Consumo de drogas: enfrentamiento a un problema latente / Drug use: confronting a latent problem i: en

Algunas situaciones ponen en riesgo a Cuba en cuanto al uso de drogas, entre ellas el aumento del turismo, las relaciones con países que poseen altas tasas de consumo, la ubicación geográfica en corredores de narcotraficantes y la alta prevalencia de drogas porteras. Al respecto, el Sistema Nacional de Salud debe estar preparado para la prevención del problema y la atención a los afectados, de manera que resulta necesario mantener una información actualizada sobre los factores de riesgo y los principales productos utilizados por los consumidores. En la presente revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema se busca llamar la atención de los trabajadores de la salud en tal sentido, se ofrecen datos sobre la magnitud del problema y se abordan elementos de sus antecedentes, así como de la clasificación de las drogas, los factores de riesgo asociados a su consumo y las bases jurídicas para su control en Cuba.

Some situations put Cuba at risk for drug use, such as an increase in tourism, relations with countries that have high rates of substance abuse, the geographic location in drug trafficking corridors, and the high prevalence of "opening doors" drugs. In this regard, the National Health System must be prepared to prevent the problem and care for those affected, so it is necessary to maintain updated information on risk factors and main products used by consumers. In the present literature review on the subject, it is sought to draw the attention of health workers to this point, data on the magnitude of the problem and elements of its background are offered, as well as drug classification, the risk factors associated with its use and the legal bases for its control in Cuba.

Effects of cloperastine, a non-narcotic antitussive, on the expression of GIRK channels in the brain of methamphetamine-induced hyperactive mice

Objectives: Centrally-acting antitussives with inhibitory effects on G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels have been shown to also inhibit methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity in mice. In this study, we examined if cloperastine, which is the most potent inhibitor of the GIRK channels among antitussives, is sensitive to the expression levels of GIRK channels in the brain of methamphetaminetreated mice. Materials and Methods: The brain tissues have been removed and the total RNA has been extracted from tissues. The mRNA levels were evaluated using semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results: The concentration levels of the mRNA of GIRK channels within the ventral midbrain of methamphetamine-treated mice increased as compared with that in control and cloperastine reduced an upregulation in GIRK2, one of the subunits of the GIRK channels, by the injection of methamphetamine. Conclusion: These findings suggest that cloperastine might ameliorate hyperactivity by inhibiting the GIRK channels in the brain.

Recovery and Visualisation of Methamphetamine-Contaminated Fingermarks from Non-Porous Surfaces

@#Introduction: Fingermarks left at a crime scene can indicate the presence of an individual and his/her involvement in the crime. Fingermarks, usually invisible, can appear on any surface and may be contaminated by any exogenous substances, including drug substance. Recovery of fingermarks contaminated by drug substance is crucial to link an individual with the drug-related crimes. Hence, this study was aimed to investigate the recovery and visualisation of methamphetamine-contaminated fingermarks from various non-porous surface materials. Methods: In this study, fingermarks were deposited on 11 types of surface materials varied by the presence of methamphetamine contamination, immediacy of deposition, and their concentration levels. Each fingermark was then developed using white and black fingerprint powders, graded, and compared based on the different settings. Results: Application of fingerprint powder was good in developing fingermarks; however, its suitability depends on the nature of the surface materials. Black fingerprint powder produced better visualisation where the fingermarks on all the 11 surface materials tested in this study were successfully recovered compared to white fingerprint powders. Methamphetamine-contaminated fingermarks could still be recovered using the fingerprint powder dusting method, but the fingermark grade was reduced due to the presence of exogenous substance. Conclusion: To conclude, the recovery and visualisation of methamphetamine-contaminated fingermarks on non-porous surfaces were successfully carried out through the application of fingerprint powder. A more severe contamination might lead to lower fingermark grade showing lesser ridge details.

Activation of the complement C3/C3aR pathway in the prefrontal cortex mediates methamphetamine addiction in rats / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of the complement C3/C3aR signaling pathway in the prefrontal cortex and colon neuroglia cell interactions during meth-amphetamine(METH)addiction,to observe the effects of TLR4 inhibitors as well as complement C3 elimination on METH reward and relapse behavior,and to explore the neuroinflammatory mechanisms of complement C3 acti-vation in METH addiction.METHODS ①A 14 d and 28 d rat METH addiction model was established to observe the effects of TLR4 antagonist ibudilast 3 mg·kg-1 and 10 mg·kg-1 on self-administration,reward motivation,relapse,and natural reward behavior in METH-trained 14 d rats and the effects of 0.02 mg·kg-1 complement C3 antago-nist on self-administration behavior in METH-trained 28 d rats.② Differences in the expression of TLR4,NF-κB,GRP94,C3,cathepsin L,CD68,and GFAP in the pre-frontal cortex of each group were examined using West-ern blotting.③ In addition,the expression of ATF6 in the prefrontal cortex of each group and the effects on neuro-nal and microglia/macrophage INOS,CD206 GRP94,and complement C3/C3aR.RESULTS ① Endoplasmic reticulum stress occurred in neurons and microglia after METH exposure depending on GRP94 and unfolded pro-tein responses to the ATF6 pathway.In addition,it acti-vates the TLR4-NF-κB pathway.② Microglia with high complement C3/C3aR expression in the prefrontal cortex were recruited to synaptic pruning and phagocytic responses around neurons with high GRP94,comple-ment C3/C3aR expression and these effects were blocked by complement C3 antagonists.③ In the rec-tum,GRP94 functions as a molecular chaperone for com-plement C3 and cathepsin L.Crosstalk occurs between enteric neurons high in GRP94,complement C3,and macrophages high in C3aR,located in the submucosa,lamina propria,and muscular,respectively,and all of these effects are blocked by complement C3 antago-nists.④ Treatment with the TLR4 antagonist ibudilast inhibits self-administration,reward motivation,and cue-or METH-priming in METH-trained 14 d rats,but fails to affect natural reward behavior.Ibudilast treatment attenu-ates the TLR4-NF-κB inflammatory pathway and comple-ments C3/C3aR pathway in the prefrontal cortex.CON-CLUSION Activation of the complement C3/C3aR signal-ing pathway by TLR4-NF-κB inflammatory signaling in the prefrontal cortex mediates the METH addiction pro-cess,providing an experimental basis for the clinical treatment of METH addiction,and targeting TLR4/NF-κB inflammatory signaling and complement C3/C3aR may be a new way to intervene in METH addiction.

Research progress on mechanisms of neuroinflammation induced by methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat protein / 中国药理学通报

Methamphetamine abuse and HIV infection are extremely serious public health and social problems facing the world today. Methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat protein can induce neurotoxicity in an individual and synergistic way, and neuroinflammation is one of the most important mechanisms for ca-using neurotoxicity. Neuroinflammation can be mediated by glial cells, cytokines, NLRP3 inflammasomes, etc. This paper reviews the research progress of neuroinflammation induced by methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat protein in recent years, with the aim of providing reference and basis for further exploration of the mechanisms of neuroinflammation caused by them and effective drug intervention targets in the future.

Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids ameliorate methamphetamine-induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in a Sigmar-1 receptor-dependent manner

Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse can cause serious mental disorders, including anxiety and depression. The gut microbiota is a crucial contributor to maintaining host mental health. Here, we aim to investigate if microbiota participate in Meth-induced mental disorders, and the potential mechanisms involved. Here, 15 mg/kg Meth resulted in anxiety- and depression-like behaviors of mice successfully and suppressed the Sigma-1 receptor (SIGMAR1)/BDNF/TRKB pathway in the hippocampus. Meanwhile, Meth impaired gut homeostasis by arousing the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-related colonic inflammation, disturbing the gut microbiome and reducing the microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Moreover, fecal microbiota from Meth-administrated mice mediated the colonic inflammation and reproduced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in recipients. Further, SCFAs supplementation optimized Meth-induced microbial dysbiosis, ameliorated colonic inflammation, and repressed anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Finally, Sigmar1 knockout (Sigmar1-/-) repressed the BDNF/TRKB pathway and produced similar behavioral phenotypes with Meth exposure, and eliminated the anti-anxiety and -depression effects of SCFAs. The activation of SIGMAR1 with fluvoxamine attenuated Meth-induced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Our findings indicated that gut microbiota-derived SCFAs could optimize gut homeostasis, and ameliorate Meth-induced mental disorders in a SIGMAR1-dependent manner. This study confirms the crucial role of microbiota in Meth-related mental disorders and provides a potential preemptive therapy.

Methamphetamine: Mechanism of Action and Chinese Herbal Medicine Treatment for Its Addiction / 中国结合医学杂志

With the proliferation of synthetic drugs, research on the mechanism of action of addictive drugs and treatment methods is of great significance. Among them, methamphetamine (METH) is the most representative amphetamine synthetic drug, and the treatment of METH addiction has become an urgent medical and social problem. In recent years, the therapeutic effects of Chinese herbal medicines on METH addiction have gained widespread attention because of their non-addictiveness, multiple targets, low side effects, low cost, and other characteristics. Previous studies have identified a variety of Chinese herbal medicines with effects on METH addiction. Based on the research on METH in recent years, this article summarizes the mechanism of action of METH as the starting point and briefly reviews the Chinese herbal medicine-based treatment of METH.

Evaluation of microRNA let-7b-3p expression levels in methamphetamine abuse

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to identify a microRNA expression signature that could be used to distinguish methamphetamine from control samples. We also utilized the existing bioinformatics tools in order to predict the candidate microRNAs that could play potential key roles in regulating drug addiction-related genes. METHODS: Methamphetamine samples from 21 ventral tegmental area and 21 nucleus accumbens samples and their control regions were obtained from the Council of Forensic Medicine (Istanbul). Quantitative analysis of let-7b-3p was studied using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. Statistical analysis was carried out using Student's t-test. The receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 20.0). RESULTS: Our quantitative reverse transcription PCR results revealed that let-7b-3p was significantly overexpressed in brain tissues of the methamphetamine-user group. Let-7b-3p had significant power to discriminate methamphetamine from control samples in the ventral tegmental area (AUC; 0.922) and nucleus accumbens (AUC; 0.899) regions. CONCLUSION: We have shown for the first time in the literature the differential expression of let-7b-3p in samples from methamphetamine-addicted individuals. We suggest that let-7b-3p could be a powerful marker for the diagnosis of methamphetamine addiction. Our results showed that differentially expressed let-7b-3p in methamphetamine users could be used as a diagnostic and therapeutic marker.

Efficacy of bupropion and cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of methamphetamine use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: We assessed the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy and bupropion compared to cognitive behavioral therapy alone for methamphetamine use disorder. Methods: The selection criteria for this systematic review study with meta-analysis were randomized clinical trials on the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy and bupropion in the treatment for methamphetamine use disorder (assessed by urine metabolites). The search was conducted in PubMed, PubMed Central, LILACS, SciELO, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, Ovid Medline, Clinicaltrials.gov, and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. The primary outcome was relapse. Risk of bias was assessed with the RoB 2 tool. The results of each clinical trial were input into an Excel spreadsheet. We performed a meta-analysis using relative risk and a 95%CI. Results: Of the 597 initial articles (498 after removing duplicate records), five were included in the meta-analysis, with an aggregate sample of 539 patients. An overall relative risk of 0.91 (95%CI 0.78-1.05) was estimated for relapse. Conclusion: Our study limitations included publication bias and heterogeneous populations. We found no evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy and bupropion reduced the risk of relapse compared to cognitive behavioral therapy and placebo.

Structure Analysis of the Interfering Substance N-methyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine of Methamphetamine in Wastewater / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To analyze the chemical structure of the interfering substance that affects the result of methamphetamine analysis in wastewater.@*METHODS@#A combination of GC-MS and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) was used to analyze the mass spectrum characteristics of the interfering substance that affects the result of methamphetamine analysis and to infer its possible structure. Liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (LC-TQ-MS) was used to confirm the control material.@*RESULTS@#Using LC-QTOF-MS in positive electrospray ionization (ESI+) mode, the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of quasi-molecular ion in the MS1 mass spectrometry of interfering substance was identical to that of methamphetamine, indicating that the interfering substance was probably an isomer of methamphetamine. The MS2 mass spectra obtained at three collision energies of 15 V, 30 V and 45 V were highly similar to methamphetamine, suggesting that the interfering substance contained methylamino and benzyl groups. Further analysis using GC-MS in electron impact (EI) ionization mode showed that the base peak in the mass spectrum of the interfering substance was at m/z 44. The interfering substance was confirmed to be N-methyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine by compared with the standard reference.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The chemical structure of N-methyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine is highly similar to methamphetamine, which is easy to cause interference for the detection of trace amounts of methamphetamine in wastewater using LC-TQ-MS. Therefore, in the actual analysis, the chromatographic retention time can be used to distinguish between N-methyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine and methamphetamine.

Application Prospect of Integrative Omics in Forensic Identification of Methamphetamine-Associated Psychosis / 法医学杂志

The clinical symptoms and signs of methamphetamine-associated psychosis (MAP) and schizophrenia are highly similar, but the situation is completely different when MAP and schizophrenia patients need to be assessed for criminal responsibility after they comitted a harmful behavior. Therefore, the distinction between the two psychoses is very important in forensic psychiatry. At present, the identification of these two psychoses is mainly dependent on the corresponding criteria such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders Version 3 (CCMD-3). It's challenging to diagnose and distinguish between the two in practical cases due to their similar clinical symptoms and the lack of effective objective indexes. Different from the limitations of single omics, integrative omics intergrates data from multiple dimensions and has been extensively studied in the field of schizophrenia and has achieved some preliminary results. In view of the correlation between MAP and schizophrenia and the potential application value of integrative omics, this paper proposes an integrative omics strategy for MAP pathogenesis and forensic identification, aiming to improve the further understanding of the relationship between the two psychoses and the corresponding pathogenesis. It also provides references for the future exploration of integrative omics in forensic precise identification and effective monitoring and early warning methods.

Effect of Tiaoshen acupuncture on anxiety after methamphetamine withdrawal / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the therapeutic effect between Tiaoshen acupuncture combined with psychotherapy and simple psychotherapy on anxiety after methamphetamine withdrawal.@*METHODS@#A total of 78 patients were randomized into an observation group (39 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a control group (39 cases, 1 case dropped off). Psychotherapy was given in the control group. On the basis of the treatment in the control group, Tiaoshen acupuncture was applied at Baihui (GV 20), Shenting (GV 24), Benshen (GB 13), Neiguan (PC 6) and Shenmen (HT 7) in the observation group. The treatment was given once a day, 6 days were as one course and totally 4 courses were required in both groups. The scores of Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA), quality of life for drug addicts (QOL-DA) and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) before and after treatment were observed in both groups.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the various scores and the total scores of HAMA, QOL-DA and PSQI were decreased compared before treatment in both groups (P<0.05), and the scores of somatic anxiety factor, the psychic anxiety factor and the total score of HAMA, each various score and the total score of QOL-DA as well as the scores of sleep quality, time to fall asleep, sleep time, daytime dysfunction and the total score of PSQI in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Tiaoshen acupuncture combined with psychotherapy can relieve the anxiety in patients with anxiety after methamphetamine withdrawal, improve the quality of life and sleep, the therapeutic effect is superior to the simple psychotherapy.

SUN's abdominal acupuncture for depression after methamphetamine withdrawal: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the clinical effect of SUN 's abdominal acupuncture and conventional acupuncture in the treatment of depression after methamphetamine withdrawal.@*METHODS@#A total of 80 female patients with depression after methamphetamine withdrawal were randomly divided into an observation group (40 cases, 1 case dropped off) and a control group (40 cases, 2 cases dropped off). The control group was treated with conventional acupuncture at Baihui (GV 20), Yintang (GV 29), Taichong (LR 3), Shenmen (HT 7), Neiguan (PC 6), Danzhong (GV 17), and the observation group was treated with SUN 's abdominal acupuncture at area 1 of the abdomen and area 8 of the abdomen. Both groups were treated once a day, 30 min each time, 6 days as a course of treatment, 1 day rest between treatment courses, a total of 4 courses of treatment. The scores of withdrawal symptoms, Hamilton depression scale (HAMD), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) scale and serum serotonin (5-HT) level were compared between the two groups before and after treatment.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, the scores of withdrawal symptoms, HAMD and the various scores and total score of PSQI scale in the two groups were all lower than before treatment (P<0.01), and the scores of withdrawal symptoms, HAMD and the sleep quality, time to fall asleep, sleep time scores and total score of PSQI in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.05, P<0.01). After treatment, the serum 5-HT level of the two groups was increased (P<0.01), and that in the observation group was higher than the control group (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#SUN 's abdominal acupuncture can improve withdrawal symptom, depression and sleep quality, increase serum 5-HT content in treatment of depression after methamphetamine withdrawal, and has better effect than conventional acupuncture.

Effects of cognitive training on working memory of female methamphetamine-dependent youths / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the characteristics of working memory ability of female methamphetamine dependent youths, and to analyze the effect of spatial and temporal training task (CODING) on working memory ability of female methamphetamine dependent youths.Methods:Sixty methamphetamine dependent youths from a women's drug rehabilitation center in Sichuan province were selected as the methamphetamine dependent group, while 60 female healthy volunteers from vocational high schools and universities participated as the healthy control group. Visual memory test (VISGED) was used to evaluat the working memory ability of the subjects, and SPSS 21.0 software was used for the nonparametric test of the memory difference between the two groups.The methamphetamine dependent group was divided into treatment group and waiting group based on the baseline matching principle of working memory. The treatment group was trained under the spatio-temporal CODING paradigm for working memory, and the training effect was assessed using the independent sample t-test. Results:(1)The individual parameters(0.06(-1.62, 1.67) vs 1.93 (-0.28, 2.71)) and working program(15.00(14.00 vs 16.00), 17.00(15.00, 20.00)) of working memory in methamphetamine dependent group and normal control group were statistically significant ( Z=-3.83, P<0.05, Z=-3.50; P<0.05). (2) Through memory training, the personal parameters before and after training in the treatment group ((0.08±1.79) vs 1.68 (0.68, 2.25)) had a statistically significant difference ( Z=-3.63, P<0.05). The personal parameters before and after the test in the waiting group ((-0.01±1.86) vs 0.72(-1.54, 1.88)) had no statistically significant difference ( Z=-1.35, P>0.05). Conclusion:Methamphetamine dependence impaire the working memory of female youths regardless of age or education level. Memory training can restore and improve memory ability to a certain extent, help to restore learning ability and living ability, and lay a foundation for a better return to society.

Structural equation model analysis of substance addiction, T lymphocyte subsets and depression in methamphetamine withdrawal patients / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between substance addiction, T lymphocytes and depression in methamphetamine (MA) withdrawal patients.Methods:A total of 105 men who met the inclusion criteria were selected from compulsory isolation drug rehabilitation center of Baini lake, Hunan Province.All participants were suveyed by desires for drug questionnaire(DDQ) and self-rating depression scale (SDS), and the function of T lymphocyte subsets were detected by flow cytometry.All data were managed and analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0 statistical software packages.Results:(1) The respondents were mainly junior high school or below (81.9%), unmarried and divorced (67.6%), unemployed (55.2%), hot suction (47.6%), and careless friends (32.4%), and 67.7% of MA abstinence had depressive symptoms. (2) SDS was positively correlated with desire and intention(DI), negative reinforcement (NR) and CD8+ %( r=0.408-0.897, all P<0.01), while negatively correlated with medication control, CD3+ %, CD4+ %, and CD4+ /CD8+ ( r=-0.792--0.263, all P<0.01). DI had significant positive correlation with CD8 + %( r=0.216, P<0.05), and negative correlation with CD4+ /CD8+ ( r=-0.217, P<0.05). NR had significant positive correlation with CD8 + %( r=0.259, P<0.05), and had significant negative correlations with CD3+ %, CD4+ %, and CD4+ /CD8+ ( r=-0.275-0.200, all P<0.05). Medication cotrol had a significant negative correlation with CD8+ %( r=-0.363, P<0.05), and significant positive correlations with CD4+ % and CD4+ /CD8+ ( r=0.288, 0.261, both P<0.05). (3)The model fitting index showed that DI, NR and medication control had significant direct effects on T lymphocyte subsets (all P<0.05). DI, medication control and T lymphocyte subsets had significant direct effects on self-evaluation of depressive symptoms (all P<0.05). NR, DI and medication control indirectly affected depressive symptoms through T lymphocyte subsets (all P<0.05). There were three path relationships: ① DI indirectly affected SDS via T lymphocyte subsets; ② Medication control indirectly affected SDS via T lymphocyte subsets; ③ NR indirectly affected SDS via T lymphocyte subsets. Conclusion:The structural equation model suggests that the degree of addiction in MA abstinence affecting depressive mood may be related to hypofunctional T lymphocyte subsets and provide methods for the prevention and treatment of drug addiction.

Role of microRNA-132 and Mecp2 in methamphetamine dependence / 中国药理学通报

Aim To explore the roles of miRNA-132 and its related proteins(Mecp2, CREB)in the mechanism of methamphetamine(MA)-induced neurotoxicity and dependence.Methods The rats were intraperitioneally injected(ip)with MA(10 mg·kg-1·d-1)to establish methamphetamine dependence model with different dependent time courses of 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks respectively.The miRNA-132 and Mecp2 mRNA were detected by RT-qPCR, and the Mecp2, p-Mecp2, CREB and p-CREB proteins were detected by Western blot in the tissues of frontal cortex and hippocampus.Results In the frontal cortex, the miRNA-132 and Mecp2 mRNA were up-regulated in MA-dependent groups(P<0.05 and P<0.01), while the Mecp2 protein were down-regulated(P<0.01).MA could promote the phosphorylation of Mecp2 protein in the frontal cortex(P<0.01).In hippocampus, the miRNA-132 was down-regulated in the MA-dependent groups, but Mecp2 mRNA was up-regulated(P<0.05).Mecp2 protein increased in MA-dependent 1 week group(P<0.05), and then recovered with the prolonged time of MA dependence, then decreased in MA-dependent 4 weeks groups(P<0.05)in hippocampus.The phosphorylation level of Mecp2 was significantly decreased in the 1 week group(P<0.01), and then increased in the 2 weeks group(P<0.01)in hippocampus.Conclusions MA could induce an abnormal expression of miRNA-132 in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, and miRNA-132 might inhibit the translation of Mecp2 mRNA and induce the decrease expression of Mecp2 protein in the frontal cortex.But in hippocampus, miRNA-132 does not show the correlation with the Mecp2 expression trend of the frontal cortex.And miRNA-132 regulation does not depend on the expression of Mecp2 in hippocampus.

Research progress of endoplasmic reticulum stress in methamphetamine induced neurotoxicity / 中国药理学通报

At present, METH has surpassed the traditional illegal psychoactive substances and become the most widely abused illegal psychostimulant in China.Endoplasmic reticulum ( ER) plays an important role in regulating the normal physiological functions of various cells by virtue of its strong membrane strnc- ture and a large number of enzymes on the membrane.Endoplasmic reticulum stress ( ERS) is a series of adaptive responses made by cells when ER homeostasis is destroyed.When ERS occurs, it will drive the activation of unfolded protein response (I PR ) , which aims to protect cells from stress, reduce biosyn- thetic load and help to rebuild cell homeostasis.Persistent ERS will further aggravate the pressure of ER and induce cell death by using UPR signaling pathway.'Hie neurotoxicity induced by METH is closely related to ERS.This paper elaborates on ERS and UPR signaling pathway, and summarizes the relationship between ERS.apoptosis and autophagy, so as to provide new ideas and potential therapeutic targets for the basic research and prevention of METH induced neurotoxicity mechanism.

Metabolomic study on clinical staging of methamphetamine detoxification by LC-QTOF-MS / 中国药科大学学报

@#At present , methamphetamine has become a major hidden danger in global public health safety. In order to judge methamphetamine addicts and methamphetamine abstainers more scientifically and reliably, this study analyzed the endogenous metabolites in plasma, serum and urine of methamphetamine addicts, methamphetamine abstainers and healthy volunteers by highly sensitive high-throughput liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analytical instrument. The obtained metabolomic data were processed by univariate analysis (t-test) and multivariate analysis (PLS-DA and OPLS-DA) and eligible potential biomarkers were then screened.The identified biomarkers set enrichment analysis to find the connection between metabolites and metabolic pathways.Multivariate statistical results showed that methamphetamine acute group, recovery group and healthy group were clearly separated.3, 18 and 6 regulated metabolites were identified in serum, plasma and urine, respectively, suggesting that lipid metabolism was abnormal in methamphetamine acute group, and that fatty acid metabolism, sulfate/sulfite metabolism and sex hormone metabolism were abnormal in methamphetamine recovery group.The selected potential biomarkers in this study provide the possibility for scientific judgment of the clinical stage of methamphetamine detoxification.

Effect of cognitive training intervention on attention deficit of methamphetamine-dependent female youth / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the effect of methamphetamine (MA) dependence on the attention of female youth, and to analyze the intervention effect of computer-based cognitive training on the attention of MA-dependent female youth.Method:From May to August 2021, a total of 64 MA-dependent female youths in abstinence period from a women's compulsory isolated drug rehabilitation center in Sichuan Province were selected as the MA group, and 53 ordinary female youths matched with their age and education level were selected as the normal control group.According to the matching principle of age, education level, and attention pre-test scores, the subjects in MA-dependent group were divided into MA-dependent intervention group( n=30)and MA-dependent waiting group( n=34). CogniPlus cognitive training system was used to train the attention of subjects in MA-dependent intervention group( n=30), while the subjects in MA-dependent waiting group( n=34) and normal control group did not receive training.The Vienna Test System was used to collect the attention scores of all subjects.SPSS 20.0 analysis software was used for data processing.Statistical analysis was performed using independent samples t test and paired samples t test. Results:The MA-dependent group had significantly longer endogenous alertness, temporary alertness, and concentration response time ((275.61±47.79)ms, (268.63±51.41)ms, (444.08±134.40)ms) compared with the normal control group ((247.02±34.09)ms, (237.60±46.04)ms, (355.15±44.37)ms) ( t=3.767, 3.405, 4.976; all P<0.05). After attention training, the post-test reaction time of endogenous alertness, temporary alertness, and concentration ((264.10±38.98)ms, (251.67±38.06)ms, (352.03±65.70)ms) in the MA-dependent intervention group were significantly shorter than those in the MA-dependent waiting group ((323.18±83.28)ms, (302.74±82.75)ms, (402.76±74.34)ms) ( t=-3.702, -3.232, -2.876; all P<0.05). The post-test reaction time of temporary alertness and concentration in the MA-dependent intervention group ((251.67±38.06)ms, (352.03±65.70)ms)were shorter than those of the pre-test ((265.70±37.84)ms, (428.67±120.11)ms) ( t=2.179, 3.588; both P<0.05). The MA-dependent waiting group had a longer post-test reaction time of endogenous alertness and temporary alertness(323.18±83.28)ms, (302.74±82.75)ms) compared with the pre-test ((285.35±51.43)ms, (271.21±61.42)ms) ( t=-2.752, -2.664; both P<0.05) and the post-test reaction time of concentration ((402.76±74.34)ms) was shorter than that of the pre-test ((457.68±146.29)ms)( t=2.431, P<0.05). The MA-dependent intervention group had longer endogenous alertness, temporary alertness, and pre-test reaction time of concentration ((264.57±41.41)ms, (265.70±37.84)ms, (428.67±120.11)ms)compared with the normal control group( t=2.083, 2.841, 3.230; all P<0.05). The post-test of endogenous alertness ((264.10±38.98)ms) was longer than that of the normal control group ( t=2.082, P<0.05). Conclusion:The cognitive training based on the CogniPlus system has a certain effect on the attention maintenance or recovery of MA-dependent female youth.It can be used as an intervention measure for cognitive impairment of drug addicts and help them healthy return to society.

Relações entre o uso de anfetaminas e sintomas psicóticos: uma revisão sistemática / Relations between the use of amphetamines and psychotic symptoms: a systematic review

Anfetaminas são substâncias com ações no sistema nervoso central e periférico com potencial de causar dano intenso e de desencadear sintomas psicóticos (delírios, alucinações). Esta revisão procurou identificar trabalhos com informações essenciais para a compreensão das relações entre o uso dessas substâncias por indivíduos e o desenvolvimento de quadros psicóticos, tanto transitórios, ocorridos apenas durante o uso, quanto persistentes durante e após o período de abstinência, ou evoluindo para transtornos primários, como a esquizofrenia. Através de busca em dois bancos de dados foi possível selecionar as referências que supriram os objetivos. Diversas pesquisas buscaram desvendar os mecanismos de ação dessas drogas, e as bases neurológicas, bioquímicas, fisiológicas e moleculares dos transtornos psicóticos, procurando evidências das ligações entre as três situações citadas anteriormente, e similaridades significativas entre os quadros foram identificadas, incluindo em exames de neuroimagem e análises de quadros clínicos, além de comprovações estatísticas. Contudo, futuros estudos são necessários para esclarecer alguns aspectos desse tema e melhorar classificação etiológica, clínica e diagnóstica, além do manejo desses pacientes. [au]

Amphetamines are substances which act in the central and peripheral nervous system, with potential to cause intense damage and initiate psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations). This review had as it's objetive identifying works with essential informations in order to understand the relations between the use of these substances by individuals and the development of psychotic conditions, both transient, happening only during use, and persistent, during and after abstinence, or when evolving to primary disorders, like schizophrenia. Through research in two databases, it was possible to select references that fullfilled the goals. Different researches sought to unravel the action mechanisms of these drugs, and the neurologicsl, biochemical, physiological and molecular bases of psychotic disorders, looking for evidence of connections between the three situations described previously, and significant similatities between the conditions were identified, including in neuroimaging exams and analysis of clinical presentations, besides statistical evidence. However, future studies are necessary to clarify some aspects of this topic and improve the etiological, clinical and diagnostic classification, plus the treatment of these patients. [au]