Ecological Risk Assessment of Sediment Heavy Metals Pollution in Anhui Reach of Huaihe River / 环境与健康杂志

Zn. Conclusion Human activities developed along the Huaihe River does not influence the concentration of heavy metals in the sediment, no serious contamination of heavy metals in the sediment is found in the present investigation.

Cadmium-induced Changes in Zic2 Protein Expression Level in Neuroepithelial of Rat Embryos / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the effect of cadmium on the spatiotemporal sequence of Zic_2 expression in the development of the nervous system.Methods Wistar rats were used in the initial portion of the study.Male and female animals were housed together overnight;the presence of sperms by vaginal smearing methods the following morning indicated that copulation had occurred,and that day was designated embryonic day 0.5(E0.5).Forty dams were divided randomly into the control group and the cadmium exposure group.The dams in the cadmium exposure group were treated with cadmium at a dose of 4 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection.The dams of control and cadmium exposure groups were divided 4 subgroups respectively,sacrificed at various times on embryonic days 9.0,9.5,10.5,and 11.5,laparotomized and the one half pregnant uterus were taken out.The embryos were taken out under stereomicroscope and the morphological score of the nervous system were calculated.The other pregnant uterus were fixed fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde routinely embedded in paraffin and coronally sliced into slice 5 ?m of thickness for immunohistochemical staining.Results Cadmium could lead to dysplasia of nervous system in embryos of rats.The main manifestations were growth retardation,delay closure or unclosures pre- and post- neuropores,and so on.Developmental scores of the forebrain,midbrain and hindbrain of rat embryos in the cadmium exposure groups were lower than the corresponding control groups,and in cadmium exposure groups had significant difference compared with those in control group(P0.05).According to developmental overall scores of nervous system,the scores of the cadmium exposure groups were lower than that of the control groups with significant difference on E9.5,E10.0,E10.5 and E11.5(t=2.71,4.72,3.78,and 5.61 respectively,all P

Genetic Toxicity of Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Chromium and Arsenic to Vicia faba Root Tip Cells / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To evaluate the mutagenicity of mercury, cadmium, arsenic, chromium(Ⅵ)and lead in water on Vicia faba root tip cells. Methods The micronucleus assay of Vicia faba root tip cells were conducted to determine micronucleus rate of Vicia faba root tip cells induced by mercury (0.000 5-1.0 mg/L), cadmium (0.005-1.0 mg/L), arsenic(0.05-2.0 mg/L), chromium (Ⅵ) (0.05-2.0 mg/L) and lead (0.05-3.0 mg/L ) ,and pollution indexes were calculated. Results When the concentration of mercury was ≥ 0.5 mg/L, cadmium ≥ 0.1 mg/L, arsenic ≥ 0.5 mg/L and chromium(Ⅵ)≥ 2.0 mg/L in the water, the micronucleus rate were significantly higher compared with the negative control group, respectively(P

Progress in Clinical and Experimental Researches of Children Lead Poisoning / 环境与健康杂志

In recent years,lead poisoning has gradually become an important public health issue.Usually,children are facing a chronic low-level environmental lead exposure.The damage of lead for children is a dose-effect continual process,involving in nerve,blood,digestive,urinary,immune,endocrine and many other systems,and can affect children's growth.The recent researches on children lead poisoning were reviewed and the biological markers of lead poisoning,detection method of lead in vivo,clinical diagnosis,interventions and models in vitro and in vivo in studies of lead poisoning were summarized.This article would offers scientific researchers effective and convenient scientific basis for further study of the lead toxicity.

Assessment of Content of Heavy Metals in Seafood from Sea Area of Guangdong Province / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To investigate the content of heavy metals in the seafood from sea areas of Guangdong province and assess the seafood safety. Methods The seafood samples were collected from seventeen representative sea areas and two seafood markets in Guangdong province from April to August 2007. The contents of Cu,Zn,Cr,Cd and Pb were measured by ICP-MS. Single factor contamination estimation in seafood was conducted and the sea food safety was assessed. Results The contents of five heavy metals in fish were below the standard limits for harmless fishery food,and the contents of heavy metals in shellfish were higher than those of fish. The contents of Cu and Zn in some oysters were higher than the evaluation standard of heavy metal pollution for the marine animals. The contents of Cd in chlamys farreri and oysters were higher than the standard limits of harmless fishery food. Except the higher content of Cr in babylonia areolata,the contents of Cr and Pb in shellfish were below the standard limits. Conclusion As for the levels of heavy metals,Cu,Zn,Cr,Cd and Pb,in the fish from the sea areas of Guangdong province is safe for health and but the levels of the five heavy metals exceeded the safety limits in varying degrees in some shellfish.

Effects of Taurine-zinc on Blood-brain Barrier Permeability of Rats Exposed to Lead / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To explore the effects of taurine-zinc(TZC) on blood lead content and blood-brain barrier(BBB) permeability of growing rats exposed to lead.Methods Male SD rats aged 3 weeks were randomly divided into four groups(8 in each group):control group,lead exposure group,dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA) group and TZC group.The exposure group treated with 0.12% lead acetate(0.2 ml/100 g body weight) by intraperitoneal injection,DMSA group and TZC group were treated with the same dose of lead acetate but were respectively supplemented with 5 mg/ml DMSA(2 ml/100 g body weight) by ig and 0.46 g/L TZC solution through drinking.Three weeks later,blood lead content was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS) and changes of BBB permeability were observed using lanthanum nitrate tracer method.Results Compared with the lead exposure group,the blood lead level in TZC group and DMSA group was significantly reduced(P

Effect of Lead Pollution on Health of Residents Living on Highway-sides in Mountain Areas / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To investigate the body burden of lead and the related health effects in the residents living on the highway-sides of the mountain areas in Fujian province,China.Methods Eighty-nine subjects living nearby the highway-sides(exposed group) and 69 subjects far away from the highway(control group) were recruited by stratified random sampling method.Their basic situation and relevant index were investigated with questionnaire;The lead levels of blood and urine were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric method and compared;The temperature,pulse rate and blood pressure were taken to analyze the related health effects;and the influence factors of blood lead levels were analyzed by single factor analysis method,rank correlation analysis method and multiple regression analysis method.Results The blood and urine lead level of exposure group([94.19 26.51),(15.36?7.67)?g/L ]were significantly higher than that of the control group[(62.83?13.33),(7.24?4.62) ?g/L;t=8.981 0、7.766 2,P

Determination of Lead by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Whole Blood / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To develop a method to determine lead in the whole blood with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.Methods The whole blood was diluted with mixing matix modifiers [5.0 g/L NH4H2PO4+1.0 g/L Tritonx-100+2.0 ml/L HNO3],then the samples were automatically injected and the blood lead level was determined with Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer.Results There was significant linear relation between absorbance and lead level in the range of 0-40 ?g/L(r=0.998 2),the relative standard deviation(RSD)was 5.5%-12.2%,the recovery rate was 90%-106%,detection limit was 1.1 ?g/L.Conclusion This method is characterized by reliable result,convenient procedure as well as lower pollution.The test result of whole blood lead level in more than 600 occupational lead exposed people with this method is satisfactory.

Antagonism of Glutathione to Antioxidative Capacity Decrease Induced by Manganese Exposure in Rats / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the antagonism of glutathione(GSH) to antioxidative capacity decrease induced by manganese exposure in rats.Methods 48 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into six groups: the blank control,GSH control,MnCl2.4H2O(15 mg/kgand 30 mg/kg),15 mg/kgMnCl2.4H2O+1 mmol/kgGSH and 30 mg/kg MnCl2.4H2O+1 mmol/kg GSH,the treatment was conducted through peritoneal injection.The activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)in the serumand the testis were determined bycolorimetric analysis.Results Compared with the blank control group,the activity of SOD,CAT and GSH-Px in the serum and testis in 30 mg/kg groups significantly decreased(P

Ecotoxicological Effects of Mn,Cd and Mn-Cd Combined Contamination on Crops / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the ecotoxicological effect of Mn,Cd and Mn-Cd combined contamination on crops.Methods Chinese cabbage(Brassica pekimensis),lettuce(Lactuca sativa var.angustana Irish),cowpea(Vigna unguiculata) and alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) seeds were used in seed germination and root elongation tests.Results Research findings indicated that inhibition rates of heavy metals(individual or combined) on the seed germination were much lower than those on the root elongation.Inhibition rate of root elongation proved positively correlated to the concentration of Mn and Cd(P

Advances in in vitro Tests in Evaluating Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soil via Oral Intake / 环境与健康杂志

As the intake routes and hazards to human health of heavy metals were well recognized,therefore the intake amount of heavy metals through foodchain has been effectively controlled and cut down. In many cases,oral ingested soil has become an important source of heavy metals in human. The traditional approach for estimating the bioavailability of heavy metals in oral ingested soil was animal (in vivo)test. Compared with animal test,in vitro test possesses several advantages including satisfactory replicability,time and cost effectiveness. Also,the results of in vitro tests showed well correlation to those of in vitro tests. The progress of development,current status and the methodology of in vitro tests in evaluating bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil via oral intake were reviewed in this article. In vitro test could be used not only to estimate the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil in order to provide information for establishment of soil quality or clean-up criteria with regard to human health,but also to evaluate the effectiveness of soil remediation technologies. The in vitro test has been employed in many developed countries due to its above mentioned advantages. The use of in vitro test for screening of contaminated soil and evaluating the effectiveness of remediation technology is believed to be promising.

Accumulation and Movement of Heavy Metals in the Environment Through Sewage Sludge Using in Agriculture / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To know the accumulation and movement of heavy metals in the environment through sewage sluge using in agriculture. Methods The sewage sludge samples were collected from sewage treatment farms of Suzhou, Wuxi and Changzhou in the different seasons of 1998. The content and states of heavy metals were determined by AAS. The accumulation and movement of heavy metals were analyzed as sewage sludge was used in agriculture. Results The content of heavy metals in the sewage sludge was greatly higher than that in the soil background. Especially, the contents of zinc in the sewage sludge in three cities exceeded the related standard, the means were 1 199.00, 784.00 and 1 216.00 mg/kg respectively. A long term using of sewage sludge might induce heavy metal accumulation in the soil. Conclusion Sewage sludge used in agriculture may induce heavy metal accumulation in the soil and the organisms, so the risk of environmental heavy metals accumulation may increase.

Toxicokinetics Study of Lead Acetate in Domestic Rabbits / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To research the toxicokinetics model of lead acetate in the domestic rabbits.Methods Injecting lead acetate into the vein of the domestic rabbit at the dose of 3 mg/kg,then the blood was collected at the 10th,20th,30th,60th,90th,120th,180th,240th and 360th min.The concentrations of the blood lead were measured by differential potentiometric stripping analysis,the data were analyzed by DAS2.0 software.Results The linear was at the range of 10 to 50 ?g/ml,the major toxicokinetics parameters were:t1/2? = 8.60 min,t1/2? = 67.69 min,t1/2? = 729.84 min,V1= 77 033.08 L/kg,CL = 709.27 L/(min?kg),AUC(0-t) = 3 106.59 ng/(L?min).According to the smallest principle of AIC,the lead concentration in vivo conformed to the three compartmental models in domestic rabbit after injecting lead acetate at 3 mg/kg.Conclusion The lead concentration conforms to the three compartmental models in the domestic rabbit after intravascular injection of lead acetate,and it is eliminated according to the first order processes.

Effects of Germanium Oxide on Cadmium Chloride-Induced Change of Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Catecholamine Neurotransmitters in Mice Brain / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the effects of germanium oxide on cadmium chloride-induced change of acetylcholinesterase(AchE) activity and contents of catecholamine neurotransmitters in the brains of adult mice. Methods Sixty-four Kunming mice were divided randomly into 8 groups, cadminum groups alternatively exposured to cadminum at 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 mg/kg and same volume of physiological saline through intraperitoneal injection once every two days, cadminum + germanium groups were given germanium oxide at 25 mg/kg besides cadminum once every two days, the other two were germanium and physiological saline groups. All groups were injected for 20 d, then germanium oxide group mice were additional injected total 5 times once every two days .Alkaline hydroxylamine method was used in determining activity of AchE, flourimetric method was used in determining contents of NE, DA, 5-HT. Results The activities of AchE were significantly decreased in the cadmium-treated group, which could be antagonized by germanium oxide at 25 mg/kg. The levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin were decreased significantly in the cadmium-treated mice, and this decreases were also antagonized by germanium oxide. Conclusion These data suggest that the germanium oxide antagonize the cadmium chloride-induced changes in neurobiochemical parameters.

Determination of Trace Lead and Cadmium in Water by Separating and Enriching With Sulphydryl Cotton and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To develop a method to determine trace Pb and Cd in mineral water, tap water and sea water. Methods Pb and Cd in the samples were enriched in the sulphydryl cotton column under the conditions that the pH of the samples was adjusted to 7 and collected by washing the column with 4 ml of 0.2 mol/L HCl solution. The concentration of Pb and Cd was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results Pb and Cd were not detected in four kinds of mineral water samples, but in tap water and sea water, Pb was 1.56 ?g/L and 0.43 ?g/L, Cd was 0.62 ?g/L and 0.07 ?g/L respectively. The rates of recovery were 96.6%-104.0% and RSD was

Environment Lead Pollution Investigation of a Lead Smeltery / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To understand the environmental lead pollution level caused by a lead smeltery.Methods From the surrounding of the investigated factory,the farmland soil,sediment,water,ambient air,courtyard dust,waste and 7 kinds of crops were collected to determine the lead level.Results Respectively,the lead concentration was 3.1 mg/L in the agriculture irrigation water,exceeded the allowed limit by 30 times,was 0.07 mg/L in the pond water,exceeded the allowed limit by 0.4 time,was 1 101.5 mg/kg in the sediment of the pond,exceeded the allowed limit by 0.10 time,was 7 400.0 mg/kg in the river sediment,exceeded the allowed limit by 6.40 times,was 47.0-287.9 mg/kg in the farmland soil and within the 400 m bound around the lead smeltery,the average level in the soil was 195.0 mg/kg.Conclusion The lead smeltery has caused the lead environment pollution in degrees,it is the main source of lead pollution that caused high blood lead in some people living in that area.

The Status of Heavy Metals Pollution in Soil along Diaojiang River Sides / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To understand the soil heavy metal pollution along Diaojiang river and to search the way of using the polluted land in safety. Methods Twelve sampling sites were selected along the river sides, the soil, rice and corn samples were collected and the content of heavy metals was determined. Results The investigation revealed that the main pollutants in the soils were As, Pb, Cd, Zn, etc., the polluted area was coincided with the flooded area and the content of Cd, Pb in the rice and Pb, Cd and Zn in the corn planted in the polluted area was over the limits of national food hygiene standards. Conclusion This paper suggests food crops should be forbidden and mulberry be planted in the polluted area. The severely polluted area where the deposits of mine tailings are obvious should be changed to tailing ponds and the plant restoration and reconstruction should be conducted in these areas.

Determination of Heavy Metal in Water With Solid Phase Extraction Followed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To establish a new method for determination of copper, nickel, silver, lead, cadmium and mercury in water with solid phase extraction followed by rapid high performance liquid chromatography. Methods The copper, nickel, silver, lead, cadmium and mercury ions were pre-column derived by tera-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-porphine (T4-DMAPP). These chelates were enriched by solid phase extraction with C18 cartridge and the 100 times enriched products of were obtained. The chelates were separated on a ZORBAX Stable Bound (4.6 mm?50 mm, 1.8 ?m) by gradient elution with methanol and THF as mobile phase at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min and detected with photodiode array detector from 350-600 nm. Results The detection limits of nickel, copper, silver, lead, cadmium, and mercury were 3, 2, 4, 3, 1.5 and 3 ng/L respectively, the recovery rates were 92%-104%, relative standard deviations were 2.8%-3.5%. Conclusion This method can be applied to the determination of nickel, copper, silver, lead, cadmium, and mercury in water with good results.

Heavy Metals in Sediment in Yagang Spot of Guangzhou Reach in Pearl River and Its Ecological Risk / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To investigate the contamination of Cd,Pb,Cu and Cr in the sediment of Guangzhou reach in Pearl River.Methods The sediments were collected in Yagang spot in April,2006.The content of heavy metals were determined,the heavy metals in the sediment were extracted with Tessier five stage sequential extraction procedure,and AAS was applied to determine the concentration of heavy metals in the sediment and extracts.Results The level of Cd,Pb,Cu,Cr were 2.29 mg/kg,217.97 mg/kg,320.60 mg/kg and 124.44 mg/kg respectively in the sediment in Yagang spot.They were higher than the background values of soil of Guangdong,and different heavy metals had different values of five forms.Cd existed as exchanged form mainly,and Cr,Pb existed as stable form mainly,so,Cd was easy to be resolved into water,Cr,Pb were relatively stable in the sediment.Conclusion The ecological risk of the four heavy metals is assessed with Hakanson potential ecological harmful index,the ecological risk of Cd is high,Cr,Pb is lower,Cu is moderate.

Blood Lead Level and Influencing Factors for Children Living in Area near Highway in Mountain Region / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To know the blood level and the influencing factors for the children living in the area near highway in the mountain region. Methods From December,2006 to April,2007,one hundred and eighteen children aged 8-12 years (exposed group) living in the area near highway in the mountain region and fifty-one children aged 8-12 years (control group) living in the area far away from the highway were selected by random cluster sampling. Lead level of the soil and crops on the highway-sides (pollution area)and the area far away from the highway (control area) was determined. The basic situation was investigated by the questionnaire, the blood lead level was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The influence of lead on children's intelligence, physical growth and the influencing factors for blood lead level were analyzed. Results The average lead level of the soil [(96.89?15.05) mg/kg] and crops [(0.86?0.29) mg/kg] in the polluted area was significantly higher compared with the control [soil lead: (29.83?1.41)mg/kg,crops lead:(0.17?0.03) mg/kg], and revealed statistical significance respectively (P