúngicas. El tratamiento requiere de elevadas y prolongadas dosis de antibiótico con penicilina o amoxicilina, entre 6 y 12 meses. La duración de la terapia antimicrobiana podría ser reducida en pacientes que han sido operados quirúrgicamente. Se presenta, a continuación, un caso clínico de actinomicosis en el hueso temporal en un paciente pediátrico que requirió tratamiento quirúrgico para su resolución.

Actinomycosis is an infection caused by a Gram-positive, filamentous anaerobic bacillus. Mainly belonging to the human commensal flora of the oropharynx, it normally colonizes the human digestive and genital tracts and the bronchial tree. It is slightly frequent in the temporal bone. Bacterial cultures and pathology are the cornerstone of diagnosis, but particular conditions are required in order to get the correct diagnosis. Prolonged bacterial cultures in anaerobic conditions are necessary to identify the bacterium and typical microscopic findings include necrosis with yellowish sulfur granules and filamentous Gram-positive fungal-like pathogens. Patients with actinomycosis require prolonged (6- to 12-month) high doses of penicillin G or amoxicillin, but the duration of antimicrobial therapy could probably be shortened in patients in whom optimal surgical resection of infected tissues has been performed. A pediatric patient with actinomycosis in temporal bone who needed surgery resolution is reported.

Barrier for Particle Dispersion Control During Mastoidectomy

Abstract Introduction The China Health Authority alerted the World Health Organization (WHO) of several cases of pneumonia, and the WHO has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) a global pandemic. Mastoidectomy is a high-risk aerosol generating procedure with the potential to expose the surgeon to infectious particles. Objective Aim to develop a low-cost prototype for a barrier device that can be used during mastoidectomy. Methods Describe the steps involved during otological emergency, requiring immediate surgical procedure, in untested patients. The Otorhinolaryngology Surgical Team of Walter Cantídio Hospital developed the barrier for particle dispersion presented here. Results During surgery, the prototype did not compromise visualization of the surgical field and instrumentation. Microscope repositioning was not compromised or limited by tent Instrumentation and instrument pouch under the Microscope-Tent (MT) performed surgery. After surgery, the plastic sheet was removed simply, without requiring strength. Bone dust and irrigation droplets were collected on the tent. Conclusion Our team developed and practiced, in an otologic emergency, a low-cost and reproducible barrier device that can be used in mastoidectomy in COVID-19 patients. Further tests on efficacy may be necessary.

Surgical Management of Retraction Pockets: Does Mastoidectomy have a Role?

Abstract Introduction Retraction pocket is a condition in which the eardrum lies deeper within the middle ear. Its management has no consensus in literature. Objective To assess the role of mastoidectomy in the management of retraction pockets added to a tympanoplasty. Methods Prospective study of patients with retraction pocket and referred to surgery. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: one managed with tympanoplasty and mastoidectomy and the other group with tympanoplasty only. The minimum follow-up considered was 12 months. The outcomes were: integrity of eardrum, recurrence, and hearing status. Results This study included 43 patients. In 24 cases retraction occurred in the posterior half of the eardrum, and in 19 patients there was clinical evidence of ossicular interruption. The two groups of treatment were composed by: 21 patients that underwent tympanoplasty with mastoidectomy and 22 patients had only tympanoplasty. One case of the first group had a recurrence. In 32 cases patients follow up was longer than 48 months. The average air-bone gap changed from 22.1 dB to 5 dB. The percentage of air-bone gap improvement was assessed at 60 % in those patients treated with mastoidectomy, and 64.3 % in those without it (p > 0.5). Conclusion Tympanoplasty and ossiculoplasty should be considered to treat atelectatic middle ear and ossicular chain interruption. Mastoidectomy as a way to increase air volume in the ear seems to be a paradox; it does not add favorable prognostic factor to management of retraction pockets.

Pre-Operative Temporal Bone CT Scan Readings and Intraoperative Findings During Mastoidectomy

@#<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the correlation between pre-operative in-house temporal bone CT scan readings and intraoperative findings during mastoidectomy for cholesteatoma in a tertiary government hospital from January 2018 to December 2019.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong></p><p><strong>Design:</strong> Review of Records</p><p><strong>Setting:</strong> Tertiary Government Hospital</p><p><strong>Participants:</strong> A total of 25 charts were included in the study. Surgical memoranda  containing intraoperative findings were scrutinized. Data on key structures or locations were  filled into a data gathering tool. Categorical descriptions were used for surgical findings:  "present" or "absent" for location, and "intact" or "eroded" for status of ossicles and critical structures. Radiological readings to describe location and extent of disease were recorded as either "involved" or "uninvolved," while "intact" or "eroded" were used to describe the status of ossicles and critical structures identified. Statistical correlations were computed using Cohen kappa coefficient. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were also computed.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> No correlation between radiologic readings and surgical findings were found in terms of location and extent of cholesteatoma (? < 0). However, moderate agreement was noted in terms of status of the malleus (? = .42, 95% CI, .059 to .781, p<.05), substantial agreement noted for the incus status (? = 0.682, 95% CI, .267 to .875, p<.05), and fair agreement noted for the stapes status (? = .303, 95% CI, -.036 to .642, p>.05). Slight agreement was also noted in description of facial canal and labyrinth (? =.01, 95% CI, -.374 to .394, p>.05), while no correlation was noted for the status of the tegmen (? = 0, 95% CI, -.392 to .392, p<.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Our study shows the unreliability and shortcomings of CT scan readings in our institution in detecting and predicting surgical findings. An institutional policy needs to be considered to ensure that temporal bone CT scans be obtained using techniques that can appropriately describe the status of the middle ear and adjacent structures with better reliability.</p>

Graft uptake and hearing assessment in revision myringoplasty in a tertiary centre

Background:The revision myringoplasty surgery is done for the graft failure after myringoplasty. The surgeons’ make use of the temporalis fascia or cartilage as the graft material. Some surgeons opt for the revision myringoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy as well.Methods:This study is a retrospective, observational study done in the Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital from December 2015 to 2019. Dataof all the patients undergoing revision myringoplasty with or without cortical mastoidectomy were collected from the record section and included in the study. Post-operatively, the patients were assessed for graft uptake and hearing assessment after six weeks of surgery. Total uptake of the graft was taken as the successful graft uptake. The hearing was assessed by air conduction threshold (AC threshold) and air-bone gap status postoperatively.Results:Total of 42 patients were analysed with the graft uptake of 86%. There was no significant difference in the graft uptake on using the temporalis fascia or tragal cartilage. Regarding the hearing assessment, the average pre-operative and post-operative AC threshold was 37.95±5.68 dB and 29.36±6.28dB. The average pre and postoperative AB gap was 29.97±8.16dB and 21.85±6.68dB. The improvement in the hearing threshold was significant (p value<0.05).Conclusions:The graft uptake rate for revision surgery in our centre was comparable to other studies in the literature. There was significant hearing improvement pre and postoperatively after revision myringoplasty.

A Comparative Study of Outcome of Post-Operative Mastoid Cavity Obliteration with Autologous Cartilage with That of Unobliterated Cavities.

Mastoid operations have been in practice for over four centuries for suppurative conditions of the ear. Intact canal wall mastoidectomy has the advantage of rapid wound healing and also avoids frequent cleaning of the cavity. With canal wall down mastoidectomy there is excellent exposure for disease eradication and post-operative monitoring but is associated with significant cavity problems. In order to overcome the problems associated with canal wall down procedure while retaining its advantages, the concept of mastoid cavity obliteration was introduced. We wanted to study the outcomes of mastoid cavity obliteration and compare the outcomes of mastoid cavity obliteration with autologous cartilage as obliterating material for mastoid obliteration. METHODSA prospective, experimental, randomized study has been conducted over a period of 18 months among patients presenting with active squamosal variety of Chronic Otitis Media wherein 15 cases were allotted to each group which subsequently underwent canal wall down mastoidectomy followed by obliteration with autologous cartilage. RESULTSThe mean age of the individuals in group A is 25.47 years with a standard deviation of 8.89 years; in group B (obliteration with cartilage) it is 26.33 years with a standard deviation of 11.73 years. In group A, the mean duration required for complete epithelialization is 10.8 weeks while in group B, the average time taken for complete epithelialization is 5.07 weeks. All cases had their graft intact at the end of 12 weeks. Debris was present in group A for a mean duration of 9.47 weeks whereas in group B it is seen for a mean duration of 2.8 weeks. Patients from group A complained of discharge from their ears for a mean duration of 7.47 weeks. In group B the same symptom persisted over 2.8 weeks.

Therapeutic approach to pediatric acute mastoiditis - an update / Abordagem terapêutica da mastoidite aguda pediátrica - uma atualização

Abstract Introduction: Acute mastoiditis remains the most common complication of acute otitis media. It may rarely appear also in cochlear implant patients. However, the treatment recommendations for this disease are not precisely defined or employed, and in the current literature the differences regarding both the diagnosis and management are relatively substantial. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine a standard and safe procedure to be applied in case of pediatric acute mastoiditis. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 73 patients with 83 episodes of acute mastoiditis hospitalized at our tertiary-care center between 2001 and 2016 was conducted. Bacteriology, methods of treatment, hospital course, complications, and otologic history were analyzed. Based on our experience and literature data, a protocol was established in order to standardize management of pediatric acute mastoiditis. Results: All the patients treated for acute mastoiditis were submitted to an intravenous antibiotic regimen. In the analyzed group pharmacological treatment only was applied in 11% of children, in 12% myringotomy/tympanostomy was added, and in the vast majority of patients (77%) mastoidectomy was performed. In our study recurrent mastoiditis was noted in 8% of the patients. We also experienced acute mastoiditis in a cochlear implant child, and in this case, a minimal surgical procedure, in order to protect the device, was recommended. Conclusions: The main points of the management protocol are: initiate a broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotic treatment; mastoidectomy should be performed if the infection fails to be controlled after 48 h of administering intravenous antibiotic therapy. We believe that early mastoidectomy prevents serious complications, and our initial observation is that by performing broad mastoidectomy with posterior attic and facial recess exposure, recurrence of acute mastoiditis can be prevented.

Resumo Introdução: A mastoidite aguda continua a ser a complicação mais comum da otite média aguda. Pode ocorrer também, embora raramente, em pacientes com implante coclear. Entretanto, as recomendações de tratamento para essa doença não são bem definidas ou usadas e, na literatura corrente, as diferenças em relação ao diagnóstico e ao manejo são relativamente significativas. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar um procedimento padrão e seguro a ser aplicado em caso de mastoidite aguda pediátrica. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão retrospectiva de prontuários de 73 pacientes com 83 episó-dios de mastoidite aguda hospitalizados em nosso centro terciário entre os anos de 2001 a 2016. Foram analisados a bacteriologia, métodos de tratamento, evolução hospitalar, complicações e histórico otológico. Com base em nossa experiência e dados da literatura, foi estabelecido um protocolo para padronizar o tratamento da mastoidite aguda pediátrica. Resultados: Todos os pacientes tratados para mastoidite aguda foram submetidos a antibioticoterapia endovenosa. No grupo analisado, o tratamento farmacológico só foi aplicado em 11% das crianças, em 12% a miringotomia/timpanostomia foi adicionada e na maior parte dos pacientes (77%) foi feita a mastoidectomia. Em nosso estudo, mastoidite recorrente foi observada em 8% dos pacientes. Também observamos mastoidite aguda em criança usuária de implante coclear e, nesse caso, foi recomendada a minimização de procedimentos cirúrgicos, a fim de proteger o dispositivo. Conclusões: Os principais pontos do protocolo de conduta são: iniciar um tratamento antibiótico endovenoso de amplo espectro; a mastoidectomia deve ser feita caso a infecção não seja controlada após 48 horas da administração de antibioticoterapia intravenosa. Acreditamos que a mastoidectomia precoce previne complicações graves e nossa observação inicial é que, com uma mastoidectomia ampla com exposição do ático posterior e do recesso facial, a recorrência de mastoidite aguda pode ser evitada.

Resultados de la mastoidectomía radical modificada en pacientes con otitis media crónica supurada / Results of modified radical mastoidectomy in patients with chronic suppurative media otitis

RESUMEN Fundamento: la otitis media crónica es causa importante de morbilidad, deterioro auditivo e ingresos hospitalarios debido a recurrencias y complicaciones, donde la mastoidectomía radical modificada la técnica adecuada para lograr resultados anatómicos y funcionales. Objetivo: describir los resultados de la mastoidectomía radical modificada en pacientes con otitis media crónica supurada. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, longitudinal en 54 pacientes con otitis media crónica, a los que se les realizó mastoidectomía radical modificada. Las variables objeto de estudio fueron de caracterización clínica y epidemiológica y los resultados se evaluaron en excelente, bueno, regular y malo. Los datos fueron procesados utilizando la estadística descriptiva para distribución de frecuencias absolutas y relativas, y se reflejaron en tablas. Resultados: el mayor número de operados fue del sexo masculino, entre la tercera y cuarta década de la vida; la hipoacusia, otorrea y perforación timpánica fueron las manifestaciones más frecuentes. La imagen tumoral e hipoacusia conductiva y la Pseudomona aeruginosa, se hallaron con mayor frecuencia. La mastoidectomía con timpanoplastia tipo III por lisis de los huesecillos, cavidades limpias, amplias, muros bajos e injerto íntegro, permitió que la mayoría de los pacientes tuvieran buenos resultados anatómicos y funcionales, y las complicaciones fueron escasas. Conclusiones: la técnica utilizada fue la mastoidectomía radical modificada, asociada a timpanoplastia tipo III y predominaron los resultados excelentes, buenos y regulares en los enfermos operados.

ABSTRACT Background: chronic media otitis is an important cause of morbidity, hearing impairment and hospital admissions due to recurrences and complications, with modified radical mastoidectomy being the appropriate technique to achieve anatomical and functional results. Objective: to describe the results of the modified radical mastoidectomy in patients with suppurative chronic media otitis. Methods: a retrospective, longitudinal descriptive study in 54 patients with chronic media otitis, who underwent modified radical mastoidectomy. The variables under study were of clinical and epidemiological characterization and the results were evaluated as excellent, good, fair and bad. The data were processed using descriptive statistics for distribution of absolute and relative frequencies, and were reflected in tables. Results: the largest number of patients was male, between the third and fourth decade of life; hearing loss, otorrhea and tympanic perforation were the most frequent manifestations. The tumor image and conductive hearing loss and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found more frequently. The mastoidectomy with tympanoplasty type III by lysis of the ossicles, clean, wide cavities, low walls and intact graft, allowed the majority of patients to have good anatomical and functional results, and complications were scarce. Conclusions: the technique used was modified radical mastoidectomy, associated with tympanoplasty type III and excellent, good and regular results prevailed in the operated patients.

Mucosal Grading And Its Use In The Management Of Chronic Otitis Media - Mucosal Disease

Aims and Objectives: This observational study is intended to identify the effectiveness of individual approach for each patient instead of a universal law of either Tympanoplasty alone or Cortical mastoidectomy with Tympanoplasty as a treatment for COM – mucosal type. Materials and Methods: This study comprises 100 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for the treatment of COM Mucosal type. We graded the Middle ear mucosa into six grades. All patients were followed up for a minimum of six months post operatively. Results:The graft uptake in our study was found to be 96% at the end of 6 months. Conclusion:Aconcomitant Mastoidectomy adds cost, surgical time and hospital stay to the patient among other things. However, Mastoidectomy should be done when there is evidence to suggest involvement of the mastoid compartment by the disease. The middle ear mucosa gives an indication of the disease status.

Study of Sigmoid Sinus Variations in the Temporal Bone by Micro Dissection and its Classification - A Cadaveric Study

Abstract Introduction Sigmoid sinus (SS) variations have been classified variously in the literature. These classifications suffer from some form of shortcoming from a clinical point of view for their application. Objective We propose a clinically relevant classification of the SS in relation to the posterior semicircular canal (PSCC) and to the exposure of the presigmoid dural plate. The positioning of the SS was analyzed with reference to the volume of themastoid and to the level of mastoid pneumatization. Methods A total of 94 formalin-preserved human cadaveric temporal bones were microdissected to carry out a complete mastoidectomy. The SS, the presigmoid dural plate, and the PSCCwere exposed, and the position of the former was analyzed in relation to the latter two in order to classify the position of the SS into three grades. Results GradeI hadthebest exposureof the presigmoid dura andof the PSCC,while grade III had the poorest exposure of the presigmoid dura and of the PSCC. Grade I SS was associated with good pneumatization and highermastoid volumescompared with grades II and III. Conclusions The SS exhibits considerable anatomic variability. A favorable positioning of the SS is associated with a large mastoid volume and pneumatization. A careful preoperative study of the imaging may help in understanding the positioning of the SS and the safety of various transmastoid approaches.

Impacto de la mastoidectomía en la reparación de la perforación timpánica en pacientes con otitis media crónica no colesteatomatosa con hueso mastoideo esclerótico / Impact of mastoidectomy in the repair of tympanic perforation in patients with chronic non-cholesteatomatous otitis media with sclerotic mastoid bone

Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y resultados obtenidos en pacientes a los cuales se les realizó reparación de perforación timpánica secundaria a otitis media crónica no colesteatomatosa con hueso mastoideo esclerótico, con y sin mastoidectomía. Materiales y métodos: estudio de tipo trasversal comparativo, con un muestreo no probabilístico por serie consecutiva de casos. Se revisaron los expedientes de pacientes que cumplan con los criterios de inclusión en el periodo comprendido enero del 2015 a mayo 2016. Se tomarón datos como; edad, sexo, estado de procedencia,a la otoscopia, presencia de otorrea transoperatoria y postoperatoria, estado de la mucosa, presencia de timpanoesclerosis o miringoesclerosis, perforación o retracción del injerto. Resultados: un total de 48 pacientes fueron seleccionados; 31 del sexo femenino y 17 del sexo masculino, con edad promedio de 43,25 años, el seguimiento fue de 3 meses. Al comparar al grupo de paciente con mastoidectomía y sin esta, no se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en cuanto a éxito de la cirugía (perforación de injerto RR 1,2, p 1, otorrea posoperatoria RR 2,26, p 0;68 y retracción del injerto RR 0;76, p 1). Se encontró que las características durante y previa a la cirugía no influyeron en el resultado final, presentando un promedio global del 94% de integración del injerto. Conclusión: la mastoidectomía no muestra beneficio adicional en la reparación de la membrana timpánica, las características durante y previa a la cirugía no influyeron en el resultado final..(AU)

Objective: to describe the clinical characteristics and results obtained in patients who underwent repair of tympanic perforation secondary to chronic non-cholesteatomatous otitis media with sclerotic mastoid bone, with and without mastoidectomy. Material and methods: comparative cross-sectional study, with a non-probabilistic sampling by consecutive series of cases. We reviewed the files of patients who meet the inclusion criteria in the period from January 2015 to May 2016. Data was collected such as; age, sex, state of origin, history of smoking, cause of perforation, duration of dry ear, data to otoscopy, presence of transoperative and postoperative otorrhea, state of the mucosa, presence of tympanosclerosis or miringoesclerosis, perforation or retraction of the graft. Results: a total of 48 patients were selected; 31 of the female sex and 17 of the male sex, with an average age of 43.25 years, the follow-up was 3 months. When comparing the group of patients with and without mastoidectomy, no statistically significant difference was found in the success of the surgery (graft perforation RR 1.2, p 1, postoperative otorrhea RR 2.26, p 0.68 and graft retraction RR 0.76, p 1). We found that the characteristics during and before surgery did not influence the final result, presenting an overall average of 94% of graft integration. Conclusions: the mastoidectomy shows no additional benefit in tympanic membrane repair, the characteristics during and prior to surgery did not influence the final result..(AU)

A Comperative Study Between Tympanoplasty With Cortical Mastoidectomy Versus Tympanoplasty In The Management Of Mucosal Variety Of Chronic Otitis Media

Introduction:Chronic suppurative otitis media (COM), mucosal variety is defined as a chronic inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity, which presents with recurrent ear discharges or otorrhoea through a tympanic perforation. Aims:To find out the incidence of chronic otitis media with respect to age and sex in the study population and to compare the graft up-take rate, the graft failure rate, the rate of residual perforation and the degree of hearing improvement between the two modalities of treatment of type 1 tympanoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy and type 1 tympanoplasty aloone. Methods:The 80 patients were randomly divided into two equal groups with 40 patients undergoing type 1 tympanoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy (group A) and 40 patients undergoing type 1 tympanoplasty (Group B). Post operatively all the patients were followed up for a total of 6 months with weakly intervals on 1st month; bi weekly on 2nd month; monthly on 3rd and 6th month. Post operatively all the study patients were assessed for the status of the graft; mobility, rejection or residual perforation of the graft and the hearing improvement.ConclusionIn successful graft take up, results of hearing improvement is better in Tympanoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy than with Tympanoplasty alone. Possibility of finding mastoid antral pathology is more in patients having Chronic otitis media (mucosal) with sub total perforation as observed in this study

Outcomes of Modified Canal Wall Down Mastoidectomy and Mastoid Obliteration Using Autologous Materials

OBJECTIVES: The traditional canal wall down mastoidectomy (CWDM) procedure commonly has potential problems of altering the anatomy and physiology of the middle ear and mastoid. This study evaluated outcomes in patients who underwent modified canal wall down mastoidectomy (mCWDM) and mastoid obliteration using autologous materials. METHODS: Our study included 76 patients with chronic otitis media, cholesteatoma, and adhesive otitis who underwent mCWDM and mastoid obliteration using autologous materials between 2010 and 2015. Postoperative hearing air-bone gap and complications were evaluated. RESULTS: During the average follow-up of 64 months (range, 20 to 89 months), there was no recurrent or residual cholesteatoma or chronic otitis media. No patient had a cavity problem and anatomic integrity of the posterior canal wall was obtained. There was a significant improvement in hearing with respect to the postoperative air-bone gap (P<0.05). A retroauricular skin depression was a common complication of this technique. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests that our technique can prevent various complications of the classical CWDM technique using autologous tissues for mastoid cavity obliteration. It is also an appropriate method to obtain adequate volume for safe obliteration.

To Evaluate The Results Of Complete Exenteration Of Mastoid Air Cell Tracts Underlying Cholesteatoma With Canal Wall Down Mastoidectomy

Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media(CSOM) is long standing infection of mucoperiosteal lining of middle ear cleft. CSOM is classified into Tubotympanic or Safe and Atticoantral or Unsafe type. Atticoantral type involves the pars flaccida and is characterized by formation of a retraction pocket in which keratin accumulates to produce cholesteatoma. Mainstay of the management of atticoantral disease is surgery of mastoid and middle ear. Majority of otolaryngologists find the Canal wall down , open cavity operation with wide access to be the safest and simplest means of managing middle ear cholesteatoma. In present study , results of complete exenteration of mastoid air cell tracts underlying cholesteatoma with canal wall down mastoidectomy are studied.