Progress on correlation between intestinal flora and mental diseases / 中国药理学通报

The impact of intestinal flora on human and animal health and diseases has attracted much attention both at home and abroad in recent years. The intestinal flora constitutes the intestinal microecosystem and plays an important role in physiological activities such as nutrition, metabolism, growth and development, barrier protection, and immunity. In this article, the relationship between intestinal dysbiosis and psychiatric diseases has been reviewed from two aspects:metagenomic characterization of intestinal microflora diversity in neurological diseases and validation of the relationship between intestinal flora and psychiatric diseases by fecal bacteria transplantation in germ-free mice. In addition, the microbial-gut-brain axis theory has been proposed in recent years, which links the nerve-endocrine-immune system to form a two-way signaling pathway. Intestinal flora plays an important role in regulating the central nervous system by promoting neurotransmitter release, endocrine, and immunity. The system plays an important role. Changes in intestinal flora mainly affect the host's nervous system through vagus nerve pathways, endocrine pathways, immune pathways, etc, thereby triggering or aggravating depression, autism, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, etc. This article reviews the relationships between host-related neurological abnormalities, intestinal flora imbalance and mental diseases, and discusses the research methods, research progress, and mechanism of the correlation between intestinal flora imbalance and mental diseases to research progress on microbe-gut-brain axis.

Research progress on excitotoxicity of glutamate and its modulators / 中国药理学通报

Excitotoxicity mainly refers to the toxic effect of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.Long-term activation of glutamate receptors will cause a series of neurotoxicity, eventually leading to the loss of neuronal function and cell death.Triggering excitotoxicity may involve changes in glutamate and calcium metabolism, dysfunction of glutamate transporter, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor(NMDAR)and mitochondria, and production of ROS.Therefore, we here review the occurrence of these mechanisms and introduce the pathological mechanism of glutamate excitotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease(AD), Parkinson's disease(PD), depression and epilepsy.Finally, this review briefly describes the regulatory effects of broad-spectrum glutamic satellite modulators, marine compounds and Chinese herbal medicines on the glutamatergic system.

"It pulls you down, but you need it to access the benefits": the double-edged sword of mental illness diagnosis

Mental ill-health is rife in all corners of the world. Mental illness diagnosis simultaneously names the problem and labels a person. Taking a social representations perspective, this phenomenological study explores how 12 people living with a mental disorder in Barcelona, Spain, experienced their diagnosis. They experienced having to process what this "diagnosis for life" meant for their sense of self. Immediate encounters of stereotyping and changes in their social relations, reinforced their experience of being "stigmatized for life" and seen as "mentally ill all the time". Participants did however also note that the diagnosis helped them make sense of the past and the future, including enabling access to specific benefits, which supported their recovery and helped them make ends meet - highlighting the ambivalence of mental illness diagnosis. This study highlights the need to consider the social context and patients' narrated experiences of diagnosis centre stage.

Los problemas de salud mental son comunes en todos los rincones del mundo. El diagnóstico de enfermedad mental simultáneamente nombra el problema y etiqueta a una persona. Desde la perspectiva de las representaciones sociales, este estudio fenomenológico explora cómo 12 personas que viven con un trastorno mental en Barcelona, España, experimentaron su diagnóstico. Ellos tuvieron que lidiar con lo que significaba el "diagnóstico para toda la vida" en el sentido de identidad. Los encuentros mediados por estereotipos y cambios en las relaciones sociales reforzaron la experiencia de ser "estigmatizados de por vida" y vistos como "enfermos mentales todo el tiempo". Sin embargo, los participantes también perciben que el diagnóstico les ayudó a comprender el pasado y futuro, incluyendo el acceso a beneficios específicos que contribuyó a su recuperación y a sobrevivir económicamente, destacando la ambivalencia del diagnóstico de enfermedad mental. Este estudio destaca la necesidad de considerar el contexto social y las experiencias de los pacientes.

Os problemas de saúde mental são comuns em todos os cantos do mundo. O diagnóstico de doença mental simultaneamente nomeia o problema e rotula uma pessoa. Na perspectiva das representações sociais, este estudo fenomenológico explora como 12 pessoas que vivem com um transtorno mental em Barcelona, Espanha, experienciaram seu diagnóstico. Eles tiveram que lidar com o que o "diagnóstico para a vida" significava no senso de identidade. Os encontros mediados por estereótipos e mudanças nas relações sociais reforçaram a experiência de serem "estigmatizados para a vida" e vistos como "doentes mentais o tempo todo". Contudo, os participantes também percebem que o diagnóstico os ajudou a entender o passado e o futuro, incluindo o acesso a benefícios específicos que contribuiu na sua recuperação e para sobreviver economicamente - destacando a ambivalência do diagnóstico de doença mental. Este estudo destaca a necessidade de considerar o contexto social e as experiências dos pacientes.

Influence of nursing intervention on oral hygiene of vagrant patients with mental problems / 现代临床护理

Objective To explore the effect of nursing intervention on the oral hygiene of vagrant patients with mental problems.Methods Toally 80 vagrant patients with mental problems were saved and treated with oral health care intervention for a period of three months.The pre-intervention effects were prepared with the post-intervention ones in terms of tooth brushing,oral health and periodontal disease related symptoms intervention.Results Before intervention,the rate of tooth brushing was significantly higher and the rate of periodontal disease related symptoms significantly lower than that before intervention (P＜0.05).The scores on physical function limitation,pain and discomfort,psychological discomfort,weakened ability in independent living and the total score after intervention were all significantly lowered as compared to the pre-intervention.Conclusion Oral nursing intervention can improve oral hygiene and oral health of vagrant patients with mental diseases.

Antioxidant and Immunotropic Properties of some Lithium Salts.

Objective: The antioxidant activity and immuno-tropic effects of lithium glutamate, lithium salicylate, lithium benzoate and lithium lactate have been investigated in this work, as a base for new psychotropic medicines. Methods: The antioxidant properties were studied by the voltammetric method. Phagocytic activity of neutrophilic leucocytes and the reaction of blastic transformation of lymphocytes were used as test for assessments of influence of the lithium compounds on the immune cells of human blood. Results: It was revealed absence of toxic action on human blood cells for all tested substances. Lithium benzoate showed the most significant stimulating influence on lymphocytes. Glutamate and benzoate lithium expressed scavenging activity vs oxygen radicals. Salicylate and benzoate lithium revealed significant phagocytosis stimulation effects. Conclusion: Investigated lithium salts expressed antioxidant activity and immunotropic effects, all investigated substance are of interest in medical application for mental diseases and comorbid pathology treatment.

On Introducing Professor Li Saimei's Clinical Experiences for Mental Diseases / 浙江中医药大学学报

Objective] To sum up Pro. Li Saimei’s clinical experience in treating mental diseases. [Method] By following the teacher clinic and sorting out the related medical materials,the author summarizes professor Li Saimei 's academic experience of treatment of mental diseases ,and for proven cases. [Result] In professor Li Saimei's opinion,mental diseases are due to dysfunction of shaoyang's turning,and phlegm blocking the spirit orifices. Professor Li usually uses Chaihu related formulas to turn the Shaoyang,resolve the phlegm,open the three Jiao,regulate Yin and Yang.The notable clinical result has been observed.[Conclusion] Professor Li Saimei's experience is effective and worthy of inheritance and promotion.

Advance in Brain Mechanism in Nervous and Mental Diseases Based on Resting-state Networks (review) / 中国康复理论与实践

As a vital part of human body, the brain executes junior and senior function through coordination and interaction of different functional regions. Modern scientific research showed that there were many human brain functional networks in the resting-state. The rest-ing-state functional magnetic resonance imaging technology, which was getting more and more mature, taking opportunities for brain func-tional networks and was widely used in nervous and mental diseases, providing new methods and ideas for the diagnosis and assessment of nervous and mental diseases. This paper focused on the brain mechanism research methods based on resting-state networks and its applica-tion in nervous and mental diseases.

A hereditariedade mórbida: de Kraepelin aos neokraepelinianos / The morbid heredity: from Kraepelin to the Neo-Kraepelinians

Analisamos aqui as referências que Emil Kraepelin dedica à problemática da herança mórbida. Estudamos a persistência e continuidade das principais teses de Kraepelin, incluída a etiologia hereditária de patologias mentais, na Psiquiatria contemporânea que se define como neokraepeliniana. Com esse objetivo, analisamos inicialmente as articulações teóricas e conceituais que existem entre a ideia de constituição mórbida e as estratégias propostas por Kraepelin para a realização das entrevistas psiquiátricas. A seguir, consideramos o lugar reservado aos estudos dedicados à herança mórbida no contexto histórico de surgimento da psiquiatria neokraepeliniana, especificamente a partir da elaboração do DSM III.

We analyze here the problems of the morbid heredity in the different editions of the work of Emil Kraepelin Clinical Psychiatry: a Text-book for students and physicians. We study the persistence and continuity of the main thesis of Kraepelin, included the hereditary etiology of mental pathologies, in the contemporary Psychiatry that is self-defined as Neo-kraepelinian. With this goal we study, firstly, the theoretical and conceptual articulations that exist between the idea of morbid constitution and the strategies proposed by Kraepelin for the realization of the psychiatric interviews. Next, we consider the place reserved to the studies of the morbid heredity in the historical context in which the Neo-Kraepelinian Psychiatry emerged, specifically since the elaboration of the DSM III.

Ocorrência de enteroparasitoses em portadores de transtornos mentais assistidos na Clínica de Repouso São Marcello em Aracaju (SE) / Occurrence of enteroparasitosis in carriers of mental disease assisted at São Marcello Nursing Home in Aracaju, Sergipe State

A transmissão inter-humana, o baixo nível de higiene pessoal, o hábito de coprofagia, entre outros, contribuem para a disseminação de enteroparasitoses em portadores de transtornos mentais. No presente trabalho, verificou-se a ocorrência de enteroparasitas em portadores de transtornos mentais assistidos na Clínica de Repouso São Marcello, Aracaju (SE), no período de fevereiro a maio de 2006, bem como se rastreou os aspectos epidemiológicos de contágio. Para tanto, realizaram-se exames coproparasitológicos, sendo as amostras manipuladas pela técnica de Hoffmann, Pons ou Jannes (1932), e os dados epidemiológicos foram obtidos a partir de questionários aplicados aos responsáveis. Observou-se que 62,22 por cento dos pacientes apresentaram-se infectados por pelo menos um parasito. Percebeu-se, também, uma inadequação no que se refere ao saneamento básico, moradia e hábitos de higiene pessoal. Este estudo realçou a importância de um monitoramento constante com relação às parasitoses e a observância insistente das condições que favorecem a transmissão.

The interhuman transmission, low level of personal hygiene, coprophagic habits, among others, may contribute to the dissemination of enteroparasitosis in individuals with mental diseases. The object of this paper was to verify the occurrence of enteroparasitosis in individuals with mental diseases assisted at São Marcello Nursing Home in Aracaju, Sergipe State, in the period between February and May at 2006, and track epidemiological aspects of the transmission. So, coproparasitologic exams were performed, and samples were manipulated by Hoffmann, Pons or Janner (1932) technique. The epidemiological data was obtained from questionnaires applied to the legal responsible for each individual. There were 62.22 percent of patients infected by at least one parasite. Inadequacies regarding sanitation, habitation and habits of personal hygiene were also observed. This study stressed the importance of a constant monitoring of parasitisms and the continuous observance of the conditions that favor their transmission.

Legal protection for mental disease patients and solutions / 中华医院管理杂志

An introduction to the laws applicable to mental disease patients,and the employment and marriage conditions of these patients,revealing the setbacks including low employment rate,low marriage rate and high divorce rate among these people.In this regard,the paper raised the points as follows:Speed up the legislation on mental health laws by the state,enhance mental health law enforcement to protect legitimate righta of mental disease patients; implement of the Law of the Peoples Republic if China on the Protection of Disabled Persons,Regulations on the Employment of the Disabled,to protect and promote equal rights of disabled persons in employment;enhance mental health communicatioas to awake the society in their care and love for mental health and mental disease patients.

El Lado Incierto de la Investigación Epidemiológica: Prevalencia de las Enfermedades Mentales en los Municipios Girardot y José Felix Ribas. Estado Aragua, Venezuela, Año 2005 / The Doubtful Side of Epidemiology: Prevalence of Mental Diseases in Girardot and José Felix Ribas Municipalities, Aragua State, Venezuela. 2005

Se realizó un estudio sobre la prevalencia de las enfermedades mentales en los municipios Girardot y José Félix Ribas del Estado Aragua para el año 2005. Para esto se utilizo la frecuencia de estas patologías en ambos municipios, tomando como población de estudio los usuarios que consultan por primera vez para el año 2005 en los establecimientos que prestan atención psiquiátrica residentes en los municipios referidos. La información se recolecta a través de la totalidad de las historias clínicas que existen en los departamentos de registros médicos de cada uno de estos establecimientos, determinando así el diagnóstico, según la Codificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE 10); el sexo, y la edad. Los resultados obtenidos establecen que las enfermedades mentales tienen una prevalencia de 69,50 por 10.000 habitantes para el municipio Girardot, teniendo los trastornos depresivos (F32) 15,94 por 10.000 habitantes y otros trastornos de ansiedad (F41) 12,21 por 10.000 habitantes. Para el municipio Ribas se obtiene 50,75 por 10.000 habitantes, donde la esquizofrenia (F20) tiene 12,90 por 10.000 habitantes y trastornos depresivos (F32) 12,12 por 10.000 habitantes. Según el sexo se obtiene una prevalencia de 44,46 por 10.000 habitantes, en mujeres para el municipio Girardot y 38,37 para el municipio Ribas. Las enfermedades mentales son más prevalentes en mayores de 25 años para ambos municipios. Es necesario resaltar la importancia que tienen este tipo de investigación para tener un amplio conocimiento en el área, pues como afirma la Organización Mundial de la Salud, para el año 2.020 las enfermedades mentales ocuparán cinco de las primeras 10 causas de morbilidad a nivel mundial, sin embargo en el estado Aragua no existen antecedentes publicados sobre este tipo de estudios.

A research on the prevalence of mental diseases during 2005 in Girardot and José Felix Ribas Municipalities, Aragua State was performed. For its determination, the frequency of these pathologies was assessed using as population in the survey, the patients attending for the first time the psychiatric consultation in the refered Municipalities Health Services, and living within the district. Information was collected from the totality of clinical records in the Departament of Medical Registration in each one of the clinics, as to assess the diagnosis according to the International Diseases Codification. (IDC 10). Sex and age were also codified. Results showed that mental diseases have a prevalence of 69.50 per 10.000 inhabitants in Girardot municipality on which depressive disturbances (F32)were 15.94 per 10.000 inhabitants and other anxiety disturbances (F 41), were 12.21 per 10.000 inhabitants. As for Ribas Municipality concern, the general figure was 50.75 per 10.000 where schizophrenia (F 20) shower a 12.90 per 10.000 and depressive disturbances (F 32), 12.12 per 10.000. According to sex, a prevalence of 44.46 per 10.000 was assessed in female patients in Girardot and 38.37 per 10.000 in Ribas Municipality. Mental illness shows a higher prevalence in population above 25 years in both Municipalities. It is useful to underline of this type of research as a tool for the knowledge on pathologies which according to WHO, will occupy by the year 2.020, 5 of the 10 highest morbidity causes in the world. Nevertheless, information concerning these diseases is practically absent as far as published information in Aragua State concerns.

Female urethral syndrome complicated by mental diseases in the aged / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To study the management of female urethral syndrome complicated by mental diseases in the aged. Metho ds 103 patients were randomly grouped into A and B.Nilestrioli,2mg e very 2 weeks,was instituted to the patients in Group A whereas to patients in Gr oup B,sedatives was instituted in addition to nilestrioli.The therapeutic result was evaluated in the 4th and 8th week.In patients with symptoms unrelieved,diaz epom injection and urethral perfuson of lidocaine were undertaken and the therap eutic effect was studied in the first,second,third and the fourth week. Results In Group A,the symptoms relieved only in 2 out of 46 whe reas in Group B 49 of the 57 patients have had the symptoms relieved (P