Experience of Medicinal Insects for Gynaecological Diseases / 中医杂志

It is believed that all kinds of gynaecological diseases are mostly related to deficiency and stagnation of qi and blood. Medicinal insects are good at running and scurrying， with the effectiveness of activating blood circulation and dispelling blood stasis， moving qi and relieving pain， searching and dredging collaterals， attacking hardness and dissipating mass， and purging foetus and resolving mass， etc. Appropriate prescriptions can enhance the effectiveness of the formula in eliminating blood stasis and eliminating stagnation. In the treatment of menstrual disorders， chronic pelvic inflammatory disease， uterine cavity disease， incomplete miscarriage， ectopic pregnancy， and other gynaecological diseases， medicinal insects including Quanxie （Scorpio）， Wugong （Scolopendra）， Tubiechong （Eupolyphaga/Steleophaga）， Jiuxiangchong （Coridius chinenses）， Shuizhi （Hirudo）， Mangchong （Tabanus）， Dilong （Pheretima） and other insects for medicinal purposes could be used， and the self-prescribed empirical formulas such as Sanhuang Decoction （三黄汤）， Hongteng Decoction （红藤汤）， Penning Decoction （盆宁方）， Shapei Decoction （杀胚方）， and Gongwaiyun Decoction （宫外孕方） and so on， were all applied medicinal insects and showed effective in clinic.

Characteristics of Menstruation-regulating Chinese Patent Medicines in 2020 Edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze the functions， formulae， dosage forms， and methods of administration of the menstruation-regulating Chinese patent medicines included in the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia， so as to provide reference for rational clinical use. MethodThe relevant Chinese patent medicines were recorded one by one， and the efficacy， dosage forms， methods of administration， and contraindications were counted， classified， and summarized. Further， we analyzed the Chinese medicines used in these Chinese patent medicines， identified the high-frequency Chinese medicines for menstrual regulation， and analyzed their natures， tastes， meridian tropism， and functions， aiming to guide the clinical use. ResultA total of 142 Chinese patient medicines for menstrual disorders were included in this study. They were classified into 12 categories according to their efficacy， mainly for regulating menstruation and blood， tonifying， activating blood， and eliminating mass. The representative Chinese patent medicines were Bazhen Yimu pills， Shaofu Zhuyu pills， Lyujiao Buxue granules， and Guizhi Fuling pills， which are in line with the principles of moving Qi and blood and regulating liver and spleen. Menstruation-regulating Chinese patents medicines are mostly in pills and capsules and are mainly taken with yellow wine or ginger decoction. Pregnancy was the contraindication with the highest frequency， followed by menstruation and dietary precautions. The high-frequency Chinese medicines mainly had the functions of tonifying， activating blood， resolving stasis， and clearing heat， with the top three being Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Paeoniae Radix Alba， and Chuanxiong Rhizoma. These medicines mainly had warm nature， sweet， bitter， and pungent tastes， and tropism to liver and spleen meridians. ConclusionThe treatment of menstrual disorders should focus on nourishing and activating blood， regulating Qi， tonifying kidney， supporting spleen， nourishing liver， and harmonizing stomach. The appropriate dosage form should be selected according to the patient's specific conditions. The medicinal guide and the method of administration should be selected on the basis of syndrome differentiation with attention to the contraindications. In summary， the Chinese patient medicines for menstrual regulation should be chosen based on the patient’s syndrome under guidance of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine.

Além da tríade da mulher atleta: o novo conceito de deficiência relativa de energia no esporte / Beyond the female athlete triad: the new concept of relative energy deficiency in sport

"Tríade da mulher atleta" e "deficiência relativa de energia no esporte" são afecções comuns encontradas em esportistas. Tendo como fisiopatologia a disponibilidade energética negativa, essas síndromes têm impacto negativo na saúde das atletas. Apesar de serem frequentemente discutidas entre especialistas vinculados ao mundo desportivo, ainda são pouco conhecidas entre outras especialidades. Essa revisão da literatura foi proposta com o intuito de expor o problema ao ginecologista e obstetra, considerando esses profissionais importantes aliados na prevenção e diagnóstico precoce. Da mesma maneira, a intervenção terapêutica correta minimiza os diversos prejuízos à saúde e melhora o desempenho esportivo.(AU)

"Female athlete triad" and "relative energy deficiency in sport" are conditions relatively common among women participating in sports. Its pathophysiology based on negative energy availability, these syndromes have a negative impact on the athlete's health. Although they are frequently discussed among specialists linked to the sports all over the world, a little has been known among other physicians. This literature review was proposed in order to expose the problem to the gynecologist and obstetrician, considering these professionals as important allies in prevention and early diagnosis. In the same way, the correct therapeutic intervention allows to minimizes the numerous damages to athlete's health and to improve their sports performance.(AU)

Dismenorreia membranosa (membranácea): um relato de caso / Membranous dysmenorrhea: a case report

A dismenorreia é a queixa ginecológica mais comum em mulheres jovens adultas, com um índice que varia entre 43% e 93% das mulheres que menstruam. A dismenorreia membranosa (DM), uma subclassificação da dismenorreia, é definida como a descida espontânea de tecido endometrial pela vagina, cursando com dor em có- lica intensa e súbita. O relato de caso descrito evidencia três episódios típicos de DM, com recorrência em três vezes distintas, após uso do mesmo anticoncepcional oral combinado de baixa dosagem. Esta publicação é importante para a comunidade científica devido à escassez de informações e artigos científicos publicados sobre o assunto, propondo a elucidação de alguns aspectos sobre o tema.(AU)

Dysmenorrhea is the most common gynecological complaint in young adult women, with an index that varies between 43% and 93% of women who menstruate. Membranous dysmenorrhea (MD) is a subclassification of dysmenorrhea and is defined as the spontaneous descent of endometrial tissue through the vagina, leading to severe and sudden colic pain. The case report described shows three typical episodes of MD, with recurrence three times after the use of the same low-dose combined oral contraceptive. This publication is important for the scientific community due to the scarcity of information and scientific articles published about this subject, proposing to elucidate some aspects about this theme.(AU

Problems associated with menstruation among medical students: a cross sectional study

Background: Medical students are at high risk for developing menstrual irregularities due to their lifestyle, food pattern and exercise habits. Also, majority of the menstrual disorders are preventable by changing better lifestyle, early diagnosis and treatment. Hence this study was conducted with the objective of addressing the menstrual disorders and associated problems among the medical students.Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted by the department of obstetrics and gynaecology, at Sri Muthukumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, among the first, second- and third-year female students who are doing their MBBS course in the same institute, during the month of December 2019. A total of hundred students were included in the study. Data was collected using a proforma and analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.Results: Menstrual cycle periodicity was irregular among 17% of participants. Dysmenorrhoea, mid cycle pain, heavy menstrual bleeding was noted among 27%, 19% and 11% respectively. Also 10% of students reported sickness absenteeism due to menstrual disorders.Conclusions: Adolescent students should be educated on the importance of physical and mental health in terms of healthy food habits and regular physical exercise to overcome the menstrual disorders and to enjoy healthy reproductive period.

Research progress on bolting and flowering of Angelica sinensis and regulation pathways / 中草药

The dried roots of Angelica sinensis has been widely applied in clinical care due to its efficiencies in nourishing and activating blood, regulating female menstrual disorders and relieving pains, relaxing bowels, etc. The cultivated two-year-old plants normally harvested roots for medicinal uses emerge over 30% early bolting rate, which leads to the lignified roots that are useless in medicinal agents. The early bolting and flowering that are leading to serious yield reduction has been one of the most serious problems in the production of A. sinensis for many years. Here, based on previously published research articles, monographs, patents as well as practice experiences, the research progresses on the internal and external factors affecting bolting and flowering of A. sinensis, the pathways regulating bolting and flowering, the mechanism revealing bolting and flowering by biotechnological interventions were summarized, with the aim of providing effective pathways jointly internal and external factors for regulating bolting and flowering, as well as references for further revealing the mechanism of the bolting and flowering of A. sinensis.

Impact of dietary and lifestyle choices on menstrual patterns in medical students

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate average age of menarche, the pattern and types of menstrual disorders and their relation with BMI, dietary habits, physical exercise and stress.Methods: A cross sectional prospective study was conducted on female medical students during the academic year 2018-2019 at Mallareddy medical college for women, Suraram, Hyderabad, India. The various life style factors including BMI, junk food consumption and physical exercise were factored. Prevalence of each different menstrual abnormality were identified and analyzed by Chi-squire test and p value <0.005 was considered as statistically significant.Results: Study included 255 medical students who had attained menarche without known medical problems. Mean age of menarche was 12.81years. The most frequent menstrual disorders were premenstrual syndrome 192 (75 %), dysmenorrhoea 146 (57 %), and irregular cycle 97(38%). Statistically significant association of Body mass index (BMI) related to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and dysmenorrhoea was reported (both p<0.05). Similarly, statistically significant association of lack of physical activity had greater risk of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhoea (both p<0.0001). Unhealthy dietary patterns had statistically significant higher risk for dysmenorrhoea (p<0.0001).Conclusions: In conclusion premenstrual symptoms, dysmenorrhoea and menstrual irregularities were more prevalent. Majority of symptoms were stress, pain abdomen, irritability, mood swings. Comprehensive education programs on lifestyle modifications like regular physical activities, promoting healthy eating habits should be emphasised to prevent menstrual abnormalities of young students as early as at school level.

Menstrual Disorders in Case of Thyroid Dysfunction: A Hospital Based Study

Introduction: The aim of the study was to study theprevalence of thyroid dysfunction and it correlation withmenstrual disorders.Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in theDepartment of Obstetrics and gynaecology, GovernmentMedical College Churu. A total of 200 women between 15 and45 years who attended gynaec OPD. Were included for thiscross sectional study.Results: The study group comprised 100 women withmenstrual complaints. The control group included 100 womenwithout menstrual problems. Thyroid function tests andendometrial sampling were done in all patients. On endometrialsampling hypothyroid patients mainly had proliferativeendometrium (48%) whereas hyperthyroid women had atrophicendometrium (33.3%).Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction is an important causativefactor for menstrual dysfunction. Assessment of thyroidfunction should be done in all patients with menstrualabnormalities to avoid unnecessary interventions like curettageand hysterectomy.

Investigation and analysis of menstrual disorders in 845 air crew / 中国实用妇科与产科杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the influencing factors of menstrual disorder in flight attendants,and to do a good job in prevention and education.METHODS: Totally 845 qualified flight attendants of an airline company in 2018 were selected and questionnaires were conducted to list the possible influencing factors of menstrual disorder: mental factors,poor sleep,excessive fatigue,polar airlines,irregular diet,and menstrual flight.RESULTS: Among 845 respondents,312 crew members had menstrual disorders in the past year,accounting for 36.92%.Among them,dysfunctional uterine bleeding occurred most,accounting for 51.28%,followed by dysmenorrhea,premenstrual syndrome and amenorrhea.Univariate analysis showed that the incidence of sleep disorder,mental factors,excessive fatigue,irregular diet,menstrual flight and polar flight in the menstrual disorder group was significantly higher than that in the normal menstrual group(P<0.05).Logistic stepwise regression analysis showed that poor sleep,excessive fatigue,mental factors,irregular diet,menstrual flight(OR = 20.747,11.982,5.590,4.284,3.120,P<0.01),and polar airlines were removed from the equation(OR=0.741,P=0.389).CONCLUSION: The special working nature of flight attendants is more likely to lead to menstrual disorders.Sleep quality and excessive fatigue are the main factors of menstrual disorders.

Thyroid dysfunction in patients with menstrual disorders A study in Eastern Odisha

Thyroid disorders are the common worldwide problem. this study was done to evaluate the thyroid function in patients presenting with varying menstrual disorder in reproductive age group from 15 to 45 year of age.Method: This study was carried out in obstetrics and gynaecology department of Pradyumna Bal Memorial Hospital, KIMS Bhubaneswar Orissa on 200 women who were clinically given the provisional diagnosis of menstrual disorder .Thyroid function test were done in all patients.Results:Among200women104(52%)womenwereeuthyroid,80womenwerehypothyroidoutofwhich44weresubclinical hypothyroidism(22%),overt hypothyroidism 36(18%). Hyperthyroidism was seen in 16 (8%) patients out of which subclinical in 4(2%) patients, overt in 12(6%) patients.Conclusion : This study finds Thyroid dysfunction especially subclinical hypothyroidism to be common among women with menstrual disorder.

Regular physical exercise, sedentarism and characteristics of dismenorrhea and premenstrual syndrome / Exercício físico regular, sedentarismo e características da dismenorréia e síndrome pré-menstrual

Abstract Introduction: Among the menstrual disorders of the female reproductive period, Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and Dysmenorrhea are the most prevalent. The intensity of the signs and symptoms in each of these conditions may compromise the physical, psychological and social well-being of the woman at the stage of the menstrual cycle. Objective: To compare the signs and symptoms of menstrual disorders in women who practice regular exercise or not. Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out on women who practice exercises regularly and sedentary women. The IPAQ questionnaires and the evaluation of signs and symptoms of dysmenorrhea and PMS were applied to non-sedentary and sedentary students from the Federal University of Sergipe, Campus Lagarto. Results: Both groups had similar data for mean age and the mean Body Mass Index (BMI), therefore, passive of comparison. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was significantly higher among sedentary women, 82% in the sedentary group and 46% in the non-sedentary group (p < 0.001), as well as some negative impacts on the psychological, social and physical state of both PMS and dysmenorrhea. Conclusion: The prevalence of signs and symptoms of dysmenorrhea was significantly higher in the Sedentary Group. Analyzing the behavior of PMS in relation to the practice of physical exercises, it was observed that the signs and symptoms of depressed mood, fatigue, difficulty to concentrate, lack of interest in social and home activities were more significant in the Sedentary Group.

Resumo Introdução: Entre os distúrbios menstruais do período reprodutivo feminino, a Síndrome Pré-Menstrual (SPM) e a Dismenorréia, são as mais prevalentes. A intensidade dos sinais e sintomas de cada uma destas afecções, podem comprometer o bem estar físico, psicológico e social da mulher na fase do ciclo menstrual. Objetivo: Comparar os sinais e sintomas de distúrbios menstruais em mulheres praticantes ou não de exercício físico regular. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em mulheres praticantes de exercício físico regular e sedentárias. Os questionários IPAQ e de avaliação dos sinais e sintomas de Dismenorréia e SPM, foram aplicados em alunas de academia e da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Campus Lagarto. Resultados: As integrantes dos grupos praticantes e sedentários foram semelhantes em relação à média de idade e a média de Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC), sendo portanto, passivas de comparação. A prevalência de dismenorreia foi significativamente maior entre as sedentárias, sendo 82% no grupo sedentárias e 46% no grupo praticantes (p < 0,001) bem como alguns impactos negativos sobre o estado psicológico, social e físico, tanto das entrevistadas com SPM quanto com dismenorreia. Conclusão: A prevalência de sinais e sintomas de dismenorreia foi significativamente maior no Grupo de Sedentárias. Quando analisado o comportamento da SPM em relação à prática de exercícios físicos, foi constatado que os sinais e sintomas de: o humor depressivo, fadiga, dificuldade de concentração, falta de interesse em atividades sociais e de casa, foram significativamente mais expressivos no Grupo Sedentário.

Effects of Yoga in Menstrual Disorders.

Background: Every woman at some stage or other experience menstrual disturbances, and these can and often affect their routine. Being a woman I experienced them and found relief when I took up yoga. This prompted me to carry out this study. Material and Methods: 50 women were included in the study and provided regular yoga classes for 6 months. A questionnaire was filled before starting and after completion, to assess the effects of Yoga. Result: 38 women who continued with regular Yoga exercises, reported positive effects and significant symptomatic relief. 12 women who were irregular. or discontinued with yoga exercises did not show significant relief of their systems. Conclusion: A Yoga programme containing Asan, Pranayam, Relaxation and Concentration techniques, is formulated for treatment and prevention of Gynaec issues.

Effect of acupuncture treatment on menstrual disorders / 全日本鍼灸学会雑誌

[Objective]Menstrual disorders are generic symptoms that appear during a menstrual cycle. In this study we examined three years of medical records retrospectively in order to investigate the effects of acupuncture treatment on menstrual disorders. We compared a group of women with diseases 'D'with to no diseases 'N'with respect to the effects of short-term acupuncture treatment.<BR>[Methodology]Subjects for this research were 203women with menstrual disorders who came to our office during the period January 2009 -March 2012. The only treatment they were given was traditional Chinese medicine. We used BL 32, BL 35, GV 2, GV 4, and SP 6 as acupuncture points. We inserted stainless steel acupuncture needles (40 mm long, 1.8 mm in diameter) to a depth of 20 mm at BL 32 and 10 mm at SP 6. Other points were treated three times with kyubu-moxibution (burnt 90%). Treatment was provided once every 1-2 weeks. A Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) was used to judge treatment effectiveness. We classified the 203women into two groups;one was 'D'group (n = 46) and the other was 'N'group (n = 157). Concerning the eight items from the MDQ we compared each woman's condition before the first treatment after one menstrual cycle. This time we paid attention to premenstrual and menstrual periods. 'D'group was observed through three menstrual cycles.<BR>[Results]The average number of treatments during one menstrual cycle was 2.2. Both groups had reduced scores for 6 prementstrual symptoms (p < 0.05). During menstrual period, 'D'had reduced scores for 3items, 'N'had reduced scores for 5 items;(p < 0.05). 'D'confirmed continuous effects of treatment. The effects on premenstrual symptoms were confirmed, "Pain"during all three menstrual cycles, "Water retention"during the second and third menstrual cycles, and "Concentration"during the third menstrual cycle. The effects during the menstrual period were also confirmed, "Pain"for all three menstrual cycles, and "Water retention"and "Behavioral change"during the third menstrual period (p < 0.05).<BR>[Discussion]Concerning the effects of acupuncture treatment for menstrual disorders, 'D'had higher MDQ scores than 'N'. After one menstrual cycle, 'D'showed less improvement of MDQ items than 'N'. But continuous acupuncture treatments reduced menstrual disorder symptoms for 'D'.<BR>[Conclusion]We have confirmed the effects of acupuncture treatment on menstrual cycle symptoms. In one menstrual cycle, 'N'showed more improvement than 'D'. But during three menstrual cycles 'N'experienced continuous effects of treatment.

Experiencia de 15 años en ginecología pediátrica y de la adolescente en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel / Pediatric and adolescent gynecology in a tertiary level pediatric hospital: 15-years of experience

Introducción. La atención de los aspectos ginecológicos de las niñas y adolescentes se encuentra en fase de desarrollo en todo el mundo. Desde 1994, en el Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, se empieza a brindar atención ginecológica a la población pediátrica por un equipo multidisciplinario que conforma la Clínica de Ginecología Pediátrica. Se describen los motivos de consulta ginecológica de pacientes atendidas entre 1996-2011. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión de los registros de la consulta de la Clínica de Ginecología Pediátrica para identificar la edad de las pacientes al momento de la atención y los diagnósticos registrados en el periodo de estudio. Resultados. En el periodo de 15 años se otorgaron 3,200 consultas, es decir, en promedio de 226 por año. El 90% fueron para pacientes con enfermedad crónica; el resto fueron pacientes derivadas de segundo nivel de atención sin enfermedad de base. El motivo principal de consulta fue por alteraciones menstruales (58%), seguido por patologías vulvo-vaginales (16.1%), malformaciones uterinas y tumores de ovario y de útero. Conclusiones. La clínica de Ginecología ha permitido mejorar la calidad de atención de las niñas y adolescentes, en particular las que tienen una enfermedad de fondo. Es importante la detección de pacientes con problemas ginecológicos desde el primer nivel de atención.

Background. Pediatric and adolescent gynecology is undergoing a developmental phase worldwide. Since 1994, the Hospital of Pediatrics of the Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI (National Medical Center XXI Century) has been providing gynecological care for the pediatric population by a multidisciplinary team at the Pediatric Clinic of Gynecology. The objective of this study is to describe the reasons for gynecological consultation between 1996 and 2011. Methods. We reviewed the consultation records of the Pediatric Clinic of Gynecology to identify patients' ages at the time of care and diagnoses recorded during the study period. Results. During the 15-year period, 3,200 consultations were given, averaging 226 consultations per year: 90% of these consultations were for patients with chronic disease and 10% for patients referred from secondary medical care institutions but without underlying disease. The primary complaint was menstrual disorders (58%) followed by vulvovaginal pathology (16.1%), uterine malformations and tumors of the ovary and uterus. Conclusions. The Pediatric Clinic of Gynecology has improved the quality of care for young girls and adolescents, particularly those with an underlying disease. It is important to detect patients with gynecologic problems from a primary care setting.

Alteraciones menstruales en adolescentes / Menstrual disorders in adolescents

Las alteraciones menstruales constituyen una causa de consulta ginecológica frecuente en adolescentes. Por esta razón, recientemente se ha propuesto que los ciclos menstruales sean considerados como un signo vital. Con el propósito de mejorar la calidad de atención de las adolescentes, en este artículo se describen los principales trastornos menstruales y la forma de abordarlos desde la perspectiva de los médicos de primer contacto. El sangrado uterino disfuncional, la dismenorrea, así como la amenorrea u oligomenorrea son las principales alteraciones en las adolescentes. La anamnesis y la exploración física constituyen la base para la evaluación de estas adolescentes; sin embargo, en ciertas pacientes, los estudios de laboratorio y radiológicos ayudan a complementar el diagnóstico. El sangrado uterino disfuncional es la causa más frecuente de los trastornos menstruales en la adolescencia; en general, esta condición se sospecha cuando la duración de la menstruación es mayor a 7 días y presenta una periodicidad menor a 21 días. Debido a que, primordialmente, se presenta por la inmadurez del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis, es habitual que ocurra en los primeros ciclos menstruales. El tratamiento médico está enfocado a disminuir la morbilidad y será suficiente en la mayoría de los casos. Por otra parte, la amenorrea es la condición donde hay ausencia de menstruación. Su tratamiento dependerá de la etiología, por lo que es necesario conocer si la amenorrea es primaria o secundaria. El síndrome de Turner es la causa más frecuente de amenorrea primaria en adolescentes sin desarrollo de caracteres sexuales secundarios. En la amenorrea secundaria, los estudios hormonales ayudan a orientar para descartar problemas de tiroides, hipófisis, trastornos de la alimentación o enfermedades crónicas que la ocasionen. Otro trastorno es la dismenorrea, que se clasifica en primaria y secundaria (o adquirida); la primaria ocurre en más de 80% de los casos y, a diferencia de la secundaria, no está asociada a alguna alteración, como la endometriosis. El tratamiento de elección para la dismenorrea primaria es el uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos mientras que para la secundaria éste dependerá de la etiología.

Menstrual disorders are one of the most common concerns in adolescent gynecology. Therefore, it has recently been proposed that the menstrual cycle should be considered as a vital sign. The main menstrual disorders are disfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB), dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea. Clinical history and physical examination are the basis for the evaluation of these adolescents. In some patients, radiological and laboratory studies will complement the diagnosis. DUB is considered when the menstrual cycle lasts longer than 7 days and occurs more frequently than each 21 days. In adolescence, the immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is the main cause. Normally, AUB is seen more often during the first menstrual cycles. Treatment aims to decrease morbidity and medical treatment is sufficient in most cases. Amenorrhea is defined as an absence of menstruation. Treatment depends on the etiology; therefore, it is initially necessary to determine whether it is primary or secondary amenorrhea. In adolescents without pubertal development, Turner's syndrome is the most common cause of primary amenorrhea. Hormonal studies will help determine the cause of secondary amenorrhea such as thyroid or pituitary disease or if it is related to eating disorders or a chronic disease. Dysmenorrhea is classified according to primary and secondary dysmenorrhea (or acquired). Primary dysmenorrhea occurs in >80% of all cases and, unlike secondary dysmenorrhea, is not associated with any abnormality such as endometriosis. The use of anti-inflammatory drugs is the treatment of choice for primary dysmenorrhea, whereas for secondary dysmenorrhea, treatment depends on the etiology.

Menstrual pattern of adolescent school girls of Bhavnagar (Gujarat).

Menstruation is a normal physiological phenomenon for females indicating her capability for procreation. However this normal often associated with some degree of sufferings and embarrassment. The prevalence of menstrual disorders has been recorded as high as 87 % though there is a relative openness in the society as well as commercialization has increased, the menstrual hygienic practices have not changed much. Mostly it is because of a sense of hesitation and to an extent, because of financial restraints. Present study was carried in this line to find out problems. Aims and Objectives: To find out the age of menarche of girls and to know menstrual pattern and menstrual hygiene practice & to find out the prevalence and types of menstrual disorders. Materials and Methods: Present cross sectional study was carried out at Govt. High school of Bhavnagar city. Total 745 Adolescent school girls were interviewed by trained female interns Information was obtained in a self administered proforma in a local language related to age of menarche, total days of bleeding, regularity of cycle, menstrual hygiene and menstrual problems after verbal consent. Results: The mean age of menarche was found to be about 14 (13.99, S.D. 1.8). Most of the girls (88.1%) had the prior information about menstruation before the occurrence of the event. The most common menstrual pattern was 30/3-5 days. The most common menstrual disorder was dysmenorrhea (50.6%), followed by irregular menstruation (22.9%). Most of the girls (87.3 %) used old plain cloth as menstrual absorbent. Conclusion: Adolescent girls should be made educated about normal physiology of menstruation and menstrual hygiene at schools.

Trastornos del ciclo menstrual en la adolescencia / Menstrual cycle disorders in adolescence

La prevalencia de trastornos menstruales en los primeros años posmenarca es alta; suele ser un motivo de preocupación para los padres y una causa frecuente de consulta pediátrica. En la mayoría de los casos se debe a la inmadurez del eje hipotálamo-hipófiso-ovárico (HHO), la primera manifestación de una alteración general, orgánica o emocional, ya que el ciclo menstrual es un indicador sensible de salud. En este artículo se revisa la fisiología del ciclo menstrual, sus alteraciones, etiología, valoración, diagnóstico y tratamiento.

The high prevalence of menstrual disorders during the first years after menarche is well recognized. This is usually a cause of concern for parents and patients, and a common reason forvisiting the pediatrician. The immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitaryovarianaxis is the major cause of these disorders, but there are also some general organic or emotional conditions that may alter the menstrual cycle, which is a sensitive indicator of health. Physiology of the menstrual cycle, its alterations, etiology, assessment, diagnosis and treatment are reviewed in this article.

Adolescent menstrual disorders / 소아과

The age of puberty represents a very critical time in the life history of every young woman. The menarche stands as primary indicator of the onset of sexual maturation in females. By late adolescence, 75% of girls experience some problem associated with menstruation. Delayed, irregular, painful, and heavy menstrual bleeding are leading reasons for physician office visits by adolescents, and dysmenorrhea is the leading reason for school absenteeism among girls. This article discusses normal menstrual function during adolescence, then reviews the clinical presentation, evaluation, and management of adolescent dysmenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, amenorrhea, and polycystic ovary syndrome.

Adolescent menstrual disorders: Comparison Between 1988 and 1998 / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To compare the age of menarche, changing patterns of the menstrual characteristics in adolescent girls between 1988 and 1998. METHODS: A survey was undertaken for 1,500 highschool girls and compare with those of pervious study for 5,000 middle and highschool girls performed by same author in 1998 by means of questionnaire. RESULTS: During a decade, the mean menarcheal age decreased from 13.5+/-1.0 to 12.7+/-1.0 years(p=0.001). Gynecologic age, Body mass index were associated with age of menarche in both 1988 and 1998. The interval of menstruation was 30.6 3.5dyas in 1998 and shortened compared with 32.1+/-6.3 days in 1988(p=0.001). The duration of menstruation was lengthened in 1998 than in 1988(6.1+/-1.1 days vs 5.8+/-2.2 days, p=0.001). The incidence of irregular cycle(28.2% vs 58.2%, p=0.001), dysmenorrhea(73.9% vs 77.8%, p=0.001), and secondary amenorrhea(16.2% vs 27.2%, p= 0.001) decreased in 1998 compared with those of 1988. The incidence of agonies about menstruation was also decreased in 1998 than in 1988(26.2% vs 69.1%, p=0.001). The most common agony about menstruation in 1988 was irregular cycle(28.4%), but dysmenorrhea( 64.3%) in 1998. CONCLUSIONS: From the above results, the mean age of menarche was advanced since last decade but most of the adolescent girls still have suffered from dysmenorrhea.