Research on the Role of Voluntary Service in Cultivating the Medical Professionalism of Medical Freshmen: Text Analysis Based on the "Volunteer Star" Deeds of Peking University Premedical Students / 中国医学伦理学

Based on the content of medical professionalism and the theoretical model of knowledge, belief and practice, this paper used the methods of "inductive category construction" and "deductive category construction" to form the categories and analyze the text, taking the narrative materials of 112 "volunteer stars" outstanding individuals selected by the pre-medical student office of student affairs department of Peking University Health Science Center from 2019 to 2021 as the research subjects. The findings demonstrated that volunteer service had a positive effect on the cultivation of medical professionalism of medical freshmen, and played an effective role in guiding medical freshmen from the two dimensions of knowledge and belief, in which the role of medical voluntary service was more obvious. However, the breadth and depth of volunteer service in cultivating medical professionalism were limited. Based on this, this paper proposed that medical colleges and universities should emphasize voluntary service in the cultivation of medical professionalism, especially the development of medical voluntary service activities designed for medical students, and strengthen the cultivation effect by coordinating with other cultivation methods.

Enlightenment on the Construction of Medical Professionalism from the Perspective of Moral Injury / 中国医学伦理学

The purpose of medicine is to preserve and develop the treatment in the process of saving lives and helping injuries. Medical professionalism is a comprehensive expression of physician’s clinical abilities, relationships and values between different subjects. In practice, white robed doctors utilize high standards of professionalism to practice the medical purpose and goals of "always centering on the interests of the patient" in specific diagnosis and treatment behaviors. At the same time, fulfilling the promises and expectations of medicine to the public. For these reasons, selfless dedication, self-sacrifice, and one-way pure altruism are all internalized into the basic requirements of medical professionalism: doctors should not only have the skill to revive the dead, but also have the benevolence of evangelists; they not only need to achieve maximum efficiency in technology, but also achieve the highest truth, goodness, and beauty in virtue. When these qualities are exaggerated or unattainable due to uncontrollable reasons, there will be a rift between the entrenched value systems and practical needs. In recent years, the global epidemic has had a huge impact on the medical system and medical staff, and the moral beliefs, role expectations, and value systems of doctors have also been impacted unprecedentedly, resulting in moral injury. The international research on moral injury in medical field has also received attention. China is currently in the adjustment period of epidemic related policies, with medical personnel bearing the brunt. Therefore, referring to relevant international research on moral injury to re-examine the relationship between the medical professionalism, which emphasizes one-way pure altruism, dedication and weakening or even neglecting personal well-being, and current medical practices. And constructing a moral injury early warning-repair system that focuses on doctors, patients, medical teams, medical institutions, medical environments, health systems, and other stakeholders, and ensuring its healthy operation. Not only in extreme periods, but also in ordinary daily diagnosis and treatment, it can support doctors to actively, safely, and healthily fulfill their mission of saving lives and helping injuries.

Cinemeducation and Medical Professionalism Education Using Movies to Teach Medical Professionalism / 医学教育

Movie is an artistic activity along with literature, music, painting, and theater. If we consider movie as an art form, we can see it not only as a means of presenting a new way of looking at society, but also as a means of recreating a new sense of common experience. Cinemeducation, the use of film in medical education, has a human development function, i.e., it promotes critical thinking and formation of autonomy, and at the same time, it helps to foster professionalism. For example, it teaches altruism, empathy, and ethical reasoning skills. Specific methods of cinemeducation include the use of whole-length films or movie clips to facilitate small group discussions, asking the learners questions that match the educational objectives, and the combination of role-play, lectures and thinking about medical management or treatment plans. One of the challenges of cinemeducation is the selection of teaching materials, such as what kind of movie to choose, whether to show the whole-length films or just a part of it, and which part to choose, as well as the design of the class content to match the learners' readiness and progress.

Integrating Westward Migration Spirit into the cultivation of medical professionalism / 中华内分泌外科杂志

"Westward Migration Spirit" is the precious spiritual wealth of Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese nation. The course teaching team takes the undergraduate students of clinical medicine as the teaching object, tries to integrate the "Westward Migration Spirit" into the cultivation of medical students’ medical professionalism, so as to endow new connotation of medical professionalism and promote the improvement of medical students’ professionalism. Through literature review, expert consultation and questionnaire survey, the paper sorted out the context of "Westward Migration Spirit" of Chongqing Medical University, and typical examples with the spirit of medical science and humanity were selected and integrated into the teaching. A questionnaire was designed to investigate the evaluation of 425 clinical medicine undergraduates and 5 teachers on the medical professionalism course integrated with "Westward Migration Spirit" . The results show that the students and teachers have good feedback to the medical professionalism courses integrated with the "Westward Migration Spirit" , and the course has a significant positive effect on the cultivation of medical students’ medical professionalism.

Research on the Leading Path of the Social Atmosphere Value of Respecting Medicine and Health / 中国医学伦理学

From the perspective of doctor-patient relationship, this paper put forward the external and internal paths led by the social atmosphere value of respecting medicine and health. The external path is that lead the mass media and publicize positive public opinion; popularize medical knowledge and narrow the distance between doctors and patients; strengthen humanistic care and relieve psychological stress; establish positive models and carry forward advanced deeds; increase salary packages and embody labor value; improve the practice environment and implement safety initiatives. The internal path is that strengthen professional ability and improve professional quality; improve communication skills and enhance mutual understanding; pay attention to psychological counseling and psychological protection; establish prevention awareness and protect personal safety; strengthen professional belief and create an atmosphere of respecting doctors, so as to make respect for medicine and health become common practice.

16. Using Humanities and Art to Teach Medical Professionalism / 医学教育

It is said that “medicine is an art based on science,” but education in the art is not well practiced in medical education in Japan compared to education in the science. In a survey of medical students in the U.S., medical students who were exposed to literature, music, theater, visual arts, and other humanities had better empathy, emotional evaluation, and self-efficacy1). Medical humanities education, which is practiced mainly in Europe and the United States, is value education with humanities subjects to overcome dehumanizing medical practices, medical students and medical professionals, and to cultivate professionalism in physicians, such as humanity and altruism. This article focuses on “philosophical dialogue” and “improv” as practical examples of arts education in medicine in Japan that use the humanities and the arts to teach professionalism.

17. Coaching and Medical Professionalism Education / 医学教育

Coaching is considered a systematised method of training high-performing athletes and musicians and is characterised by the provision of interpersonal support through interactive dialogue towards set goals. The word “coach” can be traced back to 15th century Europe when the town of Kocs in Hungary produced high-quality four-wheeled carriages that were used in many places, and the word “coach” came to mean a carriage. The word coach is also said to have come to be used to refer to the interpersonal support techniques used to transport important people and their belongings to their destinations. Coaching has since been widely adopted in the business world in Europe and the USA and began to spread in Japan in the late 1990s. In the medical world, literature on coaching has increased since around 2000, and coaching is now used in medical communication, hospital management and medical education. In this series of articles, examples of the introduction of coaching into professionalism education will be introduced from two perspectives: coaching for individuals and coaching for medical teams.

Senses and meanings of medical professionalism for gynecology and obstetrics residents / Sentidos e significados de profissionalismo médico para residentes de ginecologia e obstetrícia

Abstract: Introduction: Professionalism is an essential condition for the doctor's performance. The specialty of Gynecology and Obstetrics (GO) has been marked by a growing demand for disciplinary proceedings. Faced with this reality, the American College of Gynecology and Obstetrics (ACOG) recommended recording destructive or hostile behaviors that affect patient safety and the quality of care, remediate them and educate the clinical staff of institutions about it. Despite its importance for the training of future professionals, the lack of consensus about its definition and measurement methods make it difficult to implement targeted actions aimed at this purpose. Objective: This study´s objective was to know the senses and meanings attributed by Gynecology and Obstetrics (GO) residents to medical professionalism. Method: An exploratory, qualitative study was carried out through focal groups with 21 GO residents from Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. The analysis of content in the thematic modality supported the data analysis and the interpretation was supported by Symbolic Interactionism. Results: The senses and meanings attributed to professionalism by the residents were expressed in four topics: set of conducts for the benefit of the patient; doctor-patient relationship and relationship with the work team; set of professional attributes; and moral and ethical exercise of the profession. Conclusion: Professionalism is understood as a set of characteristics that include the comprehensive training of the physician, based on skills, scientific knowledge, values, technical skills, clinical reasoning, enabling the exercise of Medicine with respect, morals and ethics.

Resumo: Introdução: Profissionalismo é condição essencial para a atuação do médico. A especialidade de ginecologia e obstetrícia (GO) tem sido marcada por uma demanda crescente de processos disciplinares. Diante dessa realidade, o Colégio Americano de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (ACOG) recomendou registrar comportamentos destrutivos ou hostis que afetem a segurança do paciente e a qualidade do cuidado, remediá-los e educar o corpo clínico de instituições sobre isso. Apesar da importância do profissionalismo para a formação dos futuros profissionais, a ausência de consenso sobre a definição e os modos de mensuração desse aspecto dificulta a implementação de ações direcionadas voltadas a esse fim. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer os sentidos e significados atribuídos pelos residentes de GO ao profissionalismo médico. Método: Realizou-se estudo exploratório, qualitativo, por meio de grupos focais, com 21 residentes de GO de Fortaleza, no Ceará, no Brasil. A análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática respaldou a análise dos dados, e a interpretação amparou-se no interacionismo simbólico. Resultado: Os sentidos e significados atribuídos pelos residentes ao profissionalismo expressaram-se em quatro temáticas: conjunto de condutas em benefício do paciente; relação médico-paciente e com a equipe de trabalho; conjunto de atributos profissionais; e exercício moral e ético da profissão. Conclusão: O profissionalismo é entendido como um conjunto de características que incluem a formação integral do médico, a partir de competências, conhecimentos científicos, valores, habilidades técnicas e raciocínio clínico, possibilitando o exercício da medicina com respeito, moral e ética.

Percepción sobre el profesionalismo médico en estudiantes del último año de medicina en una universidad peruana / Perception of medical professionalism in students of the last year of their career in a Peruvian university

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir conceptos, experiencias y perspectivas que alumnos del último año de medicina en una universidad peruana tienen respecto al Profesionalismo Médico. Material y Métodos : Se aplicó una encuesta a alumnos que cursaban la rotación clínica final de su último (7º) año de estudios en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, durante el año 2015. Resultados : El porcentaje de respuestas fue 90,5%. Las tres respuestas más comunes fueron ética (51,2%), buena comunicación médico-paciente (43%) y conocimientos (41,9%). El 81,4 % de los estudiantes estuvo "de acuerdo" o "muy de acuerdo" con el hecho de que profesionalismo puede ser aprendido y enseñado. El contacto con modelos positivos del personal docente de la Facultad (4,26/5,00) fue considerado el método más útil para el aprendizaje sobre profesionalismo médico, en tanto que sólo el 25,6% consideró adecuado el número de actividades dedicadas a la enseñanza del tema. Conclusiones: Los Internos de medicina consideran a la ética, una buena relación médico-paciente, conocimiento, respeto y responsabilidad como principales atributos del profesionalismo médico. Percibieron que su concepto de profesionalismo fue más influenciado por modelos positivos que por actividades académicas formales.

SUMMARY Objective : To describe concepts, experiences, and perspectives from senior (7th Year) medical students of a Peruvian university, regarding Medical Professionalism. Material and Methods : A survey was applied to medical students that completed their Internship at the Faculty of Medicine of the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, during 2015. Results : The percentage of responses reached a 90.5%. The three most common responses were ethics (51.2%), a good doctor-patient relationship (43%), and knowledge (41.9%). Approximately eighty-one percent (81.4%) of the students "agreed" or "strongly agreed" with the fact that professionalism can be learned and taught. The contact with positive models from the faculty (4.26 / 5.00) was considered as the most useful method for learning about professionalism, while only 25.6% considered adequate the number of activities dedicated to the teaching of the topic. Conclusions: Medical interns consider ethics, good patient-physician communication, knowledge, respect and responsibility as the main attributes of medical professionalism. They perceived that their concept of professionalism was more influenced by positive faculty models than by formal academic activities.

The connotation and development of medical professionalism in the new era / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Medical professionalism plays a critical role in training doctors with noble medical ethics and excellent medical skills. Clarifying the connotation of medical professionalism is the only way which must be passed to deepen the research and cultivation of medical professionalism. At present, there is a heated discussion on the medical professionalism in the world. This study will introduce the development history and latest research progress of medical professionalism and summarize the evolution track and characteristics of medical professionalism from three aspects: development period, international authorities' explanations and research framework. Furthermore, this study will also discuss the connotation and development of medical professionalism in the new era of China, in order to provide reference for the cultivation and evaluation of medical professionalism.