Surgical complications in the first and second semesters of the general surgery medical residence. A study of 14063 cases

Abstract Objective: To evaluate whether the rate of surgical complications is higher during the first semester of the General Surgery residency in the largest hospital complex in Latin America. During this period, students are expected to have less experience in carrying out procedures. Methods: During a period of two years, all General Surgery resident doctors at the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, made a notification of all the procedures they performed (n = 14.063), containing information such as name of the procedure, date, who participated, complications, among others. These data were analyzed with the purpose of evaluating the variation in the rate of complications throughout the year. Results: There was a 52 % increase in the rate of complications in the first academic semester when compared to the second semester. This phenomenon was observed in resident doctors in the first and second years of residency. Furthermore, it was observed that second-year residents remain with high rates of complications, in some procedures, for a longer time than first-year residents. Furthermore, the first three months (March, April and May) seem to have the highest complication rates of the entire year. Conclusion The impact of these complications can affect several health services and the increase in surgical complications in the first half of the year must be monitored by institutions, in order to control this phenomenon.

Escala del ambiente de enseñanza-aprendizaje de especialistas médico-quirúrgicos en formación / A scale for the teaching-learning environment of medical-surgical specialists in training

Introducción: La formación de los especialistas médico-quirúrgicos (residentes) se lleva a cabo en hospitales donde confluyen actividades asistenciales y de enseñanza-aprendizaje. El conocimiento sobre este ambiente dual es fundamental para identificar oportunidades para optimizar la calidad y efectividad de ambas actividades. Objetivo: Construir una escala para medir la percepción del ambiente de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la práctica clínica de los residentes en formación en Colombia. Métodos: Se diseñó una escala tipo Likert, que adaptó la guía de la Association for Medical Education in Europe Developing Questionnaires For Educational Research, con los siguientes pasos: revisión de literatura, revisión de la normatividad colombiana con respecto a los hospitales universitarios, síntesis de la evidencia, desarrollo de los ítems, validación de apariencia por expertos y aplicación del cuestionario a residentes. Resultados: Se construyó la escala de Ambiente de la Práctica Clínica (EAPRAC) sobre la base de la teoría educativa de la actividad y del aprendizaje situado en el lugar de trabajo. Inicialmente, se definieron 46 preguntas y, posterior a la validación de apariencia, se conformaron 39 ítems distribuidos en siete dominios: procesos académicos, docentes, convenios docencia-servicio, bienestar, infraestructura académica, infraestructura asistencial y organización y gestión. La aplicación de esta escala a residentes no mostró problemas de comprensión, motivo por el cual no fue necesario depurar la cantidad ni el contenido de los ítems. Conclusiones: La escala construida tiene validez de apariencia por los pares expertos y los residentes, lo que permite que en una fase posterior se le realice la validez de contenido y reproducibilidad(AU)

Introduction: The training of medical-surgical specialists (residents) takes place in hospitals where healthcare and teaching-learning activities converge. Knowledge about this dual setting is essential for identifying opportunities to optimize the quality and effectiveness of both activities. Objective: To construct a scale for measuring the perception about the teaching-learning environment in the clinical practice of residents who receive training in Colombia. Methods: A Likert-type scale was designed as an adapted form of the guide Developing Questionnaires for Educational Research, presented by the Association for Medical Education in Europe, with the following steps: literature review, review of Colombian regulations regarding university hospitals, synthesis of evidence, development of items, validation of appearance by experts, and questionnaire application to residents. Results: A clinical practice environment scale was constructed on the basis of the educational theory of activity and learning situated in the workplace. Initially, 46 questions were defined and, after the validation of appearance, 39 items distributed in seven domains were created: academic processes, teaching processes, teaching-service agreements, welfare, academic infrastructure, care infrastructure, and management and organization. The application of this scale to residents showed no comprehension problems; therefore, it was not necessary to refine the number or content of the items. Conclusions: The scale constructed has validity of appearance by expert peers and residents, which allows, in further stages, to carry out content validity and reproducibility(AU)

Hacia una educación de excelencia: el rediseño curricular de medicina aprobado en 2017 genera nuevos cambios / Towards an education of excellence: the curricular redesign of medicine approved in 2017 generates new changes

Contexto: El presente trabajo describe el proceso de rediseño curricular de la Carrera de Medicina de la Universidad Central del Ecuador. Discusión: se desarrolló conforme a las disposiciones y lineamientos del Reglamento de Régimen Académico (RRA), con base al análisis de mallas curriculares de Medicina a nivel regional y mundial; sumado a estudios de documentos de pertinencia, prospectiva, empleo; y talleres de consenso y mesas de discusión en la que intervinieron: docentes, estudiantes y otros actores involucrados con la formación médica. Se reformuló el objeto de estudio de la Medicina y sus núcleos problémicos; se adaptó el perfil de egreso de la carrera, lo que propició la inclusión de nuevas asignaturas y la reforma de las existentes, mejorando la interrelación e integración mesocurricular. Resultados: el producto obtenido es una malla curricular con 72 asignaturas que se cursan en 12 semestres. Este proceso fue una oportunidad para innovar y debatir la matriz curricular de la carrera. Conclusión: el rediseño curricular aprobado, con un adecuado ajuste microcurricular horizontal y vertical, lo eleva a categoría cinco en la escala de Harden, es decir, es un diseño curricular de enseñanza integrada que favorece la coordinación metodológica de las asignaturas, visionando en el mediano plazo a lograr un programa de aproximación transdisciplinar o nivel once de Harden, donde se reemplazan las asignaturas por constructos de ideas que llegan a ser parte de la experiencia real y globalizada del estudiante, a través de tareas concretas y tangibles que las aplica en el mundo real y capaz de resolver problemas del entorno. (AU)

Context: The present work is a description of the curricular redesign process that the Medicine Career of the UCE. Discussion: it was developed according to the dispositions and guidelines of the Regulation of Academic Regime (RRA), based on the analysis of curricular meshes of Medicine worldwide; studies of relevance, prospective, employment documents; and consensus workshops of discussion groups in which they took part: teachers, students and other actors involved with medical training. the object of study of Medicine and its problem nuclei was reformulated; the graduate profile of the career was adapted, which led to the inclusion of new subjects and the reform of existing ones, improving the interrelation and meso-curricular integration. Results: the obtained product is a curricular mesh with 72 subjects that are studied in 6 years. This process was an opportunity to innovate and debate the curricular matrix of the career.Conclusion: : the curricular redesign transforms the old curriculum into a Transdisciplinary Approach Program, or level eleven of Harden, where the subjects are replaced by constructs of ideas that become part of the student's real and globalized experience, through specific tasks and tangible that applies them in the real world and capable of solving environmental problems. (AU)

Serviço e comunidade, vetores para a formação em saúde: o curso de medicina da Uniderp / The health system and the community as vectors for the preparation of health professionals: the medical course at Uniderp

Este trabalho registra o processo de concepção, implantação e implementação do Programa Interinstitucional de Interação de Ensino, Serviço, Comunidade (Pinesc), uma parceria entre a universidade e a Prefeitura Municipal de Campo Grande, visando à realização de módulos curriculares longitudinais de ensino baseado na comunidade, desenvolvidos em oito semestres letivos do curso de medicina da Universidade para o Desenvolvimento do Estado e da Região do Pantanal (Uniderp, Anhanguera, MS). O relato inlcui o histórico, com seus pontos fortes e dificuldades, além de desdobramentos ão previstos, bem como aspectos operacionais do programa.

This paper relates the planning, implantation and implementation process of the Inter-institutional Program for University-Health Service-Community Interaction (Pinesc), a partnership between the university, the city council of Campo Grande and the Local Health System aimed at producing a longitudinal curriculum module of community based education (CBE and Come), developed over eight semesters of the medical course of the Universidade para o Desenvolvimento do Estado e da Região do Pantanal (Uniderp, Anhanguera, MS, Brazil). This report tells the history of the implementation of the program, its strengths, difficulties and unforeseen developments besides approaching some operational aspects.

Los grandes paradigmas de la educación médica en Latinoamérica / The big paradigms of the medical education in latin american countries

La educación médica ha sido y será un tema de preocupación para todas las generaciones en cualquier parte del mundo ya que de ello depende en parte el progreso de las sociedades y de nuestra profesión, necesaria en el Estado. En este artículo trataré de realizar un recuento histórico de los procesos que se han llevado a cabo en la educación médica en el mundo y en especial en los países de América Latina, tomando como puntos de referencia los dos paradigmas más importantes hasta el momento como son el paradigma "flexneriano" y el paradigma "crítico". También enuncio los inconvenientes y algunas reformas educacionales que ha tenido que pasar la mayoría de las naciones frente a la adversidad del contexto socioeconómico que los rodea. Además de ello hago un esbozo de un tercer paradigma en gestación generado por la introducción de un nuevo personaje en la educación médica: la tecnología.

The medical education has been and will continue to be a subject of concern to all generations anywhere in the world because it depends in part on the progress of societies and our profession; so necessary in the state. The objective of this article is to try to conduct a historical review of the processes that have taken place in medical education in the world and especially in Latin America; taking as a benchmark the two paradigms most important so far as the "Flexner" paradigm and the "critical" paradigm. I’ll also try to show the disadvantages and some educational reforms that most of the nations have faced, related to adversity in the socio-economic context that surrounds them. Besides that, I make an outline of a third emerging paradigm generated by the introduction of a new character in medical education: Technology.