Phytonematodes infesting common bean fields in Brazil, and pathogenicity tests with Pratylenchus brachyurus

Phytonematodes are among the main pathogens of the common bean. In general, control practices that aim to control these pathogens have not been regularly adopted in Brazil. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the occurrence of phytonematodes in dry bean fields in Paraná and São Paulo states and estimate the pathogenicity of Pratylenchus brachyurus to dry bean in glasshouse experiments. Root and soil were sampled for nematode extraction, identification and estimation of population density. Four glasshouse experiments with different initial population densities were carried out to evaluate the effect of P. brachyurus on the growth of dry bean plants. Six species of phytonematodes were detected, namely Helicotylenchus dihystera, P. brachyurus, Pratylenchus crenatus, Meloidogyne javanica, Meloidogyne incognita and Rotylenchulus sp. The spiral nematode H. dihystera was found in all samples and was the most abundant species in both states. The lesion nematode P. brachyurus was also frequent, reaching 94% in Paraná and 100% in São Paulo. The root-knot nematodes and Rotylenchulus sp. were reported only in São Paulo fields (45% and 18% frequency, respectively), and P. crenatus only in Paraná (12%). The most abundant nematode in the soil was H. dihystera, and in roots was P. crenatus. It was demonstrated that densities of 6.66 specimens of P. brachyurus per cm3 of soil provoke visible and measurable root decay. In conclusion, survey data showed low phytonematode densities and pathogenicity tests demonstrated that densities above 6.67 specimens of P. brachyurus per cm3 of soil cause damage to the dry bean roots.

Host status of crispy-leaf lettuce cultivars to root-knot nematodes / Reação de cultivares de alface do grupo crespa aos nematoides de galhas

Lettuce is the main leafy vegetable grown in the world, being the crispy-leaf lettuce type predominant. With consecutive cultivation in the same area, several factors may impair yield, highlighting the damage caused by root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. This study aimed at evaluating the reaction of twenty crispy-leaf lettuce cultivars to Meloidogyne incognita race 3, M. javanica and M. enterolobii. Three experiments were conducted, one for each nematode species. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, in pots with sterilized substrate. The design was completely randomized with five replications. Seedlings were inoculated with 1.000 eggs and second-stage juveniles of nematode per pot, on the day of transplantation of seedlings. The tomato 'Rutgers' was used as inoculum viability control for each specie tested. The variables evaluated were: reproduction factor (FR), total number of eggs and second-stage juveniles (NTOJ) and number of eggs and second-stage juveniles per gram of root (NOJGR), 60 days after inoculation. The results showed that the cultivars Veronica, Grand Rapids and Crespa para Verão are resistant to the three nematode species. The cultivars Thaís, SRV 2005 and Marisa are resistant to M. incognita race 3 and M. javanica. The cultivar Black Seed Simpson is resistant to M. enterolobii. The cultivars Vanda and Mônica SF 31 are resistant to M. incognita race 3. The cultivars Crespa, Rubia, Cinderela and Veneranda are resistant to M. javanica.

A alface é a principal hortaliça folhosa cultivada no mundo, sendo o tipo crespa mais comercializada. Com o cultivo consecutivo na mesma área, vários fatores podem prejudicar a produtividade, se destacando os danos causados pelos nematoides de galha, Meloidogyne spp. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar vinte cultivares de alface, do grupo crespa, quanto a reação à Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica e Meloidogyne enterolobii. Foram realizados três ensaios, um para cada espécie de nematoide. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, em vaso com substrato autoclavado. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. As plantas foram inoculadas com 1.000 ovos e eventuais juvenis de segundo estágio do nematoide, no dia do transplantio das cultivares. O tomateiro 'Rutgers' foi utilizado como padrão de viabilidade do inóculo de cada espécie de nematoide. As variáveis avaliadas foram: número total de ovos e juvenis do segundo estádio (NTOJ), fator de reprodução (FR) e número de ovos e juvenis de segundo estádio por grama de raízes (NOJGR) avaliadas 60 dias após a inoculação. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as cultivares Verônica, Grand Rapids e Crespa para Verão foram resistentes as espécies M. enterolobii, M. incognita, M. javanica. As cultivares Thaís, SRV 2005 e Marisa foram resistentes as espécies M. incognita e M. javanica. A cultivar Black Seed Simpson foi resistente à M. enterolobii. Vanda e Mônica SF 31 foram resistentes à M. incognita. As cultivares Crespa, Rubia, Cinderela e Veneranda foram resistentes à M. javanica.

Commercial Biological Control Agents Targeted Against Plant-Parasitic Root-knot Nematodes

Root-knot nematodes are microscopic round worms, which cause severe agricultural losses. Their attacks affect the productivity by reducing the amount and the caliber of the fruits. Chemical control is widely used, but biological control appears to be a better solution, mainly using microorganisms to reduce the quantity of pests infecting crops. Biological control is developing gradually, and with time, more products are being marketed worldwide. They can be formulated with bacteria, viruses or with filamentous fungi, which can destroy and feed on phytoparasitic nematodes. To be used by the farmers, biopesticides must be legalized by the states, which has led to the establishment of a legal framework for their use, devised by various governmental organizations.

Reação de genótipos de batata-doce a nematóides de galhas em condições de temperatura elevada / Reaction of genotypes of the sweet potato to nematode galls in high temperature conditions

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a reação de genótipos de batata-doce oriundos de sementes botânicas quanto a nematóides de galhas (M. incognita raça 2 e M. javanica) em condições de temperatura elevada. Para cada espécie de nematóides, foi instalado um experimento utilizando o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Foram avaliados 25 genótipos dos quais 20 são famílias de meios-irmãos (oriundo de um campo de policruzamento); cinco cultivares (Amanda, Ana Clara, Bárbara, Duda e Marcela) e a cultivar de tomate Santa Clara, suscetível aos nematóides. A classificação da resistência foi feita pelo Índice de Reprodução (IR%), no período mais quente do ano (janeiro/fevereiro), sobre condições temperatura média do solo de 26 ºC na região Sul do Estado do Tocantins. Avaliou-se também o número médio de galhas por sistema radicular, tamanho médio das galhas e posicionamento das galhas. Em condição de temperatura elevada, a espécie M. javanica foi mais agressiva do que M. incognita raça 2, originando galhas em maior número e de maior tamanho, principalmente nas raízes secundárias. Os genótipos BDFMI-16, BDFMI-78, Bárbara e Marcela são resistentes a M. incognita raça 2. Para o isolado M. javanica, o genótipo BDFMI-04 e BDFMI-16 e as cultivares Amanda e Duda são classificados como muito resistentes. O genótipo BDFMI-16 resistente a M. incognita raça 2 e M. javanica é promissor para uso no Estado do Tocantins ou então compor programas de melhoramento cujo objetivo é desenvolver genótipos resistentes às duas espécies de nematóides.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of sweet potato genotypes derived from botanical seed gall nematode (M. incognita race 2 and M. javanica) in high temperature conditions. For each species of nematodes, an experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with three replications. Were evaluated 25 genotypes of which 20 are half-sib families (coming from a field polycross); five cultivars (Amanda, Ana Clara, Barbara Duda and Marcela) and tomato cultivar Santa Clara, susceptible to nematodes. The classification was made by the resistance Rendering Index (IR%), the hottest period of the year (January/February) on average soil temperature conditions of 26 ° C in the southern region of the State of Tocantins. Also evaluated the mean number of galls per root system galled average size and positioning of the gall. Under high temperature condition, the species M. javanica was more aggressive than M. incognita race 2, causing galls in greater numbers and larger, especially in the secondary roots. Genotypes BDFMI-16, BDFMI-78, and cultivars Barbara and Marcela are resistant M. incognita race 2. To isolate M. javanica, the genotype BDFMI-04 and BDFMI-16 and cultivars Amanda and Duda are classified as very resistant. Genotype BDFMI 16 resistant M. incognita race 2 and M. javanica is promising for use in the State of Tocantins and then compose breeding programs aimed at developing genotypes resistant to both nematode species.

Reação de acessos de feijoeiro a nematóides de galhas / Reation of resistance in common bean to root-knot nematodes

Neste trabalho, 54 acessos de feijoeiro foram caracterizados incluindo as fontes de resistência (Nemasnap e Manoa Wonder) e seis linhagens de tomateiro e uma de soja, como testemunhas. Foram utilizadas seis repetições, sendo inoculadas com 3.000 ovos das seguintes espécies e raças: Meloidogyne incognita raças 1, 2, 3 e 4, M. javanica e M. paranaensis. Confirmou-se a resistência das fontes Nemasnap e Manoa Wonder às espécies e raças do gênero Meloidogyne estudadas (M. incognita raça 1, 2, 3, 4, M. javanica e M. paranaensis) pelo fator de reprodução. Somente IPA 5 foi resistente às cinco populações de nematóides estudadas, exceto M. incognita raça 4. No entanto as cultivares Diamante negro, Varressai, Goitacazes, Carioca-MG, Bambuí, Rudá, Pérola, Macotaco, FT 120, IAPAR31, IAPAR 64 e IAPAR 72, mostraram-se resistentes a essa raça tanto pelo fator de reprodução como pelas notas. Jalo precoce, Ouro branco, IPA 10, Bambuí, Rudá, Jalo Eep 558, IAPAR 57, IAPAR 65 e IAPAR 72 foram resistentes à Meloidogyne paranaensis.

In this study, fifty four acess of common bean were characterized including the sources of resistance (Nemasnap and Manoa Wonder) and 06 lines of tomato and soybean, as control. We used six replicates, and inoculated with 3000 eggs and breed the following species: Meloidogyne incognita race 1, 2, 3 and 4, M. javanica and M. paranaensis. Showed the strength of sources and Manoa Wonder, Nemasnap species and races of the genus Meloidogyne studied (M. incognita race 1, 2, 3, 4, M. javanica and M. paranaensis) by the reproduction factor. The cultivars Diamante Negro, Varressai, Goitacazes, Carioca-MG, Bambuí, Rudá, Pérola, Macotaco, FT 120, IAPAR31, IAPAR 64 and IAPAR 72 were resistant to M. incognita races by factor of reproduction. Jalo precoce, Ouro Branco, IPA 10, Bambuí, Rudá, Jalo Eep 558, IAPAR 57, IAPAR 65 and IAPAR 72 were resistant to Meloidogyne paranensis. IAPAR 57, IAPAR 72 and Bambuí were resistance to all species studied in this work