Analysis of Motherhood Constellation among Adolescent Mothers With and Without Depressive Symptoms / Análise da Constelação da Maternidade em Mães Jovens com e sem Sintomas Depressivos

ABSTRACT This study analyzed the Motherhood Constellation in two young mothers (19 and 22 years old), with and without depressive symptoms. Through qualitative content analysis of the interviews, information was categorized according to four themes of this construct: life-growth, primary relating, support matrix, and identity reorganization. There were no differences between mothers in the first theme. In the others, despite the similarities with the asymptomatic mother, the young woman with depressive symptoms had difficulty to get involved with her baby, restricted social support, and an impasse related to the organization of her maternal identity and internal reorganization in the face of developmental demands. These findings indicate the need for attention to the mental health of young mothers during the complex process of becoming a mother.

RESUMO Este estudo investigou a Constelação da Maternidade em duas mães jovens (19 e 22 anos), com e sem sintomas depressivos. Através da análise de conteúdo qualitativa das entrevistas, as informações foram categorizadas conforme os quatro temas desse constructo: vida-crescimento, relacionar-se primário, matriz de apoio e reorganização da identidade. Não foram observadas diferenças entre as mães no primeiro tema. Nos demais, apesar das semelhanças com a mãe assintomática, a jovem com sintomas depressivos apresentou dificuldade no envolvimento com seu bebê, apoio social restrito e impasse relacionado à organização da identidade materna e reorganização interna perante as demandas desenvolvimentais. Esses achados indicam a necessidade de atenção à saúde mental de mães jovens durante o complexo processo de tornar-se mãe.

Structural Relationships between Infancy Mothers' Relational Variables and Parenting Stress

PURPOSE: This study examined structural relationships between parenting stress and mothers' relational variables such as marital satisfaction, marital conflict, husbands' parental involvement, and maternal identity. METHODS: A nine-pathway hypothetical model was developed based on literature reviews. Two exogenous variables (marital satisfaction and marital conflict) and three endogenous variables (husbands' parental involvement, maternal identity, and mothers' parenting stress) were included in this model. Participants were 170 mothers of 5~7 month old children who visited the Public Health Center to be vaccinated between January 19 and March 27, 2015. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and structural equation modeling with PASW/WIN 22.0 and AMOS 22.0. RESULTS: The model fit indices for the modified model were suitable for the recommended level. Among mothers' relational variables, maternal identity, marital conflict, and husbands' parental involvement directly influenced mothers' parenting stress. Marital satisfaction did not have a direct and indirect influence on mothers' parenting stress, however, it directly affected maternal identity and husbands' parental involvement. These predictive variables of mothers' parenting stress explained 56.0% of the model. CONCLUSION: This study expanded the understanding of mothers' parenting stress and can be used to develop effective interventions to decrease stress.

Depresión materna perinatal y vínculo madre-bebé: consideraciones clínicas / Perinatal maternal depression and mother-infant bond: clinical implications

La alta frecuencia de los trastornos depresivos en el mundo y las altas tasas reportadas durante el pre y postparto, alertan sobre la necesidad de profundizar en la comprensión de la depresión materna perinatal y sus repercusiones psicológicas en la madre y el niño/a. Se describen y analizan sus características, los factores protectores y de riesgo, los principales efectos en el vínculo madre-bebé, el desarrollo infantil y la identidad materna a partir de una revisión de la literatura existente. Se reflexiona también sobre las implicancias clínicas de este trastorno, las alternativas de tratamiento y los desafíos actuales para su abordaje psicoterapéutico integral, considerando los distintos aspectos de la matriz relacional de la díada madre-hijo/a en interacción...

The high frequency of the Depressive Disorder in the world and the high reported rates during the prenatal and postpartum period warm about the necessity of studying the perinatal maternal depression, and its psychological impact on the mother and her child. It is described and analyzed their features, risk and protective factors, the main effects on the mother-baby bond and the child development and maternal identity, based on a literature review. It also reflects about the clinical implications of the disorder, the alternatives of existing treatment, and the current challenges for an integral psychotherapeutic approach, considering different aspects of the relational matrix of the interacting dyad...

Maternal Role Development in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Graduate Mothers of Premature Infant

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the predictive factors for maternal role development for mothers of premature infants. METHODS: A descriptive correlational study was conducted. A total sample of 121 mothers of premature infants following discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit were recruited using two strategies; an internet-based survey and an in-person data collection in a tertiary university hospital in Korea. A self-report questionnaire was used to collect data regarding personal, birth variables, marital intimacy, maternal attachment, maternal identity and maternal role development. RESULTS: A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that parity, maternal attachment, marital intimacy and maternal identity were predictors for maternal role development for mothers of premature infants, accounting for 70% of the variance. Among these variables, maternal attachment is the most powerful predictor for maternal role development. CONCLUSION: Nursing interventions during hospitalization to post-discharge education that includes parents of premature babies with positive interaction between couples strengthening marital intimacy and promotes maternal attachment that leads to integrate maternal identity should be considered by priority. Community-based family services such as home visits should be focused on maximizing the predictive factors for maternal role development in transition to motherhood that can contribute to maternal health as well as optimal growth and development of premature infants.

Maternal Identity in Mothers of Premature Infants admitted in NICU / 아동간호학회지

PURPOSE: The research was conducted to investigate the experience of maternal role attainment of mothers of premature infants admitted in NICU and to conceptualize the phenomena. METHOD: The grounded theory method was utilized for data collection and analysis. 8 mothers of premature infants were selected and in-depth interview was performed. Paradigm model was utilized for data analysis and presentation. RESULT: The central category was "unstable maternal identity". The properties of the core phenomena was "ambivalent feeling to baby" "negative emotion" "commitment to baby". The loss of control due to premature delivery was the causal condition. contextual condition was the "perceived threats" due to severity of the premature infant and uncerainty of the baby's life. The mother's health status, economic status, and familial and social support was recognized as intervening conditions during the process of maternal role attainment. The strategic action/interactions were emotion-focused coping, reappraisal of the situation, problem-focused coping, and information seeking. The consequence was the maternal role attainment with competence and expectation. CONCLUSION: The process of maternal role attainment was affected by threats due to severity of the baby and intervening factors and interaction strategy. Further research is recommended to develop adequate intervention method during the process of maternal role attainment.

Effects of Rooming-in on Continuation of Breastfeeding and Maternal Identity / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE:The objective of this study was to identify the effectiveness of continued breast feeding and maternal identity between rooming-in and not rooming-in groups of mothers in post partum care. METHOD: The subjects were selected by convenient sampling, with 95 women in childbirth completing a questionnaire. The data were collected on the 2nd day after delivery by questionnaire, and after the 4th and 8th weeks by telephone interview. Measures used in this study included general characteristics, breast feeding related characteristics, and the maternal identity scale revised by Koh(1996). The data were analyzed with the SPSS program, and the Chi-test and t-test were used to identify the effect on breast feeding and maternal identity. RESULTS:Continued breast feeding up to 4 weeks after deliverly was not statistically significant between rooming-in and not rooming-in group, but beyond 8 weeks of deliverly, it was significantly different in rooming-in group(p<.01). Maternal identity was significantly higher in rooming-in group than in not rooming-in group(p<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Mothers preferred rooming-in system because it helped breast feeding and baby care. Rooming-in system provides self confidence in taking care of baby, knowledge about breast feeding and stimulates early phase lactation. We recommend rooming-in system in hospitals to promote breast feeding and maternal identity. Nurses are encouraged to discuss prenatal breast feeding before delivery and rooming-in care should be planned individually for continuation of breast feeding and formation of maternal identity.

The Effects of Phone Counseling on Maternal Role in Primiperous Mothers / 아동간호학회지

The main purpose of this study was to identify the effect of phone counseling carried out to promote the role of the primiperous mothers. The data were collected from march 20 to may 30, 1998. The subjects for the study were the mothers of 60 first bon neonates admitted to and discharged from Sam-sung Medical Center's neonatal ward. Thirty subjects were assigned to the experimental group and thirty to the control group. A measure of maternal identity as well as level of self confidence in taking care of an infant after giving birth was taken. Informational supportive nursing was then provided to the mothers through phone counseling for a total of four times at 2~3 days, 7~8days, 12~13days and 18~1days after discharged. The level of self confidence in taking care of an infant was then remeasured. The control group was not provided with supportive nursing through phone counseling instead the level of confidence in taking care of an infant was measured at 3 weeks. Taking previous study documentary evidence into consideration the researcher developed a supportive nursing telephone counseling program that provided both informational and emotional support suitable to primiperous mothers. A semantic differential scale developed according to Osgood and translated and adapted by Koh Hyo-Jung was used as the maternal self identity measurement tool. The tool used to measure self confidence in taking care of infant was the developed by Bak Mi Suk which includes 13 items from Pharis's self confidence scale The data were analyzed using x2-test, t-test and paired t-test. The result of the study are as follows 1. First hypothesis The level of self confidence in taking care of an infant for the group of primiparas who received phone counseling in the postpartum period would be higher than that of the primiparas who did not receive phone counselling : As the experimental group's level of self confidence in taking care infants was significantly higher than that of the control group this hypothesis is accepted 2. Second hypothesis The level of maternal identity will be higher for the group of primiparas who received phone counseling than that of primiparas who did not received phone counseling As the experimental group's level of maternal identity was significantly higher than that of the control group this hypothesis is accepted In looking at the results of the study as a whole, it can be concluded that emotional and informational nursing support provided through phone counselling is an effective strategy in promoting the role of new mothers.

Model Construction of Maternal Identity in Primigravida / 간호학회지

It was assumed that the maternal identity in primigravida is one of the most attribute of the motherhood, that is not biological but cognitive phenomena, appears active process as intelligent human being. The purposes of this study were that the identification the cognitive structure and the influencing factors of the maternal identity in primigravida. Theoretical framework in this study, maternal identity in primigravida was constructed as a cognitive output, has the cognitive structure of cognitive output, has cognitive structure of cognitive-perceptual factor, cognitive-behavioral factor, and cognitive-emotional factor. Influencing factors of maternal identity was constructed as a cognitive input, which were pregnancy related perceptions(pregnancy intention, minor discomfort, value of motherhood), interpersonal relationship(relationship with mother, relationship with husband, relationship with social network), preparation to motherhood(maternal knowledge, antenatal, self care), and biological factor(gestation period). This study was to descriptive correlational research design, was done from the 3rd January to the 15th March 1996, and the research subjects were selected conveniently 226 the primigravida during the gestation period, data collection method was self reported questionnaire cross-sectionally. Descriptive data analysis was done SAS PC+, testing the hypothetical model was done by covariance structural analysis using LISREL 8.03 program. The result of the hypothesis testing, the value of motherhood(gamma=.650, T=4.26) the maternal knowledge(gamma=.137, T=2.030), the gestation period(gamma=.113, T-2.621), showed significant causal effect on the maternal identity in primigravida. In conclusion, the maternal identity in primigravida had interrelated cognitive structure consist of perceptual, behavior, and emotional factors. Significant causal factors influencing the maternal identity were value identified. It seems to contribute toward the understanding the characteristics of the maternal identity as a cognitive domains that has been regarded highly abstract concept, so has not been validated empirically.