Da virose biológica à virose econômica: uma vacina para microempresas no Brasil / De la virosis biológica a la virosis económica: una vacuna para microempresas en Brasil / From biological viruses to economic viruses: a vaccine for microenterprises in Brazil

Resumo Diante da ameaça de desestruturação do tecido produtivo como consequência do isolamento social imposto no Brasil, e tendo em vista que as micro e pequenas empresas são aquelas mais duramente atingidas, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo formular uma proposta de auxílio emergencial governamental para este segmento econômico. Para tanto, apresenta uma breve análise das medidas já adotadas pelo Governo Federal, propõe uma medida capaz de preencher suas lacunas e, por fim, estima os custos da medida proposta para o Tesouro Nacional.

Resumen Ante la amenaza de desestructuración del tejido productivo como consecuencia del aislamiento social impuesto en Brasil y considerando que las micro y pequeñas empresas son las más afectadas, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo formular una propuesta de asistencia gubernamental de emergencia a este segmento económico. Para ello, presenta un breve análisis de las medidas ya adoptadas por el Gobierno Federal, propone una medida capaz de llenar sus lagunas y, finalmente, estima los costos de la medida propuesta para el Tesoro Nacional.

Abstract Facing the threat of disruption to the productive sector as a result of social distancing measures imposed in Brazil, and considering that micro and small enterprises are those hardest struck, this study aims to formulate a government emergency aid proposal for this segment. It presents a brief analysis of the federal government's current actions and proposes a measure capable of filling the gaps observed. Finally, the study offers an estimation of costs for the National Treasury if adopting the proposed measure.

Occupational Health and Safety Related Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Wood and Metal Workers in Hawassa, Ethiopia

Background: Workplace accidents affect young people and developing countries share the largest job related incidences and diseases. Micro and small enterprises (MSE) are in rapid expansion in Ethiopia and they consist mostly of young age groups. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Hawassa (Jan. to Mar., 2014), Ethiopia. The subjects were 382 respondents, all eligible workers at MSE wood and metal workshops in Hawassa. The study design was institution based cross-sectional and the data were collected by interviewing and administering semi-structured questionnaires which included demographic characteristics, and questions specifically designed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of the study subjects. Knowledge and attitude were measured using composite score and data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 computer software to determine descriptive statistics. Results: The response rate of the study was 92.7%. The majority, 84.9% (299), of the respondents was males and 15.1% (53) were females; 36.2% (128) were aged 25 – 29 years and 34.7% (123) completed secondary school. Regarding their work environment 94.2% (325) reported presence of excessive dust, 99.2% (350) disturbingly high sound, 89.5% (316) radiation from welding and 99.4% (338) used chemicals in the workplace during painting / spraying. Only 30.5% (108) knew that exposure to chemicals (inhaled sprays, spilled on body etc.) during work causes problem on health. Regarding knowledge related to occupational health and safety (OHS) 83.1% (294) responded 75% and above correctly while regarding attitude 87.2% (309) have shown to have 75% and above favorable attitude towards acceptable OHS principles. Concerning practice on using personal protective equipment (PPE) , out of the 6 PPE mentioned, only 37.3% (132) reported that they use three or more of them sometimes or always. Only 33.9% (120) and 5.4% (19) of the respondents reported that they had training on OHS before they started work and within the last one year respectively. Conclusion and Recommendation: The overall knowledge, attitude and practice related to OHS MSE wood and metal workers in Hawassa pose a public health concern. This calls for urgent intervention in providing on job training as well as implementing safer work environment, medical checkups and improved pre-service training for new staff.

Implantação e manutenção do sistema APPCC: as barreiras que desafiam as micro e pequenas empresas / Implementation and maintenance of the HACCP system: the barriers that challenge micro and small companies

Os consumidores atuais buscam cada vez mais por alimentos seguros e as indústrias vêm se empenhando em atender às expectativas deste cliente, além de se enquadrar às especificações legais. O sistema APPCC (Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle) tem como foco a garantia da inocuidade dos produtos, porém ainda existem diversas barreiras para a sua implantação, principalmente nas Micro e Pequenas Empresas (MPE). O objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar os conceitos básicos relativos à Segurança dos Alimentos e identificar as principais barreiras para a implantação e manutenção do sistema APPCC nas MPE. A pesquisa foi baseada em livros técnicos específicos e em publicações científicas disponibilizadas por sites de busca referenciados, como o portal de periódicos Capes, Science Direct e Scientific Eletronic Library Online (Scielo), direcionada pelas palavras chaves. Concluiu-se que as principais barreiras para a implantação do APPCC nas MPE são a falta de conhecimento técnico e de motivação por parte dos funcionários e empresários, restrições econômicas e de tempo, além da deficiência de programas governamentais que contemplem as MPE. É necessário um maior comprometimento do setor e o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas voltadas para as MPE, que facilitem a implantação do sistema APPCC, contribuindo assim para o desenvolvimento deste segmento na fabricação de alimentos seguros.