Macronutrientes en la leche madura de madres adolescentes y adultas / Macronutrients in mature milk of teenagers and adult mothers

Estudio no experimental, prospectivo y comparativo para evaluar los niveles de macronutrientes en la leche madura de madres adolescentes. Fueron analizadas 52 muestras de leche madura de madres sanas y eutróficas, divididas en 2 grupos: Grupo A n=24 constituido por la leche de madres adolescentes de 10 a 18 años y Grupo B n=28 conformado por leche de madres adultas de 19 a 35 años, quienes acompañaban a sus hijos 1 a 6 meses de edad hospitalizados desde agosto 2009 a agosto de 2010. Las muestras fueron analizadas para determinar las concentraciones de carbohidratos, lípidos y proteínas. Las características maternas de los grupo A y B respectivamente fueron; etnia mestiza el 59,4% y el 39,9%, promedio de índice de masa corporal: fue de 23,55±1,01 kg/m2 y 24,2±0,38 kg/m2. Fueron primigestas 87,5% en el A y 35,7% en el B. Edad de los niños entre 1 a 2 meses: grupo A 66,6% y grupo B 71,4%. Edad maternal: grupo A 75% tenían entre 16 y 18 años y en el B 28,5% tenían entre 19 y 21 años. En A la concentración de proteínas fue 1,8±0,7 g/100ml y en B 1,9±0,7 g/100ml. La concentración de grasas en las adolescentes fue 3,8±1,5 g/100ml y en las adultas 3,9±1,3 g/100ml. La concentración de los carbohidratos en las adolescentes fue 6,8±0,8 g/100ml y en las adultas 6,6±0,9 g/100ml, siendo P>0,05 no estadísticamente significativo en los 3 casos. La concentración de macronutrientes en la leche madura de madres adolescentes y el valor energético de la misma fue similar al de las madres adultas.

This is a comparative, prospective and non-experimental study that evaluated the level of macronutrients in teenage mothers’mature breastmilk. The sample was represented by mature milk of 52 healthy and eutrophic mothers, divided in two groups: A n=24 constituted by adolescent mothers’s milk among 10 and 18 years and B n=28 formed by adult mothers’s milk among 19 and 35 years who accompanied their children 1-6 months of age hospitalized, from august 2009 to august 2010. The samples were analyzed to determine concentrations of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. The maternal characteristics of group A and B respectively were: mestizo ethnicity 59.4% and 39.9%, average BMI: were 23.55 ± 1.01 kg/m2 and 24.2 ± 0.38 kg/m2. Primiparous were 87.5% in A and 35.7% in B. Age of children aged 1-2 months was 66.6% (A) 71.4% (B). Maternal age: group A 75% had between 16 and 18 years and group B 28.5% were between 19 and 21 years. About macronutrient concentrations, median protein level in A was 1,8 ± 0,7 g/100ml and 1,9 ± 0,7 g/100ml for B median fat concentration in teenage group was 3,8 ± 1,5 g/100ml and in adults 3,9 ± 1,3 g/100ml. Median carbohydrates level in teenage was 6,8 ± 0,8 g/100ml and in B Group was 6,6 ± 0,9 g/100ml, being non statistically significative in all three cases. The macronutrient concentrations and energetic value in teenage mothers’s mature breastmilk were similar than the adult mother’s milk.

Macronutrientes en leche de madres desnutridas / Macronutrients in milk of undernourished mothers

Estudio prospectivo, no experimental y comparativo que evaluó la relación entre el estado nutricional materno y las concentraciones de macronutrientes de leche materna madura. Se estudiaron 40 muestras de madres con hijos en edades entre 15 días y 6 meses, hospitalizados en el Servicio de Emergencia Pediátrica del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, entre Septiembre 2006 y 2007 . Se dividieron en: Grupo A estudio (n= 20) muestras de madres con desnutrición clínica y Grupo B control (n= 20) eutróficas. Se analizaron las concentraciones de macronutrientes comparándose entre sí: grasas 3,8 ± 0,32 g/dl en el A y 5,5±1,08 g/dl en el B, estadísticamente significativo (p=0,0001); proteínas 1,8 ± 0,21 g/dl en el A y 2,4 ± 0,32 g/dl en el B, estadísticamente significativo (p=0,0001) y carbohidratos 6,06 ± 0,43 g/dl en el A y 5,7±0,45 g/dl en el B estadísticamente significativo (p= 0,0136). El valor calórico de la leche fue de 65,92 ± 16,68 Kcal/dl en el Grupo A y de 83,25 ± 9,40 Kcal/dl en el grupo control, estadísticamente significativo (p=0,0002). Las desnutridas pertenecían al grupo V de Graffar Méndez Castellano confirmando la relación entre desnutrición y pobreza. Se concluye que la concentración de grasas y proteínas, así como el valor calórico en la leche madura de este grupo de madres desnutridas son menores que en el grupo control.

In a prospective, no experimental and comparative analysis, the relationship between the mother’s nutritional conditional and their macronutrient’s concentrations was evaluated in 40 samples from mothers who had children 15 days to 6 months old, in a hospital setting at the Emergency room of the Pediatric Ward of Maracaibo’s University Hospital in Maracaibo, Venezuela in one year period. Milk from two groups of 20 mothers each was analyzed: Group A (Experimental), mothers with undernourishment and Group B (Control), mothers with adequate nutritional status. Fat content was 3.8 ± 0.32 g/dl and 5.5 ± 1.08 g/dl respectively (p = 0.0001); proteins were 1.8 ± 0.21 g/dl and 2.4 ± 0.32 g/dl respectively (p = 0.0001), and carbohydrates were 6.06 ± 0.43 g/dl and 5.7 ± 0.45 g/dl respectively (p = 0.0136). In addition, caloric value was also different: 65.92 ± 15. 16.68 kcal/l and 83.25 ± 9.4 kcal/dl (p = 0.0002). The undernourished were in the range of group V Graffar Méndez-Castellano, confirming the relationship between undernutrition and poverty. It is concluded that the proteins, fat concentrations and the caloric value in the breast milk from undernourished mothers are of lower value than the nourished well mothers.

Changes in Na and K Concentrations in Human Milk: at different stage of lactation

The concentrations of Sodium and Potassium were measured by flame photometer in the human for milk obtained at clostral(1st 5days postpartum), early transitional (2nd 5days postpartum), late transitional (11th to 29th day postpartum) and mature milk period (1to 15 months postportum) from 92 healthy nursing mothers who delivered at term. The results were summerized as follows: 1) The concentrations of Na and K at different stages of lactation showed the highest value in colostrum, tended to decrease therafter and maintained the lowest and nearly constant value in mature milk(.01 2) Average Na and K concentrations(Mean+/-S.D., mEq/L) at different stages of lactation were colostrum : 20.8+/-4.47, 15.9+/-3.17, early transitional milk : 15.3+/-4.73, 14.2+/-3.03, late transitional milk : 11.7+/-4.28, 12.8+/-3.40, and mature milk : 8.1+/-3.59, 11.2+/-2.88 respectively. 3) The content of Na and K among primi-and multiparae showed the highest value in colostrum, also tended to decrease therafter, and maintained the lowest value in mature milk. No statistical significance was found between the concentrations of Na and K at different stages of lactation between primi-and multiparae(p>.05). 4) Definite inverse relationship could be established between Na and K concentrations and days of lactation(Na:r=-0.6, p<.001, K:r=0.4, p<.001). 5) The Mean Na and K concentration in late transitional milk showed the most consistent percentage decrease that in colostrum.