The effect of flutamide on the physical working capacity and activity of some of the key enzymes for the energy supply in adult rats / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of androgen receptor antagonists on the physical working capacity and activity of some of the key muscle enzymes for the energy supply in rats. Young adult male Wistar rats were divided into two groups. One group received 15 mg kg-1 of flutamide daily for 6 days a week and the other group served as control for 8 weeks. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, all rats were subjected to submaximal running endurance (SRE), maximum time to exhaustion (MTE), and maximal sprinting speed (MSS) tests. At the end of the trial, maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) test was performed and the levels of testosterone, erythrocytes, hemoglobin as well as enzyme activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and NAD.H2-cytochrome-c reductase (NAD.H2) of the gastrocnemius muscle were measured. Serum testosterone of the flutamide-treated rats was higher than that of the controls, which verifies the effectiveness of the dose chosen. MTE and SRE of the anti-androgen-treated group were lower compared with the initial values. Flutamide treatment decreased the activity of SDH and NAD.H2 compared with the controls. We found no effect of the anti-androgen treatment on MSS, VO2max, running economy, LDH activity, and hematological variables. Our findings indicate that the maintenance of the submaximal and maximal running endurance as well as the activity of some of the key enzymes associated with muscle oxidative capacity is connected with androgen effects mediated by androgen receptors.

Calidad científica de las pruebas de campo para el cálculo del VO2max. Revisión sistemática / Scientific Quality of Field Tests to Calculate VO2max: Systematic Review / Qualidade científica das provas de campo para o cálculo do VO2max. revisão sistemática

Objetivo: establecer la calidad científica de las pruebas de campo utilizadas para calcular el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max) en adultos sanos no entrenados. Materiales y métodos: se hizo una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica publicada en español, inglés y portugués, entre 1943 y 2013, sobre pruebas diagnósticas para calcular el VO2max por medio de pruebas de campo, con el propósito de sintetizar los resultados y establecer cuáles son las que mejor se correlacionan con la medición directa (ergoespirometría). Fueron consultadas las bases de datos MedLine, PubMed, ProQuest, Ovid, Hinari, Ebsco y BVS. Se siguieron las recomendaciones del Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2006. Resultados: inicialmente, 952 artículos, de los cuales después del proceso de descarte, se encontraron diez que cumplían con todos los requisitos. Las pruebas de campo analizadas que se correlacionan bien con el protocolo de laboratorio son el UMTT (1984) con r = 0,99, QCST y 1000m para hombres r = 0,95; el RWFT para hombres r = 0,93; 1,000m para mujeres y 1,5M r = 0,86; QCST para mujeres r = 0,83 y RWFT para mujeres r = 0,74; para adultos el UMTT r = 0,96 y 20m-SRT r=0,9. Conclusiones: dado el coeficiente de validez y el SEE, es posible utilizar pruebas de campo para calcular rápida y económicamente el VO2max en adultos sanos no entrenados. Según edad, sexo, condición física y patologías se recomiendan diferentes pruebas de campo.

Objective: To establish the scientific quality of the field tests used to calculate the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in untrained healthy adults. Materials and methods: A systematic review of the scientific literature on diagnostic tests for calculating VO2max through field tests published between 1943 and 2013 in Spanish, English and Portuguese, , in order to synthesize the results and establish which are the best to correlate with direct measurement (ergospirometry). MedLine, PubMed, ProQuest, Ovid, Hinari, Ebsco and BVS databases were consulted. The recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2006 were followed. Results: Initially, 952 articles were found, after the elimination process was reached, ten of these met all requirements. Field tests analyzed to correlate well with the laboratory protocol are: UMTT (1984) r = 0.99, QCST and 1000m. men r = 0.95; RWFT men's r = 0.93; 1,000m. Women and 1.5M r = 0.86; QCST women r = 0.83 and RWFT for women r = 0.74, for adults UMTT r = 0.96 and 20m-SRT r = 0.9. Conclusions: Given the validity coefficient and the SEE, it is possible to use field tests to swiftly and economically calculate VO2max in untrained healthy adults. Different field tests are recommended according to age, gender, physical condition and pathologies.

Objetivo: Estabelecer a qualidade científica das provas de campo utilizadas para calcular o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) em adultos sãos não treinados. Materiais e métodos: se revisou sistematicamente a literatura científica publicada em espanhol, inglês e português, entre 1943 e 2013, sobre provas diagnósticas para calcular o VO2max através de provas de campo, com o propósito de sintetizar os resultados e estabelecer quais são as que melhor se correlacionam com a medição direta (ergoespirometria). Foram consultadas as bases de dados MedLine, PubMed, ProQuest, Ovid, Hinari, Ebsco e BVS. Seguiram-se as recomendações do Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2006. Resultados: Inicialmente 952 artigos, dos quais depois do processo de descarte encontramos dez que cumpriam com todos os requisitos. As provas de campo analisadas que se correlacionam bem com o protocolo de laboratório são: o UMTT (1984) com r = 0,99, QCST e 1000m para homens r = 0,95; o RWFT para homens r = 0,93; 1,000m para mulheres e 1,5M r = 0,86; QCST para mulheres r=0,83 e RWFT para mulheres r = 0,74; para adultos o UMTT r = 0,96 e 20m-SRT r = 0,9. Conclusões: Dado o coeficiente de validez e o SEE, é possível utilizar provas de campo para calcular rápida e economicamente o VO2max em adultos sãos não treinados. Segundo idade, sexo, condição física e patologias se recomendam diferentes provas de campo.

Aerobic exercise reduces anxiety symptoms and improves fitness in patients with panic disorder / Exercícios aeróbicos reduziram os sintomas de ansiedade e melhoraram o desempenho cardiorrespiratório em portadores de transtorno de pânico

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of a regularly repeated aerobic exercise series on anxiety and maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) in Panic Disorder patients. METHODS: Ten previously sedentary female subjects diagnosed with Panic Disorder performed 36 sessions of aerobic exercise (at 70 to 75% of VO2max), 3 times per week during 12 weeks. A cardiopulmonary evaluation (ergospirometry test) was used to set the intensity of training as well as to establish baseline and post-training VO2max parameters. The assessment of anxiety symptoms was performed at baseline, at the end of the 6th and 12th weeks, using the Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) and State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S), and the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) questionnaires. One-way ANOVA for repeated measurements (at 3 moments: Baseline, 6th week (mid-training) and 12th week (post-training) was used to compare the evolution of the questionnaires; the Bonferroni post hoc test was applied to identify differences between moments. A dependent t-test was performed for measures of VO2max. RESULTS: Compared to baseline, (a) STAI-T showed significant anxiety reductions at mid- and post-training moments; (b) STAI-S and SUDS recorded anxiety reductions only at Post-training; (c) VO2max showed a significant improvement at Post-training. CONCLUSION: This protocol promoted beneficial effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and anxiety levels of Panic Disorder patients.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do exercício aeróbio praticado regularmente sobre a ansiedade e o VO2max em pacientes com transtorno de pânico. MÉTODO: Dez mulheres sedentárias diagnosticadas com transtorno de pânico (TP) realizaram 36 sessões de exercícios aeróbico contínuo (70 a 75% VO2max) em esteira, 3x por semana, durante 12 semanas. Uma avaliação cardiopulmonar (teste ergo-espirométrico) definiu a intensidade do treinamento, bem como estabeleceu valores de VO2max pré e pós-treinamento. A avaliação dos sintomas de ansiedade nos três momentos (controle, 6° e 12° semana), foi realizada utilizando os questionários IDATE-T (Inventário do Traço de Ansiedade), IDATE-S (Inventário do Estado de Ansiedade) e SUDS (Unidades Subjetivas da Escala de Aflição). O teste ANOVA One-way para medidas repetidas (momentos) foi usado para comparar os questionários. O teste Bonferroni post-hoc foi aplicado para identificar as diferenças entre os momentos. As medidas de VO2max foram analisadas através de um teste de "t" dependente. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram redução do IDATE-T na 6° e 12° semanas de exercício; no entanto, o IDATE-S e o SUDS monstraram uma redução apenas na 12° semana. O VO2max apresentou melhora significativa após 12 semanas de intervenção em relação à linha de base. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o protocolo adotado foi capaz de promover efeitos benéficos sobre a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e sobre os níveis de ansiedade dos pacientes com transtorno de pânico.

Aplicación del test course navette en escolares / Course navette test aplicaction in school

El desarrollo de la resistencia cardiorrespiratoria en niños, adolescentes y jóvenes se asocia a la disminución de la prevalencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares en niños y adolescentes. La prueba de “course navette” o carrera de 20 metros es una prueba de aptitud cardiorrespiratoria máxima y progresiva, que mide indirectamente el consumo máximo de oxigeno. Niveles altos de capacidad aeróbica durante la niñez y la adolescencia están asociados con una salud cardiovascular actual y futura más saludable. Según la encuesta nacional de salud en Chile (2009-2010) el 17,7 por ciento de la población chilena mayor de 15 años y más, presenta un riesgo cardiovascular alto o muy alto. La población chilena presenta: un elevado nivel de morbilidad por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y de sus factores de riesgo. Utilizar una prueba máxima y progresiva en adolescentes, como es la “prueba de course naveta”, puede genera un aumento del riesgo de presentar un evento cardiovascular al evaluar el consumo máximo de oxigeno en nuestra población.

The development of cardiorespiratory endurance in children and young people is associated with decreased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents. The test of "course navette" or 20 meter race is a test of high cardiorespiratory fitness and progressive, which indirectly measures the maximum oxygen consumption. High levels of aerobic fitness during childhood and adolescence are associated with a current cardiovascular health and healthier future. According to the health survey in Chile, 17.7 percent of the Chilean population 15 years and over, has a high or very high cardiovascular risk. The Chilean population has: a high level of morbidity from chronic diseases and their risk factors of disease. Use a high and progressive test in adolescents, such as "proof of course navetta" can generate an increased risk of cardiovascular events in assessing the maximum oxygen consumption in our population.

The slope of the oxygen pulse curve does not depend on the maximal heart rate in elite soccer players

INTRODUCTION: It is unknown whether an extremely high heart rate can affect oxygen pulse profile during progressive maximal exercise in healthy subjects. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to compare relative oxygen pulse (adjusted for body weight) curves in athletes at their maximal heart rate during treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing. METHODS: A total of 180 elite soccer players were categorized in quartiles according to their maximum heart rate values (n = 45). Oxygen consumption, maximum heart rate and relative oxygen pulse curves in the extreme quartiles, Q1 and Q4, were compared at intervals corresponding to 10 percent of the total duration of a cardiopulmonary exercise testing. RESULTS: Oxygen consumption was similar among all subjects during cardiopulmonary exercise testing; however subjects in Q1 started to exhibit lower maximum heart rate values when 20 percent of the test was complete. Conversely, the relative oxygen pulse was higher in this group when cardiopulmonary exercise testing was 40 percent complete (p<.01). Although the slopes of the lines were similar (p = .25), the regression intercepts differed (p<.01) between Q1 and Q4. During the last two minutes of testing, a flat or decreasing oxygen pulse was identified in 20 percent of the soccer players, and this trend was similar between subjects in Q1 and Q4. CONCLUSION: Relative oxygen pulse curve slopes, which serve as an indirect and non-invasive surrogate for stroke volume, suggest that the stroke volume is similar in young and aerobically fit subjects regardless of the maximum heart rate reached.

O nível de aptidão física afeta o desempenho do árbitro de futebol? / Does physical fitness level affect soccer referee's performance?

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: a) descrever a demanda física imposta aos árbitros de futebol brasileiros durante partidas oficiais e b) analisar se o nível de aptidão física interfere no desempenho da arbitragem. Os árbitros (n = 11) foram avaliados durante jogos oficiais (n = 21) do campeonato Potiguar 2009. A média de idade foi de 36,36 ± 6,34 anos. A distância percorrida, a velocidade (média e máxima) e a frequência cardíaca (média e máxima) foram registradas durante as partidas. A análise da arbitragem foi realizada por avaliador credenciado pela Federação Norte-Rio-Grandense de Futebol (FNF), seguindo os critérios estabelecidos pela Confederação Brasileira de Futebol (CBF). A distância percorrida, a velocidade e a frequência cardíaca foram, respectivamente, 10,50 ± 0,35 km, 6,43 ± 0,26 km/h (média), 19,84 ± 1,56 km/h (máxima), 162,77 ± 7,44 bpm (média) e 182,22 ± 7,72 bpm (máxima). Foi evidenciada correlação significativa entre o VO2máx e a distância percorrida no segundo tempo (r = 0,517) (p < 0,05). O VO2máx também apresentou correlação com a velocidade máxima de deslocamento (r = 0,506) (p < 0,05). Já o percentual de gordura apresentou correlação negativa com a velocidade máxima no segundo tempo (r = -0,471) (p < 0,05). Foi detectada correlação positiva entre o desempenho da arbitragem e o VO2máx (r = 0,530) (p < 0,05). Com relação ao percentual de gordura, o mesmo apresentou correlação negativa com o desempenho do árbitro (r = -0,496) (p < 0,05). Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que os árbitros de futebol são submetidos à alta sobrecarga física/fisiológica durante as partidas. Os resultados obtidos também sugerem que os parâmetros associados com a aptidão física (composição corporal e o VO2máx) podem interferir no desempenho da arbitragem.

The aims of the present study were to: a) report the physical demands of brazilian soccer referees during official matches and, b) assess if the level of fitness interferes in the referees' performance. The referees were examined during official games (n = 21) of the 2009 Rio Grande do Norte Soccer Federation Championship. The referees (n = 11) mean age was 36.3 ± 6.3 years. Match analysis parameters (distance covered, speed and heart rate) were assessed during official matches. The referee performance evaluation was conducted by an official member of Rio Grande do Norte Soccer Federation. The average match distance covered was 10.50 ± 0.35 km. The average speed and maximum speed were 6.43 ± 0.26 km/h and 19.84 ± 1.56 km/h, respectively. Heart rate analysis revealed the intermittent nature of the referees' activities. The HRav and HRmax were 162.77 ± 7.44 bpm and 182.22 ± 7.72 bpm, respectively. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.517; p < 0.05) between VO2max and distance covered on the second half. VO2max was also correlated with the maximum speed (r = 0.506; p < 0.05). The fat mass was negatively correlated with maximum speed on the second half (r = -0.471; p < 0.05). Regarding referee performance, it was observed a positive correlation between VO2max and referee evaluation score (r = 0.530; p < 0.05). On the other hand, fat mass was negatively correlated to referee evaluation score (r = -0.496; p < 0.05). The results present herein suggest that soccer referees were submitted to a high level of physical demands during the match. The results also indicate that soccer referees' fitness level can interfere in their performance.