Metacognitive skills of undergraduate university students: study based on three colombian institutions

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the level of development of metacognitive skills of undergraduate students in Colombia and to establish whether there are differences by institution of origin, or by gender or by semester. Method: A quantitative study and a non-probabilistic sampling was conducted. A total of 1.199 students from three universities participated, one public and distance modality; and the other two private and face-to-face modality. The Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) was used to determine metacognitive skills. Results: At a general level, Colombian university students present a high level of development of their metacognitive skills with an average of 3,86 on a 5-point scale. When analyzing the abilities of the students according to the university of origin, the Kruskal-Wallis test shows that there are significant differences (p<0,05) in favor of the students in the distance modality. The Mann-Whitney U test allowed us to conclude that there are no significant differences by gender, although women have higher means (M = 3,88) than men (M = 3,83). It was possible to establish through the Spearman correlation that there are significant and negative differences in the level of metacognitive skills according to the semester of the students, as their skills decrease as they progress. Conclusions: Although students have a good level of development of their metacognitive skills it is required to strengthen especially evaluation processes. Students trained in virtual distance learning methodology showed a higher degree of development of metacognitive skills than those in face-to-face mode, which could be explained by a greater development of self-regulation as an indicator of maturity for learning.

Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el nivel de desarrollo de las habilidades metacognitivas de estudiantes de pregrado en Colombia y establecer si existen diferencias por institución de procedencia, o por género o por semestre. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo y un muestreo no probabilístico. Participaron 1199 estudiantes de tres universidades, una de carácter público y modalidad distancia; y las otras dos privadas y modalidad presencial. Se utilizó el Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) para determinar las habilidades metacognitivas. Resultados: A nivel general los estudiantes universitarios colombianos presentan un alto nivel de desarrollo de sus habilidades metacognitivas con una media de 3,86 en una escala de 5 puntos. Al analizar las habilidades de los estudiantes según la universidad de procedencia, la prueba de KruskalWallis muestra que existen diferencias significativas (p<0,05) a favor de los alumnos en la modalidad a distancia. La prueba U de Mann-Whitney permitió concluir que no hay diferencias significativas por género, aunque las mujeres tienen medias más altas (M = 3,88) que los hombres (M=3,83). Se pudo establecer a través de la correlación de Spearman que existen diferencias significativas y negativas en el nivel de habilidades metacognitivas según el semestre de los estudiantes, a medida que avanzan sus habilidades disminuyen. Conclusiones: Aunque los estudiantes tienen un buen nivel de desarrollo de sus habilidades metacognitivas se requiere fortalecer especialmente procesos de evaluación. Los estudiantes que se forman en metodología a distancia virtual mostraron un mayor grado de desarrollo de las habilidades metacognitivas que los de modalidad presencial, lo que podría explicarse por un mayor desarrollo de la autonomía como indicador de madurez para el aprendizaje.

Experiencias de aprendizaje metacognitivo en estudiantes de enfermería: revisión de alcance / Metacognitive Learning Experiences in Nursing Students: Scoping Review / Experiências de aprendizagem metacognitiva em estudantes de enfermagem: Uma revisão do escopo

Introducción: la metacognición es comprendida como el conocimiento de los propios procesos cognitivos y su autorregulación por parte de los estudiantes. Objetivo: conocer las tendencias de la investigación en torno a la metacognición en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje en programas de Enfermería. Método: se llevó a cabo una revisión de alcance en torno a la metacognición como una estrategia de reflexión de los procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje al interior de los programas de Enfermería. El proceso de búsqueda se realizó en la base de datos Web of Science en el período comprendido entre 2015-2021; la selección de estudios cumplió con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: el análisis de la información permitió identificar cuatro tendencias: a) la metacognición en procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje con algunas didácticas grupales, b) la metacognición en procesos de aprendizaje con simulación clínica, c) el aprendizaje reflexivo como estrategia de regulación metacognitiva aplicada a los procesos de evaluación, d) la metacognición en los planes curriculares de los programas académicos en salud. Conclusiones: la revisión evidencia la implementación de metodologías y estrategias metacognitivas en los espacios de formación académica en los programas de Enfermería, que trascienden un modelo educativo tradicional centrado en los contenidos y se dirigen a un modelo centrado en la reflexión consciente y participativa de los estudiantes en el proceso de aprendizaje.

Introduction: Metacognition is understood as the students' knowledge of their own cognitive processes and their self-regulation. Objective: Aknowledge research trends of metacognition in teaching and learning processes in Nursing programs. Method: A scoping review was carried out on metacognition as a strategy for reflection of the teaching-learning processes within Nursing programs. The search process was carried out in the Web of Science database in the period 2015-2021; the selection of studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: The analysis of information allowed the identification of four trends a) metacognition in teaching and learning processes with some group didactics, b) metacognition in learning processes with clinical simulation, c) reflective learning as a metacognitive regulation strategy applied to evaluation processes, d) metacognition in the curricular plans of academic health programs. Conclusions: The review evidences the implementation of metacognitive methodologies and strategies in academic training spaces in Nursing programs, which transcend a traditional educational model focused on contents and moves to a model centered on students' conscious and participative reflection in the learning process.

Introdução: a metacognição é entendida como o conhecimento que os estudantes têm dos seus próprios processos cognitivos e da sua autorregulação. Objetivo: conhecer as tendências da investigação sobre a metacognição nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem nos programas de enfermagem. Método: foi realizada uma revisão de escopo sobre a metacognição como estratégia de reflexão sobre os processos de ensino-aprendizagem nos programas de enfermagem. O processo de busca foi realizado na base de dados Web of Science no período de 2015-2021; Na seleção dos estudos foram atendidos os critérios de inclusão. Resultados: a análise da informação permitiu identificar quatro tendências a) a metacognição nos processos de ensino e aprendizagem com algumas didácticas de grupo, b) a metacognição nos processos de aprendizagem com simulação clínica, c) a aprendizagem reflexiva como estratégia de regulação metacognitiva aplicada aos processos de avaliação, d) a metacognição nos planos curriculares dos programas académicos de saúde.Conclusões: a revisão evidencia a implementação de metodologias e estratégias metacognitivas em espaços de formação académica em programas de Enfermagem, que transcendem de um modelo educativo tradicional centrado nos conteúdos para um modelo centrado na reflexão consciente e participativa dos estudantes no processo de aprendizagem.

Predictive Potential of Motivation to Learn in the use of Learning Strategies / Potencial Preditivo da Motivação para Aprender no Uso das Estratégias de Aprendizagem

Abstract This paper investigates motivation to learn and learning strategies in a sample of 353 Brazilian students in elementary and secondary education. Data were collected through the Motivation to learn scale and two Learning Strategies Assessment Scales, one for elementary school and another for high school. Learning goals and use of metacognitive strategies were predominant in the sample. Significant positive and negative correlations between the subscales were found. Two models emerged explaining 33% and 37% of the variance in the use of learning strategies that can be attributed to motivation to learn factors. The study underscores the importance of motivation to learn for engaging students in strategic behavior.

Resumo O artigo investigou a motivação para aprender e as estratégias de aprendizagem em uma amostra de 353 estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio brasileiro. Foram utilizadas a Escala de avaliação da motivação para a aprendizagem e uma Escala de Avaliação das Estratégias de Aprendizagem para o Ensino Fundamental e outra para o Ensino Médio. A Meta Aprender e as estratégias metacognitivas foram predominantes na amostra. Foram encontradas correlações positivas e negativas significativas entre as subescalas e emergiram dois modelos que explicaram 33% e 37% da variância no uso de estratégias de aprendizagem que podem ser atribuídos aos fatores da motivação. O estudo reforçou a importância da motivação para aprender no engajamento dos estudantes em comportamentos estratégicos.

Un estúdio exploratório de la relación entre el estilo cognitivo y el monitoreo metacognitivo en una muestra de estudiantes universitários colombianos / An Exploratory Study of the Relation between Cognitive Style and Metacognitive Monitoring in a Sample of Colombian University Students

Resumen. Si bien la investigación sobre la metacognición y los estilos cognitivos es sólida para cualquier campo solo, pocas investigaciones han abordado los dos juntos. Además, ningún estudio hasta la fecha ha examinado objetivos más específicos relacionados con aspectos específicos de la metacognición, como la habilidad de monitoreo y su relación con el estilo cognitivo. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio investigó medidas de confianza, rendimiento y precisión para tres tipos de juicios metacognitivos (predicción, concurrente y postdicción) y tres tipos diferentes de preguntas metacognitivas: preguntas sobre la tarea, preguntas sobre uno mismo y preguntas en diferentes momentos (antes, durante y después) y cómo se relacionan con el estilo cognitivo (dependiente del campo, intermedio, independiente del campo) en una muestra de 57 estudiantes universitarios colombianos. Los resultados revelaron que había diferencias en la precisión y el sesgo del monitoreo metacognitivo en función del estilo cognitivo, y que estos hallazgos fueron similares entre los diferentes momentos y entre los juicios metacognitivos. Con respecto al estilo cognitivo, aquellos con un estilo cognitivo intermedio o independiente del campo informaron una mayor precisión de monitoreo y menos sesgo que las personas con un estilo dependiente del campo. Se discuten las implicaciones para la investigación, la teoría y la práctica.

Abstract. While research on metacognition and cognitive styles is robust for either field alone, few studies have broached the two together. In addition, no studies to date have examined finer-grained objectives related to specific aspects of metacognition such as monitoring skill and its relation to cognitive style. Thus, the present study investigated confidence, performance, and accuracy measures for three types of metacognitive judgments (prediction, concurrent and postdiction) and three different types of metacognitive questions-questions about the task, questions about the self, and questions at different moments (before, during, and after)-and how these are related to cognitive style (field dependent, intermediate, field independent) in a sample of 57 Colombian university students. Results revealed that there were differences in metacognitive monitoring accuracy and bias as a function of cognitive style, and that these findings were similar both between different moments and across metacognitive judgments. Regarding cognitive style, those with an intermediate or field independent cognitive style reported greater monitoring accuracy and less bias than individuals with a field dependent style. Implications for research, theory, and practice are discussed.

Review and prospect of metacognitive therapy and metacognitive training / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo analyze the current research status， research hotspots and main features of the literature related to metacognitive therapy and metacognitive training， and to explore the similarities and differences in research approaches of the two intervention techniques and their research directions in the future. MethodsCitespace-based visualization analysis was carried out on the relevant literature of "metacognitive therapy" and "metacognitive training" published in 2011-2020 in the Web of Science database. Results① Adrian Wells was the core author and the author of highly cited papers in the research field of metacognitive therapy. Steffen Moritz is the core author and the author of highly cited papers in the research field of metacognitive training. Aaron T Beck was a highly cited researcher in both fields. ② The analysis of research hotspots showed that the two intervention techniques were mainly reflected in the "maturity and expansion of techniques"， "the evaluation and testing of the effects of techniques" and "the comparative analysis of techniques". ③ The key literature characteristics analysis showed that both techniques involved the aspects of "effectiveness"， "validity"， "meta-analysis" and "variation". ConclusionBoth metacognitive therapy and metacognitive training studies in 2011-2020 highlight their respective core researchers， with similarities and distinctive features in terms of research hotspots and key literature features.

Comparison of Metacognitive Beliefs Between Patients with Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Depression

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this article is to compare differences in metacognitive beliefs between bipolar disorder type I depressed (BPD1) patients with Unipolar Depression (UPD) patients, and a control group; and to discuss the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and depression parameters. Methods: Sixty six consecutive outpatients with a diagnosis of depressed BPD1, 70 patients with UPD and 70 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Following assessment with the Sociodemographic Data Form, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scales (HAM-A), Young Mania Evaluation Scale, and the Metacognition Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30). Results: UPD and BPD1 patients included in the study had higher scores in metacognitive beliefs other than positive beliefs compared with healthy controls (p<0.05), but no significant difference was found between the BPD1 and UPD groups (p>0.05). A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the HAM-A, HAM-D scores and MCQ-30 scores in UPD group (p<0.05) but not in BPD1 group (p>0.05). Discussion: The metacogitive structures of UPD and BPD1, may be helpful in identifying and choosing the right treatment modality. We think that our results may have implications for the metacognitive approaches in the treatment of BPD1.

Juicios metacognitivos en la educación médica / Metacognitive judgments in medical education

Resumen En la educación médica, la metacognición incide en diferentes aspectos: mejora el rendimiento académico, contribuye a la toma de decisiones, facilita el desarrollo de habilidades clínicas, permite combatir el exceso de confianza y disminuye errores diagnósticos. Por ello, se constituye en una habilidad necesaria en la formación del médico. En este sentido, el uso de estrategias que promuevan el desarrollo de juicios metacognitivos, es clave en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Para profundizar en los aportes de los juicios metacognitivos en el campo de la educación médica, se construye el siguiente artículo producto de una revisión bibliográfica. En él se logra pasar de una dimensión macro de la metacognición (conocimiento o regulación), a una dimensión micro referida a los juicios metacognitivos, evidenciado cómo estos aportan al razonamiento clínico, a la toma de decisiones, a la disminución del error médico y a la seguridad del paciente. El artículo muestra una línea de trabajo denominada juicios metacognitivos, caracterizada por centrarse en la precisión entre las afirmaciones de desempeño en una tarea y el rendimiento real.

Abstract Metacognition contributes to medical education from different aspects: improve academic performance, contributes to decision making, facilitates the development of clinical skills, helps combat overconfidence and reduces diagnostic errors. This is why it becomes a necessary skill to develop in the training of the student medicine for which strategies such as metacognitive scaffolds are included, deliberate consideration of alternatives, and the reproduction of optimal actions. To understand these contributions for learning medicine, a bibliographic review article was developed, through a process that included searching databases through descriptors in Spanish and English, the selection of articles that will include the relationship of metacognition and the learning of medicine, to arrive at the construction of a text that would account for an understanding of the subject. The above allowed, not just delve into metacognition as a higher order skill in learning, but also guide a discussion that highlights a line of work called metacognitive judgments, which is characterized by focusing on the precision between performance claims on a task and actual performance.

Differences in Metacognitive Skills among Undergraduate Students in Education, Psychology, and Medicine / Diferencias en Habilidades Metacognitivas entre Estudiantes de Pregrado en Educación, Psicología y Medicina

Abstract Metacognitive skills such as when and why to apply strategies successfully given task demands (conditional knowledge) and those that assist in regulation like comprehension monitoring are essential for effective learning. However, the debate regarding whether metacognitive skills are domain general or domain specific continues to rage among scholars. Presumably, if metacognitive skills are domain specific, there should be significant differences between domains whereas if they are domain general, there should be no differences across domains. Thus, in the present study we examined the generality/specificity of metacognitive skills (knowledge of cognition: declarative, procedural, and conditional; regulation of cognition: planning, information management, debugging, comprehension monitoring, and evaluation) in a sample of Colombian university students (N = 507) studying education (n = 156), psychology (n = 166), and medicine (n = 185) employing the Spanish version of the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory. Results revealed that there were significant differences in all but two metacognitive skills (procedural knowledge and debugging) across domains, largely supporting the domain specific hypothesis, but also partially supporting the domain general view. Implications and recommendation of the findings for theory, research, and practice are discussed.

Resumen Entre las habilidades metacognitivas se encuentran la capacidad para saber cómo, cuándo y por qué aplicar estrategias de forma exitosa según las demandas de la tarea (conocimiento condicional) y aquellas otras capacidades que ayudan en la regulación cognitiva, como la supervisión en línea de la actividad de aprendizaje en curso, y la comprensión (monitoreo). Dichas habilidades se consideran esenciales para un aprendizaje efectivo. Sin embargo, el debate sobre si las habilidades metacognitivas son de dominio general o específico continúa siendo un tema de controversia entre los académicos. Presumiblemente, si estas habilidades son específicas de un dominio, debería haber diferencias significativas entre dominios, mientras que, si son de dominio general, estas diferencias no deberían de estar presentes. De acuerdo con lo anterior, en el presente estudio se examinó la generalidad/especificidad de las habilidades metacognitivas (conocimiento de la cognición: declarativo, procedimental y condicional; regulación de la cognición: planificación, gestión de la información, monitoreo, depuración y evaluación) en una muestra colombiana de estudiantes universitarios (N = 507) que, para el momento del estudio, se encontraban cursando un programa de pregrado en educación (n = 156), psicología (n = 166) y medicina (n = 185), mediante el uso de la versión en español del Inventario de Conocimiento Metacognitivo. Los resultados revelaron diferencias significativas en todas las habilidades metacognitivas evaluadas para las diferentes áreas de dominio, con excepción de dos habilidades metacognitivas: conocimiento procedimental y depuración, lo que respalda en gran medida la hipótesis específica del dominio, pero también apoya parcialmente la vista general del dominio. Se discuten las implicaciones y recomendaciones de los hallazgos para la teoría, la investigación y la práctica.

Relationship between metacognitive skills, gender, and level of schooling in high school students / Relación entre las habilidades metacognitivas, el género y el grado en estudiantes de secundaria

Abstract The objective of this research was to analyze the relationships between metacognitive skills, gender, and level of schooling of high school students from a private school in the city of Bogotá, Colombia. The sample included 319 students from grades 6 to 11. The Metacognitive Awareness Inventory (MAI) was the instrument that allowed determining students' metacognitive skills. This instrument presents two components: cognition and regulation knowledge; consisting of 52 items. The results obtained were analyzed through an ANOVA statistical analysis and a Bonferroni contrast. The first analysis concluded that there are no significant differences in metacognitive skills between men and women. On the other hand, the second analysis established differences in the development of metacognitive skills in high school students, favoring sixth grade novices.

Resumen Este trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las relaciones entre las habilidades metacognitivas, el género y el grado de escolaridad en estudiantes de secundaria de un colegio privado de la ciudad de Bogotá-Colombia. La muestra fue de 319 estudiantes que cursaron los grados de sexto a undécimo, el instrumento que permitió determinar las habilidades metacognitivas de los estudiantes fue el Inventario de Conciencia Metacognitiva conocido como MAI, este instrumento presenta dos componentes el conocimiento de la cognición y de la regulación, consta de 52 ítems. Los resultados obtenidos se analizaron por medio de un análisis estadístico ANOVA y un contraste Bonferroni. El primero, permitió concluir que no existen diferencias significativas en las habilidades metacognitivas entre hombres y mujeres. Por otro lado, el segundo análisis estableció diferencias en el desarrollo de las habilidades metacognitivas en los estudiantes de secundaria que favorecían a los aprendices de grado sexto.

Metacognição no transtorno bipolar: uma revisão sistemática / Metacognition in bipolar disorder: a systematic review

OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revisão sistemática investigando a metacognição no transtorno bipolar (TB). Os objetivos secundários incluem explorar os correlatos clínicos e sociodemográficos da metacognição no TB e como a metacognição varia de acordo com o estado afetivo, estabelecer uma comparação com outros transtornos mentais e investigar se as intervenções metacognitivas no TB são eficazes ou não. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica sobre a metacognição em pacientes com TB. Foram buscados estudos clínicos originais sobre o tema nas bases de dados Medline, ISI, PsycINFO e SciELO. Os termos de busca empregados foram: "metacognition" OR "metacognitive" OR "metamemory" AND "bipolar" OR "mania" OR "manic". RESULTADOS: Foram selecionados nove artigos. A metacognição parece estar mais prejudicada no TB do que em controles e menos prejudicada do que na esquizofrenia. Por sua vez, parece não haver diferença entre bipolares e deprimidos unipolares quanto à capacidade metacognitiva. Maior nível educacional e maior duração da doença parecem estar associados a uma melhor capacidade metacognitiva, enquanto a maior gravidade dos sintomas de TB está associada a uma pior metacognição. O treinamento metacognitivo em pacientes com TB é uma perspectiva clínica promissora. CONCLUSÃO: Os estudos sobre metacognição no TB são escassos, mas a literatura existente indica possíveis fatores clínicos e sociodemográficos associados a pior metacognição no transtorno, sugerindo também que intervenções terapêuticas metacognitivas podem ser clinicamente relevantes para o manejo do TB.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review investigating metacognition in bipolar disorder (BD). Secondary objectives include exploring clinical and sociodemographic correlates of metacognition in BD, how metacognition varies according to affective state, establishing a comparison with other mental disorders, and investigating whether metacognitive interventions in BD are effective or not. METHODS: A systematic review of the scientific literature on metacognition in BD patients was carried out. Original clinical studies on the subject were searched in the Medline, ISI, PsycINFO and SciELO databases. The search terms included were: "metacognition" OR "metacognitive" OR "metamemory" AND "bipolar" OR "mania" OR "manic". RESULTS: A total of nine articles were selected. Metacognition appears to be more impaired in BD than in controls, but less impaired than in schizophrenia. There seems to be no difference between bipolar and unipolar depression regarding metacognitive capacity. Higher educational level and longer duration of illness seem to be associated with better metacognitive capacity, while higher severity of BD symptoms is linked to worse metacognition. Metacognitive training in BD patients is a promising clinical perspective. CONCLUSION: Studies on metacognition in BD are scarce, but the existing literature indicates potential clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with poorer metacognition in the disorder, also suggesting that metacognitive therapeutic interventions may be clinically relevant for the management of BD.

El Inventario de Conciencia Metacognitiva para Docentes (MAIT): Adaptación cultural y validación en una muestra de docentes colombianos / The Metacognitive Awareness Inventory for Teac hers (MAIT): Cultural ada ptation and validation in a Sample of Colombian Teac hers

Resumen Comprender cómo operan los constructos inobservables en función de la cultura y el lenguaje es un objetivo importante para los investigadores. Debido a que el idioma y la cultura ejercen una influencia tan poderosa en la forma en que se experimentan los fenómenos psicológicos, los constructos latentes pueden no funcionar universalmente entre culturas e idiomas. Por lo tanto, el propósito del presente estudio fue doble. Primero, se realizó un proceso de adaptación cultural del Inventario de Conciencia Metacognitiva para Docentes (MAIT) de 24 ítems, desarrollado originalmente por Balcikanli (2011). En segundo lugar, se probó y validó el instrumento traducido en una muestra de docentes colombianos (N = 755). Se presume una estructura de factor modificada a partir de la propuesta en el estudio de validación original. Los resultados revelaron que, después de la eliminación de tres ítems que no encajaban, la estructura de factores hipotética propuesta por el equipo para el MAIT-R de 21 ítems demostró un excelente ajuste a los datos.

Abstract Understanding how unobservable constructs operate based on culture and language is an important objective for researchers. Because language and culture exert such a powerful influence on the way we experience psychological phenomena, latent constructs may not function universally between cultures and languages. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold. First, we translated the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory for Teachers (MAIT) with 24 items, originally developed by Balcikanli (2011). Second, we test and validate the instrument translated to Spanish using a sample of Colombian teachers (N = 755). We hypothesized a modified factor structure based on the proposal in the original validation study. The results revealed that, after the elimination of three items that did not fit, our hypothetized factor structure for the MAIT-R of 21 items demonstrated an excellent fit to the data.

Metacognitive Awareness and Academic Achievement of Medical Students in Different Medical Colleges of Lahore, Pakistan

Introduction: To determine medical students' metacognitiveawareness and its impact on their academic performance.Study design: Cross-sectional analytic study. Place andDuration of Study: Two different private medical College’sfrom Lahore. From March 2016 to September 2016.Material and Methods: Study was done among second yearstudents of two private medical colleges in Lahore. Students’first year academic achievement information was collectedand they also filled the semi- structured questionnaire onmetacognition regulation by the metacognitive awarenessof reading strategies inventory (MARSI) based on threedimensions of metacognition (GLOB, SUB and PROB).Simple random sampling, a type of probability samplingwas used for this study. The data were entered in SPSS 20,Metacognitive score was taken as an independent variablewhile academic performance (first professional part 1 results)was the dependent variable. For descriptive data, mean andstandard deviation were used. For categorical data, percentageand frequencies were used. Pearson correlation coefficientswere calculated to examine the item-total score correlationResult: A total 232 students participated. The reliabilitycoefficient of MARSI was 0.88 and there was strongcorrelation among all dimensions of Metacognition score andacademic achievement with Correlation coefficient value was0.257 (p<0.01). Medical students of different colleges havealmost equal (college 1 std. deviation 109±15.3, college 2 std.deviation 110.6±17.3) Metacognition levels.Conclusion: All dimensions of metacognition are positive andstrongly correlated with each other’s. Higher the score in onedimension will cause positive change in other dimension scoreand vice versa. Overall it would be beneficial for the trainersand other mentors that to work on one dimension and it wouldalso cause positive impact on other skills and strategies.

Efecto diferencial de un andamiaje metacognitivo en un ambiente e-learning sobre la carga cognitiva, el logro de aprendizaje y la habilidad metacognitiva / Differential effect of a metacognitive scaffolding in a e-Learning environment over cognitive load, learning achievement and metacognitive consciousness

Resumen El presente estudio analiza los efectos generados por un andamiaje metacognitivo y el estilo cognitivo (dependiente/independiente de campo - DIC) en la carga cognitiva, la conciencia metacognitiva y el logro de aprendizaje cuando los estudiantes interactúan con un entorno de e-learning. Participaron 67 estudiantes de pregrado de la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia), divididos en dos grupos. Uno interactuó con un entorno de aprendizaje con un andamiaje metacognitivo y el otro, sin él. Se utilizó la prueba EFT para establecer el estilo cognitivo de los aprendices y con la prueba MAI se determinó la conciencia metacognitiva. Se realizó un MANCOVA para analizar los datos. Los resultados sugieren diferencias entre la carga cognitiva intrínseca y extrínseca de los estudiantes dependientes de campo debido a la interacción entre el andamiaje metacognitivo y su estilo cognitivo. Los estudiantes que interactuaron con el andamiaje metacognitivo mostraron un mayor logro de aprendizaje y una mejor capacidad de monitoreo de su proceso de aprendizaje.

Abstract The present study analyzes the effects generated by a metacognitive scaffolding and the cognitive style (Field Dependent/Independent-FDI) in the cognitive load, the metacognitive awareness and the achievement of learning when the students interact with an environment of e-Learning. 67 undergraduate students from the city of Bogotá (Colombia) participated, divided into two groups. One interacted with a learning environment with a metacognitive scaffolding and the other, without it. The EFT test was used to determine the cognitive style of the ap prentices and the MAI test established the metacognitive awareness. Data were analyzed with a MANCOVA analysis. Results suggest differences between the intrinsic and extrinsic cognitive load in field dependent students due to the interaction between the metacognitive scaffolding and their cognitive style. Students who interacted with the metacognitive scaffolding showed a greater learning achievement and a better ability to monitoring their learning process.

Análisis de caso clínico mediante foro virtual por Facebook para favorecer la transferencia de aprendizajes / Clinical Casa Analysis through a Facebook Virtual Forum for Strengthening Learning Transfer

Introducción: Las carreras del área de la salud se caracterizan por tener una rigurosa base científica, que les aporta los fundamentos indispensables para que los futuros profesionales desarrollen investigaciones, especializaciones o profundizaciones en algún área determinada. El presente trabajo incorpora un foro virtual de participación libre y voluntaria para los estudiantes de la asignatura Diagnóstico Integrado de la carrera de Odontología, mediante un grupo cerrado de Facebook. Objetivo: Evaluar el progreso de la transferencia de aprendizajes y las estrategias cognitivas y metacognitivas en los estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad de Concepción, con la aplicación de la metodología de análisis de caso clínico mediante foro virtual. Métodos: Se trabajó con la metodología análisis de caso clínico para mejorar la transferencia del aprendizaje y se empleó una metodología mixta: cualitativa con análisis de contenido mediante grupos focales, y cuantitativa con método cuasi experimental de pre- y postest del Cuestionario para la Evaluación de Estrategias de Aprendizaje de los Estudiantes Universitarios. Participaron 68 estudiantes que cursaron la asignatura Diagnóstico Integrado en 2017 y que manifestaron su decisión de participar voluntariamente de manera escrita. Resultados: Mejoró la transferencia de aprendizajes en todos los estudiantes. Aquellos que participaron más en el foro obtuvieron mejor rendimiento en la asignatura. Todos reconocieron que resultó un aprendizaje significativo para su futuro desempeño profesional. El conocimiento declarativo y la consciencia aumentaron su media y porcentaje para las opciones positivas. En cambio, el conocimiento procedimental, el control y la autopoiesis disminuyeron su media, y aumentó el porcentaje para las opciones negativas y la indecisión. Conclusiones: La metodología desarrollada constituyó un acierto porque aumentó la transferencia de aprendizajes(AU)

Introduction: Health majors are characterized by having a rigorous scientific base, which provides them with the essential foundations for future professionals to develop research, specializations or deepening in a given area. The present work incorporates a virtual forum of free and voluntary participation for the students of the subject Integrated Diagnosis of the dental medicine major, through a closed Facebook group. Objective: To assess the progress of learning transfer of the cognitive and metacognitive strategies in the students of dental medicine from University of Concepción, with the application of the clinical case analysis methodology in a virtual forum. Method: The clinical case analysis methodology was used to improve learning transfer. A mixed methodology was used: qualitative with content analysis through focus groups and quantitative with quasi-experimental method of pre- and post-test with the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Learning Strategies of University Students. Sixty-eight students participated who took the Integrated Diagnosis course in 2017 and who expressed their decision to participate voluntarily through writing. Results: Learning transfer improved in all students. Those who participated more in the forum obtained better performance in the subject. All of them recognized that it was significant learning for their future professional performance. Declarative knowledge and awareness increased their mean and percentage values for positive options. In contrast, procedural knowledge, control and autopoiesis decreased their mean values, while the percentage values increased for negative options and indecision. Conclusions: The methodology developed was a success because it increased learning transfer(AU)

Evaluación de la incorporación de un foro virtual por redes sociales entre estudiantes de odontología chilenos / Assessment of the incorporation of a virtual forum through social media among Chilean dental students

Resumen Introducción: Las redes sociales son cada vez más usadas en la enseñanza debido a su facilidad de uso, familiarización, accequibilidad, siendo posible el intercambio de información de manera instantánea y fácil desde teléfonos inteligentes. Por ello se diseñó y creó un foro virtual mediante un grupo cerrado de Facebook que funcionó de manera paralela a la asignatura. Objetivo: Evaluar la opinión de los estudiantes en relación al desarrollo de las habilidades actitudinales, cognitivas, autorreguladoras y metacognitivas mediante el foro virtual implementado, además de su percepción con respecto a la plataforma de Facebook. Metodología: Estudio transversal descriptivo de tipo mixto. Cuantitativo con la aplicación de una encuesta de opinión tipo Likert creada por Andrei Fedorov (2008) y cualitativo mediante cuatro grupos focales. Participaron 68 estudiantes (28 hombres y 40 mujeres), que cursaron la asignatura Diagnóstico Integrado el año 2017, correspondiendo al 100% de ellos. Resultados: Para el 70% de las preguntas la opción más seleccionada fue -bastante-; a excepción de cuatro de la dimensión actitudinal donde la más frecuente fue -un poco-. Destacaron la plataforma de Facebook como una excelente idea para incentivar el aprendizaje, ofreciendo más ventajas que otras plataformas. Las desventajas mencionadas surgieron de los estudiantes con menor participación y regular/bajo rendimiento. Conclusión: El foro virtual, por medio de Facebook, permitió mejorar las dimensiones actitudinal, cognitiva, autorreguladora y metacognitiva, principalmente en mujeres y en aquellos que participaron más, obteniendo mejor rendimiento. Resultó ser una mejor plataforma virtual dada que es amigable, masiva e instantánea incentivando la motivación del estudiante.

Abstract Introduction: Social networks are increasingly used in education due to its ease of use, familiarization, accessibility, making it possible to exchange information instantly and easily from smartphones. For this reason, a virtual forum was designed and created through a closed group of Facebook that worked in parallel with the subject. Objective: To evaluate the opinion of students in relation to the development of attitudinal, cognitive, self-regulatory and metacognitive skills through the virtual forum implemented, as well as their perception regarding the Facebook platform. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study of mixed type. Quantitative with the application of a Likert opinion survey created by Andrei Fedorov (2008) and qualitative through four focus groups. 68 students participated (28 men and 40 women), who took the Integrated Diagnostic course in 2017, corresponding to 100% of them. Results: For 70% of the questions, the most selected option was -quite-; except for four of the attitudinal dimension where the most frequent was -a little-. They highlighted the Facebook platform as an excellent idea to encourage learning, offering more advantages than other platforms. The mentioned disadvantages arose from students with less participation and regular / low performance. Conclusion: The virtual forum, through Facebook, allowed to improve the attitudinal, cognitive, self-regulating and metacognitive dimensions, mainly in women and in those who participated more, obtaining better performance. It turned out to be a better virtual platform given that it is friendly, massive and instantaneous which encourages student motivation.

Metódica MEIN para entrenar habilidades metacognitivas en niños de 4 a 6 años: Región Metropolitana de Chile / MEIN methodical to train metacognitive skills in children from 4 to 6 years old: Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile

La Metódica MEIN metacognición infantiles una herramienta psicoeducativa para educadoras de párvulos y básica, que busca favorecer el desarrollo en las edades de 4 a 6 años, entrenando habilidades cognitivas para desarrollar metacognición en edades más avanzadas. Así, tal estrategia hace posible entrenar de una manera peculiar e interactiva, las habilidades cognitivas frente una actividad, a partir de la propia iniciativa del niño/a. El mediador intenciona, significa y acompaña para que el infante sea capaz de idear la estrategia que empleará en su proceso de aprendizaje, y para que a partir de su apropiación transfiera a otros contextos, valorando el desempeño de su construcción. La metodología empleada fue cualitativa mediante un diseño de estudio de casos. El resultado fundamental del estudio demuestra que la Metódica MEIN es un recurso que facilita a la educadora orientar positivamente los procesos cognitivos en un espacio complejo de desarrollo para el entrenamiento temprano de habilidades metacognitivas. Al niño/a le permite actuar libremente con independencia, facilitando la toma de conciencia.

The MEIN methodical -child metacognition is a psychoeducational tool for development, aimed at educators to train cognitive skills in children from 4 to 6 years old so that subjects of more advanced ages can develop metacognition. The MEIN methodical makes it possible to train in a peculiar, interactive way, cognitive abilities in the face of an activity that starts from the children's initiative; the mediator promotes, signifies and accompanies them so that they are able to devise the strategy that they will employ in the learning process, and from their appropriation they transfer to other contexts, so as to value their construction's performance. The methodology used was qualitative through a case study design. The fundamental result of the study shows that the MEIN methodical is a resource that facilitates the educator to positively orient cognitive processes in a complex development space for early training of metacognitive skills. The child is free to act independently, facilitating awareness.

Transferencia de aprendizajes en estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad de Concepción, Chile / Transfer of Learning Types in Dental Students of Universidad de Concepción in Chile

Introducción: Un obstáculo al cual se enfrenta el estudiante de Odontología es la dificultad para interrelacionar los conocimientos que han aprendido de manera parcelada durante los dos primeros años de estudio, dificultando la transferencia de aprendizajes para reconocer la multicausalidad de factores presentes al momento de tratar al paciente de manera integral. La evidencia científica señala que una forma de lograrlo es que el estudiante posea estrategias cognitivas y metacognitivas que le permitan un aprendizaje significativo. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de estrategias cognitivas y metacognitivas presentes en los alumnos de Odontología de la Universidad de Concepción. Método: Metodología mixta; de tipo descriptivo y transversal. Un enfoque cualitativo mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas y cuantitativo mediante la aplicación del Cuestionario para la Evaluación de Estrategias de Aprendizaje de los Estudiantes universitarios (CEVEAPEU). Participaron 117 estudiantes que cursaron el tercer año entre el 2016 y 2017. Resultados : En lo cualitativo, los estudiantes destacaron varios aspectos positivos en la asignatura. No obstante, señalan la necesidad de incorporar herramientas que incentiven su participación y curiosidad, además de aumentar las oportunidades para integrar lo aprendido. Refirieron que utilizan una amplia variedad de estrategias de aprendizaje. Ello evidenció un aprendizaje significativo receptivo que no fomenta la transferencia de aprendizajes. En lo cuantitativo, existió una alta dispersión en las respuestas, tanto para estrategias cognitivas como metacognitivas, asimismo se evidenció una moda de 4 (de acuerdo) para la mayoría de las preguntas. Se demostró que los estudiantes no aseguran un alto nivel de adherencia a las aseveraciones planteadas. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes refirieron que utilizan una amplia variedad de estrategias de aprendizaje, sin embargo, no las adaptan cuando la situación de aprendizaje es más compleja. Los estudiantes no evidenciaron un alto nivel de adherencia a las aseveraciones planteadas en el CEVEAPEU. Por tanto, se logra un aprendizaje significativo receptivo que no fomenta la transferencia de aprendizajes(AU)

Introduction: One obstacle faced by the student of Dental Medicine is the difficulty to interrelate the knowledge they have learned separately during the first two years of study, making it difficult to transfer learning to recognize the multi-causality of factors present at the time of providing comprehensive treatment to the patient. Scientific evidence show that one way to achieve this is for the student to possess cognitive and metacognitive strategies that allow significant learning. Objective: To determine the level of cognitive and metacognitive strategies present in the dental students of Universidad de Concepción. Methods: Mixed methodology, of descriptive and cross-sectional type. A qualitative approach through semi-structured interviews, and quantitative approach through the application of the Questionnaire for the Evaluation of Learning Strategies of University Students (CEVEAPEU). 117 students participated who attended the third academic year between 2016 and 2017. Results: Qualitatively speaking, the students highlighted several positive aspects in the subject; however, they point out the need to incorporate tools that encourage their participation and curiosity, as well as increasing opportunities to integrate what they have learned. They reported that they use a wide variety of learning strategies. This showed a significant receptive learning that does not encourage the transfer of learning types. Quantitatively speaking, there was a high dispersion in the answers, both for cognitive and metacognitive strategies, as well as a trend of 4 (agreed) for most questions. The students were shown not to ensure a high level of adherence to their stated assertions. Conclusions: the students reported that they use a wide variety of learning strategies, but they do not adapt them when the learning situation is more complex. It was shown that students do not ensure a high level of adherence to the assertions made in the CEVEAPEU. Therefore, receptive significant learning is achieved that (AU)

Effect of metacognitive training on social cognition and insight of schizophrenic patients / 中国神经精神疾病杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of olanzapine combined with metacognitive training on social cognition and insight of schizophrenic patients.Methods One hundred twenty patients with schizophrenia were randomly divided into two groups. All patients received four week treatment. The study gr oup received olanzapine combined metacognitive training treatment and the control group only used olanzapine treatment. The positive and negative symptoms scale (PANSS), the Insight and Treatment Attitude Questionnaire (ITAQ), the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS) and Faux Pas Recognition Task (FPRT) were assessed at baseline and after four weeks of treatment. Result There was no statistically significant difference in the scores of all battery between two groups before treatment (P>0.05). the scores of total PANSS and subscales, ITAQ, BCIS and FPRT were statistically significant between study and control groups (P<0.05).After 4 weeks of treatment,the total PANSS scores and subscales scores were significantly lower in the study group than in the control group (P<0.05). The ITAQ score, self-reflection factor of BCIS, composite index and FPRT scores were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (P<0.05). The difference in self-certainty of BCIS difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05).Differences of the remaining scales were statistically significant(P<0.05). Conclusion Olanzapine combined with metacognitive training has a significant effect on the social cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenic patients,improving the patient's insight and enhancing the social function.

Study of application of metacognitive technology in perioperative school-age children / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the impact of metacognitive technology psychological intervention technology on perioperative school-age children′s psychological condition, designed to find an efficient, fast method to intervene preoperative psychological condition, to eliminate their fear of emotional,coping with stress reaction in the effective time. Methods A total of 70 cases of school-age children who were treated from December 2016 to March 2017 were selected randomly and divided into the experimental group (35 cases) and the control group (35 cases). Both groups performed routine preoperative,intraoperative and postoperative nursing,and the experimental group was performed by the special person on the basis of conventional care when waiting for the operation. The changes of the fear index were compared between two groups of patients(T1),preoperative waiting(T2),pre-anesthesia(T3) and one day after surgery(T4). Results The scores of T1,T2,T3 and T4 in the experimental group were 7.000,7.929,2.686,0.971.The scores of T1,T2,T3 and T4 in the control group were 6.929,7.543,8.286 and 3.400.There was no significant difference in the fear index between the two groups at time T1 and T2 (t=0.796, 1.627, P>0.05). The fear index of T3 and T4 was significantly lower than that in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (t=298.637, 400.463, P<0.05). Conclusions The metacognitive technique can significantly improve the psychological status of the children in perioperative school age,and improve the adaptability and tolerance of the children.

Mentalización y teoría de la mente / Mentalization and the Theory of Mind

El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es delimitar y conceptualizar la Teoría de la Mente (ToM), como un proceso de carácter metacognitivo y socioemocional que permite reconocer las intenciones, creencias y emociones de los otros, así como las propias, favoreciendo una efectiva interacción humana. Se analizan las distintas teorías explicativas de este concepto, especialmente la postura modular y sus niveles de complejidad, métodos de evaluación y la relevancia en los estudios actuales en Latinoamérica sobre fenómenos conscientes y psicopatología.

The aim of this bibliographic revision is to delineate y conceptualize the Theory of Mind (ToM) as a metacognitive and socio-emotional process that allows people to recognize feelings, believes, and intentions in other people and inside themselves. We analyze different explicative theories, in particular the modular point of view, and review its complexity, kinds of evaluation and its relevance in Latin-American studies on conscience phenomena and psychopathology.