Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity in the rhizosphere of tree seedlings subjected to residual herbicides

Abstract Trees occurring on the margins of agricultural areas can mitigate damage from residual herbicides. Rhizospheric microbial activity associated with trees is one of the main remedial capacity indicators. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rhizospheric microbiological activity in tree species subjected to the herbicides atrazine and sulfentrazone via the rhizosphere. The experiment was designed in four blocks and a 6 × 3 factorial scheme. The first factor consisted of six tree species from Brazil and the second of atrazine, sulfentrazone, and water solutions. Four herbicide applications were performed via irrigation. The total dry mass of the plants, mycorrhizal colonization, number of spores, basal respiration of the rhizospheric soil, and survival rate of bioindicator plants after phytoremediation were determined. Trichilia hirta had higher biomass when treated with atrazine and sulfentrazone. Herbicides decreased the microbial activity in Triplaris americana and did not affect the microbiological indicators of Myrsine gardneriana, Schizolobium parahyba, and Toona ciliata. Fewer bioindicator plants survived in soil with Triplaris americana and sulfentrazone. Microbiological indicators were influenced in different ways between species by the presence of herbicides in the rhizosphere.

Resumo As árvores que ocorrem nas margens das áreas agrícolas podem mitigar os danos dos herbicidas residuais. A atividade microbiana rizosférica associada às árvores é um dos principais indicadores de capacidade corretiva. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade microbiológica rizosférica em espécies arbóreas submetidas aos herbicidas atrazina e sulfentrazone via rizosfera. O experimento foi estruturado em quatro blocos e esquema fatorial 6 × 3. O primeiro fator consistiu em seis espécies de árvores do Brasil e o segundo em soluções de atrazine, sulfentrazone e água. Quatro aplicações de herbicidas foram realizadas via irrigação. Foram determinados a massa seca total das plantas, colonização micorrízica, número de esporos, respiração basal do solo rizosférico e taxa de sobrevivência de plantas bioindicadoras após fitorremediação. Trichilia hirta apresentou maior biomassa quando tratada com atrazina e sulfentrazone. Os herbicidas diminuíram a atividade microbiana em Triplaris americana e não afetaram os indicadores microbiológicos de Myrsine gardneriana, Schizolobium parahyba e Toona ciliata. Menos plantas bioindicadoras sobreviveram no solo com Triplaris americana e sulfentrazone. Os indicadores microbiológicos foram influenciados de formas distintas entre as espécies pela presença dos herbicidas na rizosfera.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity in the rhizosphere of tree seedlings subjected to residual herbicides / Atividade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares na rizosfera de mudas de árvores submetidas a herbicidas residuais

Abstract Trees occurring on the margins of agricultural areas can mitigate damage from residual herbicides. Rhizospheric microbial activity associated with trees is one of the main remedial capacity indicators. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rhizospheric microbiological activity in tree species subjected to the herbicides atrazine and sulfentrazone via the rhizosphere. The experiment was designed in four blocks and a 6 × 3 factorial scheme. The first factor consisted of six tree species from Brazil and the second of atrazine, sulfentrazone, and water solutions. Four herbicide applications were performed via irrigation. The total dry mass of the plants, mycorrhizal colonization, number of spores, basal respiration of the rhizospheric soil, and survival rate of bioindicator plants after phytoremediation were determined. Trichilia hirta had higher biomass when treated with atrazine and sulfentrazone. Herbicides decreased the microbial activity in Triplaris americana and did not affect the microbiological indicators of Myrsine gardneriana, Schizolobium parahyba, and Toona ciliata. Fewer bioindicator plants survived in soil with Triplaris americana and sulfentrazone. Microbiological indicators were influenced in different ways between species by the presence of herbicides in the rhizosphere.

Resumo As árvores que ocorrem nas margens das áreas agrícolas podem mitigar os danos dos herbicidas residuais. A atividade microbiana rizosférica associada às árvores é um dos principais indicadores de capacidade corretiva. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade microbiológica rizosférica em espécies arbóreas submetidas aos herbicidas atrazina e sulfentrazone via rizosfera. O experimento foi estruturado em quatro blocos e esquema fatorial 6 × 3. O primeiro fator consistiu em seis espécies de árvores do Brasil e o segundo em soluções de atrazine, sulfentrazone e água. Quatro aplicações de herbicidas foram realizadas via irrigação. Foram determinados a massa seca total das plantas, colonização micorrízica, número de esporos, respiração basal do solo rizosférico e taxa de sobrevivência de plantas bioindicadoras após fitorremediação. Trichilia hirta apresentou maior biomassa quando tratada com atrazina e sulfentrazone. Os herbicidas diminuíram a atividade microbiana em Triplaris americana e não afetaram os indicadores microbiológicos de Myrsine gardneriana, Schizolobium parahyba e Toona ciliata. Menos plantas bioindicadoras sobreviveram no solo com Triplaris americana e sulfentrazone. Os indicadores microbiológicos foram influenciados de formas distintas entre as espécies pela presença dos herbicidas na rizosfera.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity in the rhizosphere of tree seedlings subjected to residual herbicides / Atividade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares na rizosfera de mudas de árvores submetidas a herbicidas residuais

Trees occurring on the margins of agricultural areas can mitigate damage from residual herbicides. Rhizospheric microbial activity associated with trees is one of the main remedial capacity indicators. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rhizospheric microbiological activity in tree species subjected to the herbicides atrazine and sulfentrazone via the rhizosphere. The experiment was designed in four blocks and a 6 × 3 factorial scheme. The first factor consisted of six tree species from Brazil and the second of atrazine, sulfentrazone, and water solutions. Four herbicide applications were performed via irrigation. The total dry mass of the plants, mycorrhizal colonization, number of spores, basal respiration of the rhizospheric soil, and survival rate of bioindicator plants after phytoremediation were determined. Trichilia hirta had higher biomass when treated with atrazine and sulfentrazone. Herbicides decreased the microbial activity in Triplaris americana and did not affect the microbiological indicators of Myrsine gardneriana, Schizolobium parahyba, and Toona ciliata. Fewer bioindicator plants survived in soil with Triplaris americana and sulfentrazone. Microbiological indicators were influenced in different ways between species by the presence of herbicides in the rhizosphere.

As árvores que ocorrem nas margens das áreas agrícolas podem mitigar os danos dos herbicidas residuais. A atividade microbiana rizosférica associada às árvores é um dos principais indicadores de capacidade corretiva. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade microbiológica rizosférica em espécies arbóreas submetidas aos herbicidas atrazina e sulfentrazone via rizosfera. O experimento foi estruturado em quatro blocos e esquema fatorial 6 × 3. O primeiro fator consistiu em seis espécies de árvores do Brasil e o segundo em soluções de atrazine, sulfentrazone e água. Quatro aplicações de herbicidas foram realizadas via irrigação. Foram determinados a massa seca total das plantas, colonização micorrízica, número de esporos, respiração basal do solo rizosférico e taxa de sobrevivência de plantas bioindicadoras após fitorremediação. Trichilia hirta apresentou maior biomassa quando tratada com atrazina e sulfentrazone. Os herbicidas diminuíram a atividade microbiana em Triplaris americana e não afetaram os indicadores microbiológicos de Myrsine gardneriana, Schizolobium parahyba e Toona ciliata. Menos plantas bioindicadoras sobreviveram no solo com Triplaris americana e sulfentrazone. Os indicadores microbiológicos foram influenciados de formas distintas entre as espécies pela presença dos herbicidas na rizosfera.

Comparative in vitroantimicrobial study of Panchavalkal and modified Panchavalkalin three different extract solvents: a study protocol

Background: Charak, Sharangdhar, Kashyap, BhavaPrakasha described Panchavalkala, is a combination of five astringent barks viz., Vata (Ficus bengaenesisLinn.), Udumbara (Ficus glomerataRoxb.), Ashvattha (Ficus religiosaLinn.), Parisha (Thespesia populaneaSolandexcorrea) and Plaksha (Ficus slacor Buch-Ham.). In Ayurveda sometimes substitute plants are described to work better for a particular medical condition. Such type of alternative drug suggested by BhavaMishra and Kaiyadeva Nighantu for classical Panchavalkala is Shirish (Albezzia lebbeckLinn.) in place of Parisha. Such type of altered Panchavalkal is called as modified Panchavalkal. Both Panchavalkals are essentially important in acute, chronic ulcers, wound healing and reproductive health concern women’s diseases like leucorrhea, irregular or heavy bleeding etc. So, these Panchavalkals at three different extract solvents i.e.,water extract, alcoholic extract and hydro alcoholic extractin comparison to standard anti-microbial drugs will be studied.Methods: Panchavalkal and modified Panchavalkalin water, alcohol and hydro alcoholic extract will be subjected to a test antimicrobial property by agar well diffusion method. Results will be assessed on the basis of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and the zone of inhibition (ZOI) of plant extracts against the microorganism that will be measured.Conclusions: Conclusion will be drawn on the basis of results obtained about anti-microbial activity of Pachavalkal and modified Panchavalkal in three different extracts.Trial registration:It is taken, Ref. No. MGACHRC/IEC/February-2021/193-A

Efecto de los cultivos de cobertura invernales sobre el microbioma del suelo: revisión sistemática de la literatura / Effect of winter cover crops on the soil microbiome: a systematic literature review

Resumen La inclusión de cultivos de cobertura invernales (CCI) en un sistema de siembra directa (SD) en reemplazo del barbecho constituye una alternativa promisoria para mejorar la salud del suelo y contribuir a la sustentabilidad ambiental de los sistemas agrícolas. Esta revisión ofrece un panorama integral de los efectos sobre el microbioma del suelo que tiene la introducción de CCI en rotación con cultivos de verano en sistemas de SD vs. el barbecho desnudo. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de la literatura que reporta los efectos de los CCI sobre los parámetros de abundancia, actividad y diversidad microbiana del suelo. Combinando 7 criterios de búsqueda se seleccionaron y analizaron 22 trabajos. El conjunto de resultados de esos trabajos muestra que la actividad enzimática del suelo se ve favorecida con la inclusión de CCI en la rotación, principalmente si estos se componen de leguminosas y mezclas de especies. Más de la mitad de esos trabajos reportan una mayor biomasa microbiana con CCI que con barbecho. Además, se advierte que los efectos de los CCI sobre los parámetros microbianos son independientes de la duración de los ensayos. Sin embargo, aún se necesitan más investigaciones básicas que permitan reducir la heterogeneidad entre estudios y comprender las complejas interacciones que ocurren entre los CCI y el microbioma del suelo.

Abstract The inclusion of winter cover crops (WCC) in no-till (NT) systems in replacement of bare fallow is a promising alternative to improve soil health and consequently, contribute to environmental sustainability of agricultural systems. This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of the use of WCC in rotation with summer cash crops under NT systems on the soil microbiome versus bare fallows. A systematic literature search was conducted to evaluate the impact of WCC on microbial parameters indicative of abundance, activity and diversity. Twenty-two papers were selected based on seven combined criteria. The results of this review show that enzyme activities in soil are enhanced with the inclusion of WCC in the rotation, particularly those that include legumes and mix of species. ln general, more than half of the analyzed papers report higher microbial biomass in soils with WCC than in bare fallow. Interestingly, the effects of WCC on microbial parameters are independent of the duration of the experiments. However, more basic research is necessary to reduce the heterogeneity of the studies and to better understand the complexity of the interactions between WCC and the soil microbiome.

Anti pathogenic studies of new mixed ligand metal chelates

Drug discovery aimed at the methodical extermination of life-threatening bacterial infection, especially considering the emergence of multi-drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria has remained a challenge for medicinal inorganic chemistry. In this article, the mixed ligand complexes of Cu (II), Co (II), and Ni (II) containing heterocyclic ligands were synthesized and characterized by IR, LC-MS, UV, and TG-DTA. Complexes are screened for Anti-microbial activity against human pathogenic bacteria.

Soil biomass and microbial activity in soybean crop area under different cover crops and different soil correction systems / Biomassa e atividade microbiana do solo em área de cultivo de soja sob diferentes plantas de cobertura e diferentes sistemas de correção de solo

This study aimed to evaluate soil biomass and microbial activity and soybean yield under different limestone and gypsum doses and different cover crops. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area of the Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa Agropecuária de Chapadão, on a Dystrophic Red Latosol, using cultivar Desafio. The experiment consisted of a randomized blocks design, in a split-plot factorial scheme (3x4x3), with three replications. Plots consisted of three gypsum doses: control (without gypsum), recommended dose (2.3 Mg ha-1), and double dose (4.6 Mg ha-1). Subplots consisted of four limestone doses (2, 4, and 6 Mg ha-1) and the control (without limestone). Each block had three different cover crops: Brachiaria, Millet, and allow. The values obtained with the test revealed that brachiaria had better basal respiration in the absence of gypsum. Conversely, millet had better basal respiration in with the gypsum dose. Basal respiration, using brachiaria as cover crop, was higher at the dose of 2700 kg ha-1 of limestone. However, for the fallow and the millet, basal respiration was higher when using the highest limestone dose of 6000 kg ha-1. The variable microbial biomass showed differences between cover crops only in the absence of gypsum. Brachiaria and fallow presented the highest mean for microbial biomass. The use of millet as a cover crop together with gypsum doses increased the microbial biomass. The variables mass of 100 grains and grain yield had higher mean at the limestone dose of 6000 kg ha-1 .

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a biomassa e atividade microbiana do solo, e produtividade da soja sob efeito das diferentes doses de calcário e gesso e diferentes coberturas de solo. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental da Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa Agropecuária de Chapadão, sob Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, com a cultivar Desafio. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial (3x4x3) de parcelas subdividas, com 3 repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por 3 quantidades de gesso agrícola, sendo: controle (sem gesso), recomendado (2,3 Mg ha-1) e o dobro (4,6 Mg ha-1), as subparcelas por 4 doses de calcário (2, 4 e 6 Mg ha-1), além do controle (sem calcário), onde cada bloco apresentou 3 coberturas diferentes: Braquiaria, Milheto e Pousio. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey 5%. Com os valores obtidos pudemos observar que a respiração basal foi melhor para braquiária na ausência de gesso, e na presença o milheto se saiu melhor. A respiração basal, utilizando a braquiária como cobertura, foi maior na dose de 2700 kg ha-1 de calcário. Já utilizando o pousio e o milheto foi na maior dose 6000 kg ha-1. A variável biomassa microbiana apresentou diferença entre as coberturas apenas na ausência de gesso, onde a braquiária e o pousio apresentaram as maiores médias para esta variável. A utilização do milheto como cobertura em conjunto com as doses de gesso acarretou aumento da biomassa microbiana. A massa de 100 grãos e a produtividade de grãos apresentaram maior média na dose de 6000 kg ha-1 de calcário.

Exploration on the Effectiveness of Radio Frequency Treatment and Flash Pasteurisation on Enzyme and Microbial Activity for Coconut Water Preservation

The aim of this research work is to explore the effect of flash pasteurisation (FP) and radio frequency (RF) treatment on enzyme activity, microbial activity and physicochemical properties of matured coconut water (MCW). The process conditions for FP were treatment temperature and time in combinations. The process conditions for RF treatment were different electrode position with constant current load 0.8 A. The results obtained from these treatments reveal that FP conditions had significant effect on inactivation of natural microbial flora, polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) activity. From the results it is observed that FP at 90°C for 10 minutes is better for complete enzyme and microbial inactivation than RF treated MCW. The result is also evident that PPO has higher thermal stability than POD. From observed results the study also concludes that, FP is a better option for enzyme and microbial inactivation but RF treatment was found superior for retaining physicochemical attributes.

Emisión de óxido nitroso, nitrificación, desnitrificación y mineralización de nitrógeno durante el cultivo del arroz en 2 suelos de Uruguay / Nitrous oxide emission, nitrification, denitrification and nitrogen mineralization during rice growing season in 2 soils from Uruguay

Los procesos microbianos como la mineralización, la nitrificación y la desnitrificación regulan la dinámica del nitrógeno en el suelo. Estos 2 últimos son los principales responsables de la emisión de óxido nitroso (N2O). En este trabajo se determinaron los flujos de N2O en momentos clave del ciclo de cultivo del arroz en 2 sitios que diferían principalmente en el contenido de materia orgánica del suelo (MO), en las localidades de Salto (mayor MO) y de Treinta y Tres. Dichos momentos clave fueron a la siembra, en macollaje, en primordio floral y a la madurez. También se determinó el potencial de mineralización neta de N y las actividades y los números más probables (NMP) de oxidantes de NH4+ y de desnitrificantes. El potencial de mineralización de N, así como la actividad y el NMP de oxidantes de NH4+, no variaron con el tipo de suelo. Sin embargo, la actividad y el NMP de desnitrificantes fueron mayores en el suelo con mayor contenido de MO, independiente de la etapa del cultivo. A su vez, en las etapas finales del ciclo del cultivo, el NMP de desnitrificantes aumentó coincidiendo con el mayor potencial de mineralización y el mayor contenido de N mineral del suelo. Solo se observó un incremento en el flujo de N2O en el suelo de Salto a la madurez del arroz y cuando el suelo ya había sido drenado (44,2g N-N2O/ha d, frente a 20,8g N-N2O/ha d en Treinta y Tres). Esta investigación señala la importancia de estudiar las emisiones en distintos tipos de suelos y de continuar la medición luego del drenaje del cultivo de arroz para la elaboración de los inventarios de gases de efecto invernadero.

Microbial processes such as mineralization, nitrification and denitrification regulate nitrogen dynamics in the soil. The last two processes may produce nitrous oxide (N2O). In this work N2O fluxes were quantified at four moments of the rice cycle, sowing, tillering, panicle initiation and maturity, in two sites that differed mainly in their soil organic matter (OM) content, Salto (higher OM) and Treinta y Tres. Potential net N mineralization, ammonium oxidation and denitrification as well as the most probable numbers (MPN) of ammonia oxidizers and denitrifiers were determined. Potential N mineralization did not vary with the soil type and increased at rice maturity. Neither ammonia oxidation potential nor MPN were different among the soils. However, the soil with higher OM exhibited higher activity and MPN of denitrifiers, irrespective of the rice stage. In turn, at the latest phases of the crop, the MPN of denitrifiers increased coinciding with the highest mineralization potential and mineral N content of the soil. Significant differences in N2O flux were observed in Salto, where the highest emissions were detected at rice maturity, after the soil was drained (44.2 vs 20.8g N-N2O/ha d in Treinta y Tres). This work shows the importance of considering the soil type and end-of-season drainage of the rice field to elaborate GHGs (greenhouse gases) inventories.

A new anti-microbial pentylated diphenyl ether derivatives from fermentation products of an endophytic fungus Phomopsis fukushii / 中草药

Objective Try to find the new biological compounds, the research on the chemical constituents in the fermentation products of an endophytic fungus Phomopsis fukushii had been carried out. Methods The chemical constituents in this fermentation products were isolated by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies and RP-HPLC methods. Their structures were elucidated by using various spectroscopic techniques. Results Four pentylated diphenyl ethers (1-4) were isolated from this fermentation products, and the new compound (1) was evaluated for its anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activity. Compounds 2-4 were identified as diorcinol C, diorcinol D, and diorcinol E. Conclusion Compounds 2-4 are isolated from the fermentation products of endophytic fungus Phomopsis fukushii for the first time. Compound 1 is a new compound named phomodiphenyl ether A and given the system name of 1-[4-(3-hydroxy-5-methylphenoxy)-2-methoxy-6-methylphenyl]-3-methylbut- 3-en-2-one. Compound 1 also shows strong anti-MRSA activity with MIC90 value of (54 ± 4) μg/mL. This valve is close to that of positive control, levofloxacin with MIC90 value of [≥ (56 ± 6) μg/mL].

Detection of microbial activity in some organic amendments

@#Aims:In this paper we conducted a laboratory experiment to assess the biological characters and maturity level of three organic materials: filter cake (FC), spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and fermented grass (FG), through microbial activity and phytotoxicity.Methodology and results:Each sample was determined for physicochemical parameters, microbial activity and phytotoxicity. Microorganism population was counted by spreading plate method and microbial activities were tested by measuring fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis and dehydrogenase activity (DHA). The phytotoxicity evaluation by seed germination was tested on Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle),Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra) and Oryza sativa (Rice). The results showed that all substrates have suitable physicochemical values that could be used as soil amendments. These organic matters are a rich source of microorganisms (>107 CFU/g), especially plant growth promoting bacteria (ranging from 104 to 106CFU/g). The high value of FDA (ranging from 1.609 to 1.621 mg/g) and DHA activity (ranging from 153.95 to 179.92 μg/g)suggested a high degree of microbial activity in the organic amendment samples. Combining with germination index values in seed germination, most GI values indicate non-toxicity of those substrates, with the exception of fermented grass in germination of H.sabdariffa.Conclusion, significance and impact of study:The result from this study proposes that these substrates can be considered as potential amendments to support soil property.

Studies on the Chemical Constituents from the Seeds of Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis

This study analyzed the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis commonly used as a remedy in traditional Chinese medicine, in order to determine its various biologically active compounds. Through process 3-pentadecylcatechol, ρ-menth-8-ene, and γ-bisabolene were isolated and identified for the first time which are urushiol, monoterpenoidal, and sesquiterpenoidal compounds, respectively. Also, found were another sesquiterpenoidal compounds, vomifoliol, and four steroidal compounds, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, stigmasta-5,23-dien-3β-ol, and stigmast-4-en-3-one. In addition, fourteen triterpenoidal compounds were isolated and identified. These were lupeol, betulinic acid, betulinaldehyde, alphitolic acid, 3-O-cis-ρ-coumaroyl-alphitolic acid, 3-O-trans-ρ-coumaroylalphitolic acid, 2-O-cis-ρ-coumaroyl-alphitolic acid, 2-O-trans-ρ-coumaroyl-alphitolic acid, zizyberanalic acid, ceanothic acid, oleanolic acid, maslinic acid, 3-O-cis-ρ-coumaroyl-maslinic acid, and 3-O-trans-ρ-coumaroylmaslinic acid. The structures were identified by comparing of the spectroscopic experiments, NMR and MS, and then compared that reported data, respectively. Three extracts of water, methanol, and chloroform from the seeds showed a weak anti-proliferative effect, anti-microbial activity, and anti-oxidant effect, respectively.

Lignosulfonic Acid Based Hydrogel Nanocomposites for Antimicrobial Application.

Hydrogels in which poly(acryl amide)/lignosulfonic acid (AAm/LSA) crosslinked with N,N’-methylene bis acrylamide, were prepared by using a redox polymerization technique. These hydrogel networks can act as excellent nano reactors for producing and stabilizing the metal nanoparticles. The current methodology allows us to entrap metal nanoparticles throughout hydrogel networks via AAm/ LSA chains. The synthesized silver nano composite hydrogels (Ag-NCHs) were fully characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy; Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical structure and crosslinking in AAm/LSA hydrogels and Ag-NCHs matrix was analyzed by FTIR. SEM and TEM measurements suggested the spherical structure of the silver particles with smooth surface and size of these particles confirmed by DLS. Crystalline nature of the nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD and electron diffraction measurements. Swelling studies were performed in water with the help of an empirical equation to investigate the diffusion mechanism. The developed Ag-NCHs were evaluated for preliminary antibacterial applications against E.coli and Bacillus.

Response of soil microbiota to nine-year application of swine manure and urea / Resposta da microbiota do solo a nove anos de aplicações de dejetos suínos e ureia

ABSTRACT: Manure fertilization is a common practice, but little is known about its impacts on soil microbial activity and organic matter. Aiming to evaluate soil microbial response to nine years of successive applications of swine manure, organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), pH, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (BR), metabolic quotient (qCO2), and enzyme (ß-glucosidase, phosphatase, arylsulphatase, and FDA) activities were measured in the 0-10cm soil layer, in a no-tillage system. Treatments were: control soil without fertilization (C), and application of two doses (104 and 209kg of N ha-1year-1) of urea (U1 and U2), pig slurry (PS1 and PS2) and deep litter (DL1 and DL2). TOC, TN, soil pH, MBC, and BR increased in soil fertilized with DL, and were lower in U treatments. Soils with U and DL application had higher qCO2, related to different sources of stressors like nutrient imbalance. Phosphatase and ß-glucosidase activities were not affected by treatments, increased with time, and had a strong correlation with MBC. We conclude that long-term swine manure applications increase microbial activity and soil organic matter, mainly in DL form; while urea applications have negative impacts on these indicators.

RESUMO: A fertilização com dejetos suínos é uma prática comum, porém, pouco se conhece acerca de seus impactos sobre a atividade microbiana do solo e a matéria orgânica. Com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta da microbiota do solo, após nove anos de aplicações sucessivas de dejetos suínos, foram mensurados o carbono orgânico total (TOC), nitrogênio total (TN), pH, carbono da biomassa microbiana (MBC), respiração basal (BR), quociente metabólico (qCO2) e a atividade enzimática (ß-glucosidase, fosfatase, arilsulfatase, e FDA), avaliações feitas na camada de 0 a 10cm de profundidade em um solo sob plantio direto. Os tratamentos foram: solo controle sem fertilização (C) e aplicação de duas doses (104 e 209kg de N ha-1ano-1) de ureia (U1 e U2), dejeto líquido (PS1 e PS2) e cama sobreposta (DL1 e DL2). O TOC, TN, o pH do solo, MBC e BR incrementaram no solo fertilizado com DL e foram mais baixos nos tratamentos com U. Os solos com aplicação de U e DL apresentaram o maior qCO2, relacionado a diferentes fontes de estresse, como o desbalanço de nutrientes. A atividade da fosfatase e da ß-glucosidase não foi afetada pelos tratamentos, mas incrementou com o tempo e teve uma forte correlação positiva com o MBC. Conclui-se que as aplicações de dejetos suínos em longo prazo incrementaram a atividade microbiana do solo e o teor de matéria orgânica, principalmente quando aplicados na forma de DL, enquanto que as aplicações de U apresentaram impactos negativos sobre esses indicadores.

Remoção de matéria orgânica do esgoto em solo de wetland construído / Removal of organic matter fraction from sewage in constructed wetland soil

RESUMO Nos sistemas wetlands construídos os meios suportes tradicionalmente utilizados são areia grossa, cascalho, pedregulho e brita. Nesta pesquisa, foi utilizado o solo natural (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo) misturado com areia média, plantado (wetlands construídos) com arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa L.) ou não (controles). O objetivo foi avaliar a remoção de DBO dos esgotos domésticos pelos processos de imobilização do carbono da biomassa microbiana e da respiração basal (atividade microbiana). Foram utilizados três sistemas operando com taxas de aplicação hidráulica de 4, 8 e 15 cm.d1. Cada sistema apresentava três unidades wetlands construídos e três controles, as quais eram alimentadas com esgotos para tratamento, por fluxo vertical em regime não saturado, nas segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras, ficando os outros dias em descanso para aeração do solo. Os resultados mostraram que os solos foram capazes de reduzir as concentrações de DBO afluentes significativamente, com eficiência de remoção variando entre 97 e 99%. A remoção se deu pela mineralização da matéria orgânica e seu acúmulo no solo. Durante o início da aplicação do esgoto, houve inicialmente uma redução nos teores de matéria orgânica nativa do solo que passaram a aumentar paulatinamente com a aplicação dos esgotos. A atividade dos microrganismos decompositores aumentou proporcionalmente à taxa de aplicação de esgoto, porém taxas elevadas indicaram uma tendência à inibição dessa atividade. Nos solos das unidades controles, houve menores perdas de CO2 para a atmosfera, indicando uma maior imobilização do carbono nos solos.

ABSTRACT On constructed wetlands systems, the support media usually used are coarse sand, gravel, crushed stone and gravel. In this research, we used the natural soil (Oxisol) mixed with medium sand, planted with rice (Oryza sativa L .) and a control without plants. The objective was to evaluate the BOD removal through the immobilization of microbial biomass, basal respiration (microbial activity) and total organic carbon of the soil. We used three systems, operating with hydraulic application rates of 4, 8 e 15 cm.d-1. Each system had three units constructed wetlands and three controls, which were fed with sewage, with vertical flow unsaturated conditions, on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, leaving the system with no feed on the rest of the days, for soil aeration. The results showed the soils were able to reduce significantly the BOD concentration, with removal efficiency ranging between 97 and 99%. The removal was due to the mineralization of organic matter and its accumulation in the soil. During the system start up operation, there was reduction in native soil organic matter, which started to increase gradually by the sewage application. The activity of microbial decomposers increased proportionally to the rate of sewage application, but high rates showed a trend to inhibition of this activity. In soils units controls showed minor loss of CO2 to the atmosphere, indicating a higher carbon immobilization in soils.

Phytochemical Screening and Anti Microbial Studies of Hemidesmus Indicus.

Many forms of alternative medicines were available for those who cannot be helped by conventional medicine. Ayurvedha and Herbal medicine were two important forms of alternative medicine that was widely available in India. This work was mainly concerned with the identification of the therapeutic properties of Hemidesmus indicus. The ethanolic extract of hemidesmus indicus root was used for its anti oxidant and antimicrobial activity. Hemidesmus indicus root extract has very well anti oxidant and anti microbial activity. The ethanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus was checked for anti microbial activity against pathogenic bacteria such as staphylococcus aures, pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi Aspergillus niger.

Structure and antibacterial property of a new diterpenoid from Euphorbia helioscopia / 中国天然药物

The present study was designed to isolate and evaluate the antibacterial activity of the compounds from the whole plant of Euphorbia helioscopia L.. Various chromatographic techniques were used to isolate and purify the compound. The structure of the compound was elucidated on basis of spectral data ((1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, (1)H-(1)H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY, IR, and HR-ESI-MS). A new jatrophone-type diterpenoid (14α,15β-diacetoxy-3β-benzoyloxy-7β-nicotinoyloxy-9-oxo-jatropha-5E,11E-diene), named euphoheliosnoid E (1), was isolated from the whole plant of E. helioscopia L. Compound 1 showed significant anti-microbial activity against oral pathogens.

Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effects of Artemisinin Extracts from Artemisia annua L

The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of artemisinin derived from water, methanol, ethanol, or acetone extracts of Artemisia annua L. were evaluated. All 4 artemisinin-containing extracts had anti-inflammatory effects. Of these, the acetone extract had the greatest inhibitory effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1beta , IL-6, and IL-10) production. Antioxidant activity evaluations revealed that the ethanol extract had the highest free radical scavenging activity, (91.0+/-3.2%), similar to alpha-tocopherol (99.9%). The extracts had antimicrobial activity against the periodontopathic microorganisms Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. animalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. polymorphum, and Prevotella intermedia. This study shows that Artemisia annua L. extracts contain anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial substances and should be considered for use in pharmaceutical products for the treatment of dental diseases.

Filamentous fungi isolated from Brazilian semiarid tolerant to metallurgical industry wastes: an ex situ evaluation

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of metallurgical industry wastes on the semiarid soil microbiota using physico-chemical and microbiological parameters, highlighting the filamentous fungi assembly. Soil samples were collected in an area of industrial waste deposit contaminated with lead and mixed with natural soil (control soil) in seven different concentrations (0, 7.5, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 100%). The results showed alterations on the physico-chemical properties of the soil treated with industrial wastes, with a gradate increase of the soil's pH (5.6-10.4) and electrical conductivity (0.3-14.7 dS m-1) and also reduction of organic matter (7.0-1.8%). The use of microbiological parameters (fungal richness and diversity, CO2 emission, and the carbon on the microbial biomass) enabled the identification of alterations on the microbial community due to stress caused by the exposure to industrial wastes, despite the presence of Thielavia, Chaetomium and Aspergillus tolerant to high concentrations of the scoria. Therefore, these filamentous fungi could be used in biomonitoring and bioremediation studies in the soils contaminated by industrial wastes.

Impact of simulated acid rain on soil microbial community function in Masson pine seedlings

Background Accompanying its rapid economic development and population growth, China is the world's third largest acid rain region, following Europe and North America. The effects of acid rain on forest ecosystem were widely researched, including the growth, the nutrient of the leaf and soil, and so on. However, there are few reports about the effects of acid rain on the soil microbial diversity. This study investigated the effects of acid rain on soil microbial community function under potted Masson pine seedlings (Pinus massoniana Lamb). Results After 7 months of treatment with simulated acid rain, the low acid load treatment (pH 5.5) stimulated soil microbial activity, and increased soil microbial diversity and richness, while the higher levels of acid application (pH 4.5, pH 3.5) resulted in lower soil microbial activity and had no significant effects on soil microbial diversity and richness. Principal component analysis showed that there was clear discrimination in the metabolic capability of the soil microbial community among the simulated acid rain and control treatments. Conclusion The results obtained indicated that the higher acid load decreased the soil microbial activity and no effects on soil microbial diversity assessed by Biolog of potted Masson pine seedlings. Simulated acid rain also changed the metabolic capability of the soil microbial community.