Análise microbiológica da carne comercializada nos açougues da cidade de Nampula, Moçambique / Microbiologiacal analysis of meat sold in the butcheries of Nampula city, Mozambique / Análisis microbiológico de carne vendida en carnicerías de la ciudad de Nampula, Mozambique

As condições higiênico-sanitárias precárias que caracterizam os açougues de Moçambique contribuem para a contaminação de carnes, constituindo um atentado à saúde dos consumidores. Este estudo visou realizar uma análise microbiológica da carne bovina comercializada nos açougues da cidade de Nampula, Moçambique. Foram analisadas, sob padrões laboratoriais ISO, a carne bovina fresca e as zaragatoas de sete açougues licenciados. A análise revelou que 100% das amostras de todos os açougues foram contaminadas por bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, porém, no limite aceitável de contaminação. Cinco açougues apresentaram valores superiores a 1,5 × 106 UFC/g de contaminação. Para Staphylococcus aureus, todas as amostras apresentaram valores superiores a 100 UFC/g; para Escherichia coli, quatro amostras apresentaram valores acima dos limites aceitáveis; e 71% das amostras foram contaminadas por Salmonella spp. Quanto aos utensílios e equipamentos, houve contaminação em 14% das amostras. Assim, recomenda-se a implementação de boas práticas de manipulação de carne nos açougues da cidade de Nampula, de modo a promover a obtenção de carne de qualidade pelos consumidores.

The precarious hygienic-sanitary conditions that characterize the butcheries in Mozambique, contribute to the contamination of meat, which can jeopardize the health of consumers. This study aimed to perform a microbiological analysis of the bovine meat sold in the butcheries of Nampula city, Mozambique. We analyzed, under ISO laboratory standards, bovine meat and swabs from seven licensed butcheries. The analysis revealed that 100% of the samples were contaminated by mesophilic aerobic bacteria; however, the contamination remained within the acceptable range. Five butcheries presented values over 1.5 × 106 CFU/g of contamination. For Staphylococcus aureus, all samples presented values higher than 100 CFU/g; for Escherichia coli, four samples were showed values over the acceptable range; and 71% of the samples were contaminated by Salmonella spp. Regarding utensils and equipment, 14% of the samples were contaminated. Thus, we recommend implementing good meat handling practices in butcheries of Nampula city to promote the obtention of quality meat by consumers.

Las precarias condiciones higiénicas y sanitarias que caracterizan a las carnicerías en Mozambique contribuyen a la promoción de la contaminación de la carne, constituyendo un ataque a la salud de los consumidores. Este estudio tuvo el objetivo de realizar análisis microbiológico de carne vacuna vendida en carnicerías de la ciudad de Nampula, Mozambique. Se analizó, bajo patrones de laboratorio ISO, carne vacuna fresca e hisopos de siete carnicerías. El análisis reveló que el 100% de las muestras estaban contaminadas por bacterias aerobias mesófilas en todas las carnicerías, pero dentro del límite aceptable de contaminación. Cinco carnicerías presentaron valores superiores a 1,5 × 106 UFC/g de contaminación. Para Staphylococcus aureus, todas las muestras presentaron valores superiores a 100 UFC/g; para Escherichia coli, cuatro muestras presentaron valores por encima de los límites aceptables; mientras que el 71% de las muestras estaban contaminadas por Salmonella spp. En las muestras de utensilios y equipos hubo contaminación en un 14%. Por lo que se recomienda implementar buenas prácticas de manejo de carne en las carnicerías de la ciudad de Nampula, con el fin de promover la adquisición de carne de calidad para los consumidores.

Vulneranilidad de la población costera frente a la contaminación orgánica y microbiológica en Santa Elena-Ecuador, 2020 / Vulneranility of the coastal population to organic and microbiological contamination in the Playa la Carioca Santa Elena-Ecuador community, 2020

La problemática de la contaminación marina y su marcada influencia en la salud de los ecosistemas costeros, está estrechamente relacionada con el aumento creciente de las poblaciones que habitan estas zonas y, de igual manera, con el incremento de las actividades domésticas, agrícolas e industriales que, por el mal manejo e inadecuado control de los desechos sólidos y líquidos, afectan el medio marino con significativas implicaciones a nivel ecológico, socioeconómico y de salubridad (Marín et al., 2005). Cada vez más la contaminación en el planeta abarca un tema importante de tratar, esto se debe al agotamiento de los recursos naturales y al calentamiento global que afecta a toda la humanidad de diferentes maneras. Vargas (2016) aclara que la sostenibilidad juega un papel fundamental que busca no poner en peligro al medio ambiente ni los recursos naturales que existen en el lugar. Con el propósito de evaluar los efectos e impactos que ocasionan la contaminación, la susceptibilidad al deterioro de funciones ecológicas, servicicos ecosistemicos, y la capacidad de adaptación, se desarrollo un análisis integrado de amenazas y vulnerabilidad ante la contaminación orgánica y microbiológica en la población costera de Santa Elena-Ecuador, 2020. La presente investigación permitio evidenciar el estado de vulnerabilidad de la localidad situada en zona costera de Santa Elena, ante la contaminación orgánica y microbiológica. Asimismo puede ser utilizada como soporte en la generación de planes y programas que ofrezcan para el control y disminución de la contaminación en los hogares como en la zona marino-costera, en la medida en que se identifican puntos clave para el fortalecimiento de la comunidad tanto en términos de infraestructura como el caso de los servicios de acueducto y alcantarillado así como de capital social y dependencia del uso de agua en la comunidad en estudio(AU)

The problem of marine pollution and its marked influence on the health of coastal ecosystems, is closely related to the growing increase in the populations that inhabit these areas and, in the same way, with the increase in domestic, agricultural and industrial activities that, due to the mismanagement and inadequate control of solid and liquid waste, affect the marine environment with significant implications at an ecological, socioeconomic and health level (Marín et al., 2005). More and more pollution on the planet encompasses an important issue to deal with, this is due to the depletion of natural resources and global warming that affects all of humanity in different ways. Vargas (2016) clarifies that sustainability plays a fundamental role that seeks not to endanger the environment or the natural resources that exist in the place. In order to evaluate the effects and impacts caused by pollution, susceptibility to deterioration of ecological functions, ecosystem services, and adaptation capacity, an integrated analysis of threats and vulnerability to organic and microbiological contamination was developed in the coastal population of Santa Elena-Ecuador, 2020. The present investigation allowed showing the state of vulnerability of the locality located in the coastal zone of Santa Elena, in the face of organic and microbiological contamination. It can also be used as a support in the generation of plans and programs that offer for the control and reduction of pollution in homes and in the marine-coastal zone, to the extent that key points are identified for the strengthening of the community both in terms of infrastructure, such as the case of the aqueduct and sewerage services, as well as social capital and dependence on the use of water in the community under study(AU)

Efecto del riego con agua residual tratada sobre la calidad microbiológica del suelo y pasto King Grass / Effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on microbiological quality of the soil and King Grass

RESUMEN La contaminación del agua utilizada en el mundo y la falta de plantas de tratamiento altamente eficientes plantean problemas potenciales para la salud pública y el medio ambiente, por lo que los países buscan métodos confiables, inocuos y eficaces en función de los costos, para depurar las aguas residuales. Por otro lado, el sector agropecuario ha tomado auge, dada la necesidad de implementación de técnicas limpias, que sean amigables con el medio ambiente. El riego con aguas residuales en la agricultura, se ha vuelto común en regiones áridas y semiáridas, debido a la baja disponibilidad de agua, pero su uso requiere de un monitoreo cuidadoso de parámetros de higiene. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el efecto del riego, con aguas residuales tratadas, sobre la contaminación microbiológica del suelo y el pasto King Grass, además de la producción de materia seca del forraje. Se evaluaron tres tratamientos: tratamiento T1: sin riesgo (SR), T2: agua subterránea (AS) y T3: agua residual tratada (ART). Se hicieron análisis fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos al agua, suelo y pasto. La contaminación microbiológica en el suelo regado con agua residual tratada no presentó diferencias significativas (p>0,05) frente a los suelos donde se aplicó riego con agua subterránea, así como tampoco se presentaron diferencias estadísticas significativas entre variables microbiológicas en pasto. Se concluyó, que la fuente de contaminación microbiológica de los pastos y el suelo no está relacionada únicamente con la carga microbiana presente en las aguas residuales, sino que se puede deber, entre otros factores, a las escorrentías y al uso de aguas subterráneas contaminadas para el riego.

ABSTRACT World water contamination and the lack of wastewater treatment plants pose potential problems concerning public health and on the environment. Therefore, countries are looking for reliable, safe and cost-effective methods to purify wastewater. On the other hand, the agricultural sector has taken a lot of momentum given the need to implement clean techniques that are friendly to the environment. boomed given the need to implement clean techniques that are friendly to the environment. Wastewater irrigation in agriculture has become common in arid and semi-arid regions due to low water availability, but its use requires careful monitoring of hygiene parameters. The objective of this work was to analyze the effect of treated wastewater on microbiological contamination of the soil and King grass, in addition to the production of dry matter from forage. Were evaluated three treatments: T1: no risk; T2: groundwater and T3: treated wastewater. Were made physicochemical and microbiological analyzes out on water, soil and grass. The microbiological contamination in the soil irrigated with treated wastewater did not show significant differences compared to the soils where irrigation with groundwater was applied, as well as there were no statistical differences between microbiological variables in grass. It was concluded that the source of microbiological contamination of pastures and soil is not only related to the microbial load present in the wastewater, but it may be due, among other factors, to runoff and the use of contaminated groundwater for irrigation.

Aplicabilidade de métodos alternativos no monitoramento da qualidade microbiológica da água tratada para diálise / Applicability of alternative methods for the monitoring microbiological quality of treated water for dialysis

A fim de garantir a qualidade final de produtos os laboratórios de análise microbiológica fornecem dados sobre a qualidade dos mesmos em todas as suas etapas de produção. A crescente preocupação com a saúde dos pacientes conduz à busca de métodos que forneçam resultados precisos e rápidos, pois possibilitam que ações corretivas sejam tomadas em tempo real. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o potencial de tecnologia alternativa no monitoramento de endotoxina bacteriana na água tratada para diálise e dialisato e avaliar o potencial da citometria de fluxo na análise de água. Para isso utilizou-se Portable Test System (PTS®) como método alternativo para detecção de endotoxina bacteriana no monitoramento da água tratada para diálise e dialisato, o qual foi validado frente ao método convencional farmacopeico. Paralelamente realizou-se revisão narrativa da literatura a fim de avaliar a aplicabilidade da citometria de fluxo em análises de água. A análise dos diferentes parâmetros de validação para endotoxina bacteriana no método alternativo mostrou que, exceto para a menor diluição analisada, houve linearidade e precisão nos resultados. Por outro lado a concentração de 0,25 UE/mL foi a menor que apresentou exatidão e especificidade. Observou-se ainda, que o limite de detecção foi de 0,125UE/mL e o de quantificação de 0,25 UE/mL, portanto o intervalo foi de 0,25-1,0 UE/mL. Adicionalmente pela análise de resistência pode-se perceber que ao variar analistas não houve diferença significativa. Em relação ao tempo de análise em uma condição de rotina laboratorial com muitas amostras, o PTS® mostrou-se demorado. Ressalta ainda, que seria importante que a legislação vigente determinasse a análise mensal de endotoxinas no dialisato. A revisão da literatura evidencia o potencial da tecnologia de citometria de fluxo, pois a mesma mostrou-se satisfatória quando comparada a metodologias convencionais para análise de água. O trabalho desenvolvido permitiu concluir que o PTS®) mostrou-se adequado para analisar amostras in loco, permitindo análises em tempo real, que para as quais haja a expectativa de ausência de endotoxinas ou de concentração respeitando o intervalo de 0,25 UE/mL a 1,0 UE/mL. Quanto a citometria de fluxo, esta mostrou-se uma tecnologia promissora em analisar amostras de água, sendo portanto recomendável proceder a estudos de validação e aplicabilidade

In order to guarantee the final quality of products, the microbiological analysis laboratories provide data about their quality at all production stages. The growing concern for patients' health leads to the search for methods that provide accurate and fast results, as they enable corrective actions to be taken in real time. The present work aimed to evaluate the alternative technology potential in the monitoring of bacterial endotoxin in treated water for dialysis and dialysate and to evaluate the potential of flow cytometry in water analysis. The different validation parameters analysis for bacterial endotoxin in alternative method showed that, except for the lowest dilution analyzed, there was linearity and precision in the results. On the other hand, the concentration of 0.25 EU / mL was the lowest that presented accuracy and specificity. It was further observed that the detection limit was 0.125UE / mL and the quantification limit was 0.25 EU / mL, so the range was 0.25-1.0 EU / mL. Additionally by the ruggedness analysis it was possible to perceived that when varying analysts there was no significant difference. Regarding the analysis time in a laboratory routine condition with many samples, the PTS® was was time consuming. It was also observed that it would be important to determine monthly analysis of endotoxins in dialysate. The literature review evidence the flow cytometry technology potential of the because it was satisfactory when compared to conventional methodologies for water analysis. The research showed that the PTS® was suitable for analyzing samples in loco, allowing real-time analyzes, for which there is expectation of endotoxins absence or concentration respecting the range of 0.25 EU / mL to 1.0 EU / mL. For the flow cytometry, it was shown to be a promising technology for analyzing water samples, and it is therefore advisable to carry out validation and applicability studies

Microbiological Assessment of Selected Laboratories at a Local University in Malaysia / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Microbiological contaminations in the laboratories create not only diagnostic issues but also pose a major health risk to lab users. This study was conducted to determine the airborne microbial contamination in seven selected laboratories (KA, KP, PB, NA, BP, CR and MB) at a local public university in Malaysia and to assess the level of contamination on the contact surfaces of the studied laboratories. Two types of sampling methods were used in this study; passive air sampling and contact surface swab sampling. The total microbial counts were determined using Tryptone Soya agar (bacterial count) and Potato Dextrose agar (fungal count). Results showed that NA laboratory had the highest level of total microbial contamination (20.33 ± 3.35 CFU/cm3 ). Most laboratories had significantly higher (p < 0.05) air fungal contamination level compared to bacterial contaminations except for PB and NA laboratories. Significant differences were observed for airborne bacterial contamination readings between sampling time (during working hours vs after hours) for all laboratories except for BP and CR. Overall, bacterial contamination was the highest for incubator door handles’ samples from MB laboratory with an average reading of 93.00 ± 1.43 CFU/cm2 whereas the highest fungal contamination level was obtained from door knobs and work benches, both from CR laboratory with an average reading of 73.33 ± 6.67 CFU/cm2 and 73.33 ± 0.58 CFU/cm2 respectively. Findings from this study could assist in monitoring the efficacy of the existing laboratory management systems namely on the good laboratory practices including aseptic techniques, care for laboratory hygiene and cross-contamination control practices by the laboratory users to ensure that the microbiological contaminations in the laboratories are minimized.

Microbiological Assessment of Food Contact Surfaces in Residential College Cafeterias at a Local University in Malaysia / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

A food premise’s sanitation level can be reflected by the cleanliness of its food contact surfaces. Contaminated foodcontact surfaces along with poor handling methods by food handlers may increase the risk of foodborne diseasesthrough cross-contamination events. This study aimed to assess the microbiological contamination levels on food contactsurfaces of 12 residential college cafeterias in a local university and its correlation with the cafeteria’s premise grade.The presence of selected indicator and pathogenic microorganisms (total viable count (TVC), total coliform, Escherichiacoli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp.) on food contact surfaces were also determined. Cuttingboards, knives and utensils (cutleries, bowls and plates) that were used for ready-to-eat food were sampled for this study.The cafeteria’s premise grade was obtained based on the food premise inspection report by the university Health Centre.Three cafeterias have significantly higher (p 0.01). This study demonstrated that the sanitation level of food contact surfaces in the residentialcollege cafeterias was only average. Improvements need to be done to increase the sanitation level of the cafeterias, thusassuring the safety of the food for consumers.

Qualidade microbiológica do queijo de manteiga comercializado em supermercados e feiras livres da cidade de Natal-RN / Microbiological quality of butter cheese marketed in supermarkets and free trade fairs in the city of Natal-RN

O queijo de manteiga é um produto típico da região Nordeste, sendo produzido industrialmente e em grande parte de forma artesanal. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica do queijo de manteiga comercializado em supermercados e feiras livres da cidade de Natal, RN. Foram analisadas 15 amostras de queijos provenientes de supermercados e 15 amostras de queijos comercializados em feiras livres. Foi realizada a pesquisa de coliformes totais e coliformes a 45ºC, Salmonella spp e contagem de Estafilococos coagulase positiva. A metodologia utilizada foi a descrita pela APHA (2001). Os resultados revelaram que 30% das amostras excederam os limites estabelecidos pela legislação para coliformes a 45oC e 90% para Estafilococos coagulase positiva, portanto, maior atenção devem ter as autoridades sanitárias, uma vez que tais produtos podem colocar em risco a saúde do consumidor.

Análise da contaminação microbiológica de diferentes dentifrícios / Microbiological contamination evaluation of different dentrifices

Introdução: A avaliação microbiológica em produtos de higiene pessoal constitui uma etapa importante no que se refere à segurança do usuário e à qualidade do produto, visto que a carga microbiana elevada pode acarretar problemas de saúde, especialmente em pessoas imunocomprometidas. Objetivo: Verificar o cumprimento das exigências acerca da qualidade microbiológica de cremes e géis dentais adquiridos comercialmente. Material e método: Realizou-se a contagem de bactérias e fungos viáveis totais e pesquisa dos patógenos E. coli, Salmonella sp., S. aureus e P. aeruginosa em 21 amostras. Resultado: Das amostras analisadas, 52,0% apresentaram crescimento microbiano e 28,6% e 0,21% apresentaram contaminação fúngica e bacteriana, respectivamente, acima dos limites descritos na Farmacopeia Brasileira para preparações de uso tópico (máximo permitido 2 × 102 UFC/g de bactérias e 2 × 101 UFC/g de fungos). Nenhuma amostra apresentou os patógenos pesquisados E. coli, Salmonella sp., S. aureus e P. aeruginosa. Conclusão: Estes resultados indicam que muitos produtos disponíveis no mercado apresentam qualidade inadequada, demonstrando falhas no controle de qualidade. Para prevenir esta situação, faz-se necessária fiscalização rigorosa e adoção de medidas regulamentadoras e educacionais aliadas ao seguimento das Boas Práticas de Fabricação pelas indústrias fabricantes.

Introduction: Microbiological evaluation in personal care products is important to guarantee user safety and product quality since microbial contamination elicits health problems especially in immunocompromised patients. Objective: To verify the compliance with the requirements regarding the microbiological quality of creams and dental gels acquired commercially. Material and method: Microbiological contamination was performed through total bacterial and fungal viable count and research of E. coli, Salmonella sp., S. aureus and P. aeruginosa in twenty-one samples. Result: 52.0% of sample presented microbial growth, and 28.6% and 0.21% presented fungal and bacterial contamination, respectively, exceeding the limits described in Brazilian Pharmacopoeia for topical preparations (maximum allowable 2 × 102 CFU / g of bacteria and 2 × 101 CFU / g yeast). None of the researched pathogens E. coli, Salmonella sp., S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were found. Conclusion: These results indicate that many products available in the market present inadequate quality, demonstrating quality control failures. Rigorous inspection and adoption of regulatory and educational measures aligned with the compliance of Good Manufacturing Practices by manufactures are needed to prevent this situation.

Sequence-based identification of microbial contaminants in non-parenteral products

ABSTRACT Phenotypic profiles for microbial identification are unusual for rare, slow-growing and fastidious microorganisms. In the last decade, as a result of the widespread use of PCR and DNA sequencing, 16S rRNA sequencing has played a pivotal role in the accurate identification of microorganisms and the discovery of novel isolates in microbiology laboratories. The 16S rRNA region is universally distributed among microorganisms and is species-specific. Accordingly, the aim of our study was the genotypic identification of microorganisms isolated from non-parenteral pharmaceutical formulations. DNA was separated from five isolates obtained from the formulations. The target regions of the rRNA genes were amplified by PCR and sequenced using suitable primers. The sequence data were analyzed and aligned in the order of increasing genetic distance to relevant sequences against a library database to achieve an identity match. The DNA sequences of the phylogenetic tree results confirmed the identity of the isolates as Bacillus tequilensis, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and B. amyloliqueficians. It can be concluded that 16S rRNA sequence-based identification reduces the time by circumventing biochemical tests and also increases specificity and accuracy.

RESUMO Os perfis fenotípicos para identificação microbiana são incomuns para micro-organismos raros, de crescimento lento e exigentes. Na última década, em resultado do uso generalizado de PCR e sequenciação de DNA, a sequenciação do rRNA 16S tem desempenhado papel crucial na identificação precisa do micro-organismo e a descoberta de novos isolados em laboratórios de microbiologia. A região de rRNA 16S é universalmente distribuída entre micro-organismos e é espécie-específica. A genotipagem foi realizada sobre os organismos isolados a partir de formulações farmacêuticas não parenterais. O DNA foi separado dos cinco isolados obtidos a partir das formulações. As regiões alvo dos genes de rRNA foram amplificados por PCR e sequenciados utilizando os iniciadores adequados. Os dados dos sequência foram analisados e alinhados na ordem crescente de distância genética de sequências relevantes contra biblioteca de dados para obter a identidade. A sequência de DNA de árvores filogenéticas confirma a identidade dos isolados como Bacillus-tequilensis, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus e B. amyloliqueficians. Pode-se concluir identificação baseada na sequência do rRNA 16S reduz o tempo por evitar testes bioquímicos e também aumenta a especificidade e a precisão.

Evaluación de la contaminación microbiológica de la lechuga (lactuca sativa) en la cadena alimentaria, provincia de Quillacollo, Cochabamba, Bolivia 2015 / Evaluation of microbiological contamination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in the food chain, province of Quillacollo, Cochabamba, Bolivia 2015

Las enfermedades transmitidas por alimentos constituyen un problema de salud, diversos estudios demuestran la alta contaminación microbiológica de la lechuga en la cadena alimentaria. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar la contaminación microbio-lógica de la lechuga (Lactuca sativa) en la cadena alimentaria, en la provincia Quillacollo-Cochabamba-Bolivia. Muestras de lechugas fueron tomadas en los meses de abril y mayo, con el mismo de número de muestras, en tres puntos de la cadena alimentaria: parcelas de producción (localidad Combuyo), puestos de venta de lechuga y de comida de los Mercados 9 de diciembre y Central de Quillacollo. El procesamiento de las muestras fue realizado en los laboratorios de Microbiología de LABIMED, y Post Grado de Medicina Tropical de la Facultad de Medicina, UMSS. Los resultados demuestran la contaminación de las lechugas con bacterias Aerobias Mesófilas, colifor-mes totales y fecales en concentraciones superiores a los estándares permitidos en los tres puntos de la cadenas alimentaria evaluadas; identificándose Salmonella sp en una de las muestras de lechugas procesada de los puestos de venta de comida de los mercados. La contaminación parasitaria fue evidenciada en los puestos de venta solo en el mes de mayo en 83% (n=10) de las 12 muestras analizadas, detectándose quistes de Entamoeba coli y larvas de Strongyloides sp, contaminación relacionada con la utilización de abono de aves en el cultivo y la manipulación inadecuada de la lechuga en la cadena alimentaria. En conclusión podemos indicar que las lechugas presentan una importante contaminación microbiana en los tres puntos evaluados de la cadena alimentaria, por lo que constituye un riego para la salud pública.

Infectious diseases transmitted by food, are considered a public health issue, several studies shown the high microbiological contamination of the letucce in particular (Lactuca sativa). The aim of this study was to evaluate the contamination of letucce at Quillacollo Province of Cochabamba- Bolivia. The samples were taken between april and may, with the same number of samples at production plots (Combuyo location), and at selling places of vegetables and food (markets) such as "9 de diciembre” market and "Central Quillacollo” market. The samples were processed at LABIMED laboratories (microbiology, and Tropical Medicine Post grade of medicine Faculty of San Simón University). Results shows contamination of lettuce with Aerobic Mesophilic Bacterias, and total coliforms and fecal coliforms, in higher concentration than standard allowed, at any point of chain food that has been evaluate; Sallmonella sp was identify at selling points with 83% of the samples and only at the month of may (n=10 of 12 samples examined) also Entamoeba coli cysts and Strongyloides sp worms; the contamination was associate with bird fertilizer at crops and at inapropiate food management of the lettuce. Therefore we can conclude that lettuce's contamination is present at the three evaluated points of its chain, production selling points until consume, wich must be considered as a public health risk.

Qualidade microbiológica de sanduíches de estabelecimentos com serviço tipo delivery / Microbiological quality of sandwiches of food establishments with delivery service

Lanches prontos são produtos altamente consumidos em função do baixo preço, rapidez e comodidade. Contudo, as condições inadequadas de preparo e manipulação destes alimentos aumentam os riscos de contaminações microbiológicas. Objetivou-se examinar a qualidade microbiológica de sanduíches tipo hambúrguer quanto às contagens de bactérias aeróbiasmesófilas, coliformes totais, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium sulfito redutor, e bolores e leveduras. Foram avaliados 18 sanduíches de seis estabelecimentos localizados no município de Ouro Preto – MG. Das amostras analisadas,56 % estavam em desacordo com os padrões estabelecidos para as contagens de aeróbiosmesófilos, 67 % para coliformes totais, 6 % para E. coli, e 61 % apresentaram contagens elevadas de bolores e leveduras. Não foi detectada a presença de Salmonella sp.; e as contagens dos B. cereus, Staphylococcus aureus e Clostridium sulfito redutor foram abaixo do limite de detecção. Apesar da ausência ou baixa prevalência dos patógenos acima citados, as contagens elevadas de mesófilos aeróbios, bolores e leveduras, assim como de coliformes totais sugerem que há necessidade de efetuar a implantação das boas práticas de produção nos estabelecimentos avaliados, além de maior fiscalização por parte da vigilância sanitária do município.

Snacks are highly consumed products due to the low price, easy and fast preparation and convenience. However, the inadequate handling and preparation of these foods increase the risk for microbiological contamination. This study aimed at examining the microbiological quality of hamburgers by performing the counts of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, sulfite reducer Clostridium, and molds and yeasts. Eighteen samples were collected from six lunchrooms in the city of Ouro Preto - MG. Among the analyzed samples, 56 % were classified as unsatisfactory for mesophilic aerobic counts, 67 % for total coliforms counts, 6 % for E. coli, and 61 % for molds and yeasts. Salmonella sp. was not detected in any of the analyzed samples, and the CFU/g of B. cereus, S. aureus and sulfite reducer Clostridium were under the detection limit. Despite the absence or low prevalence of the above mentioned pathogens, the high counts of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, and total coliforms indicate the need for implementing the good manufacturing practices in the evaluated establishments, and an agenda by the government to increase the supervision from the sanitary surveillance center of the municipality.

Estudio descriptivo de las prácticas de manufactura en la industria panelera de los trapiches San Francisco y La Esmeralda en Boyacá y Caldas / Descriptive study of manufacturing practices of panela (Brown sugar) industry from the San Francisco and La Esmeralda mills (Boyacá and Caldas, Colombia)

El objetivo de este proyecto fue evaluar la aplicación de las prácticas de manufactura en los trapiches San Francisco y La Esmeralda mediante la aplicación de encuestas etnográficas, documentación fotográfica e identificación de contaminantes microbiológicos presentes en la panela, manos de empleados e implementos de trabajo. En los resultados obtenidos se encontró que una proporción importante de las muestras presentaron contaminación por bacterias como Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus uberis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Actynomices spp, Lactococcus lactis y Gardnerella vaginalis, y hongos como Fusarium spp, Aspergillus spp, Paecilomyces spp, Penicillium spp y Mucor spp, demostrando falencias en el proceso de producción por la falta de implementación de las Buenas Prácticas de Manufactura. A partir del estudio, se recomendó capacitar a los empleados periódicamente acerca de la manipulación de alimentos y prácticas básicas de higiene y realizar una vigilancia más estricta a los trapiches.

In this study was evaluated the implementation of manufacturing practices in the San Francisco and La Esmeralda mills through ethnographic surveys, photographic evidence and recovery of microbiological contaminants from panela, employees hands and working tools. A significant proportion of samples from hands, work tools and panela were found contaminate with bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus uberis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Actinomyces spp, Lactococcus lactis and Gardnerella vaginalis, and fungi including Fusarium spp, Aspergillus spp, Paecilomyces spp, Penicillium spp and Mucor spp. These results revealed failures in the production process due to the lack of implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices. Based in this study it was recommended to give regular trainings to the employees about food handling and basic hygiene practices. Also carry out a strict monitoring of the mills in order to be able in the future to rank Colombia as greater panela producer and exporter.

Microbiological contamination of a hemodialysis center water distribution system / Contaminação microbiológica no sistema de distribuição de água de um centro de hemodiálise

The microbiological monitoring of the water used for hemodialysis is extremely important, especially because of the debilitated immune system of patients suffering from chronic renal insufficiency. To investigate the occurrence and species diversity of bacteria in waters, water samples were collected monthly from a hemodialysis center in upstate São Paulo and tap water samples at the terminal sites of the distribution system was sampled repeatedly (22 times) at each of five points in the distribution system; a further 36 samples were taken from cannulae in 19 hemodialysis machines that were ready for the next patient, four samples from the reuse system and 13 from the water storage system. To identify bacteria, samples were filtered through 0.22 µm-pore membranes; for mycobacteria, 0.45 µm pores were used. Conventional microbiological and molecular methods were used in the analysis. Bacteria were isolated from the distribution system (128 isolates), kidney machine water (43) and reuse system (3). Among these isolates, 32 were Gram-positive rods, 120 Gram-negative rods, 20 Gram-positive cocci and 11 mycobacteria. We propose the continual monitoring of the water supplies in hemodialysis centers and the adoption of effective prophylactic measures that minimize the exposure of these immunodeficient patients to contaminated sources of water.

O monitoramento microbiológico da água utilizada no procedimento de hemodiálise é de extrema importância, principalmente devido à imunodebilidade dos pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica. Nosso objetivo foi verificar qualitativa e quantitativamente a presença de bactérias na água de um centro de hemodiálise do interior do Estado de São Paulo. Foram realizadas 22 coletas de cada um dos cinco pontos do sistema de distribuição; 36 amostras de 19 máquinas de hemodiálise, prontas para utilização; quatro amostras do sistema de reuso e 13 amostras do sistema de armazenamento de água, empregando-se a técnica da membrana filtrante com poros de 0,22 µm para bactérias e de 0,45 µm para micobactérias. A identificação foi realizada através de métodos microbiológicos convencionais e de biologia molecular. Isolados bacterianos foram obtidos de sistema de distribuição (128), águas das máquinas (43) e sistema de reuso (3). Entre os isolados 32 foram de bacilos Gram-positivos, 120 bacilos Gram-negativos, 20 Cocos Gram-positivos e 11 micobactérias. Neste estudo, sugerimos que suprimentos de água para o Centro de Hemodiálise devam ser monitorados, adotando-se medidas profiláticas eficazes que minimizem a exposição destes pacientes imunodeficientes a fontes aquáticas ambientais contaminadas.

Análisis de la oontaminación microbiológica (coiformes totales y fecales) en lla bahía de santa marta, caribe Colombiano / Analysis Of The Microbiological Contamination (Total And Fecales Coliforms) In The Bay Of Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean

Con el fin de realizar un análisis del nivel de contaminación microbiológica y de las principales fuentes de contaminación en la Bahía de Santa Marta (BSM), se colectaron muestras de agua para medir las concentraciones de coliformes totales y fecales en 11 estaciones y dos niveles de profundidad (1 y 20 m). Para la época de mayores precipitaciones se encontraron altos valores de coliformes totales y fecales, en los dos niveles de profundidad; presentándose una condición similar para la época seca. Con base a una escala conceptual se obtuvo que la BSM presenta un grado de contaminación medio para actividades de contacto primario (natación y buceo), sin embargo, existen varias fuentes de contaminación (emisario submarino, río, puerto marítimo, entre otras) que están generando un alto impacto sobre este ecosistema. Los altos valores de contaminación que se registran en la BSM se encuentran asociados a la proximidad que tiene esta a las zonas urbanas.

With the purpose of making an analysis of the microbiological level of contamination and the main sources of contamination in the Bay of Santa Marta (BSM), water samples were collected to measure the concentrations of total and fecals coliforms in 11 stations and two levels of depth (1 and 20 m). For the time of greater precipitations were stops values of total and fecals coliforms, in both depth levels; appearing a similar condition for the dry time. Based on a conceptual scale it was obtained that the BSM presents an average degree of contamination for activities of primary contact (swimming and diving), nevertheless, exist several sources of contamination (submarine emissary, river, seaport, among others) that are generating a high impact on this ecosystem. The high values of contamination that are registered in the BSM find associate to the proximity that has this to the urban zones.

Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica das drogas vegetais mais comercializadas em farmácias demanipulação de Toledo-PR / Evaluation of the microbiological quality of the most commercialized herbal drugs in

A qualidade microbiológica de produtos vegetais constitui atributo essencial para seu desempenho adequado. Neste estudo, foram avaliadas 27 amostras de três espécies vegetais: ginko biloba (Ginkgo biloba), cáscara sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana) e sene (Cassiaangustifolia). O método utilizado foi o de semeadura em profundidade (pour plate) e foram realizadas contagens em placas de Petri com meios seletivos e pesquisa de microrganismos específicos, de acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). A contaminação bacterianavariou de 0,5 x 101 a 9,0 x 104 unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC)/g, estando todas as amostras em conformidade com a OMS e 5 (18,5 por cento), acima dos limites permitidos pela Farmacopéia Brasileira (FB). A contaminação fúngica variou de 0,5 x 101 a 8,45 x 104 UFC/g, com 6 (22,2 por cento) amostras acima dos limites da OMS e 9 (33,3 por cento) acima dos limites da FB. Foi confirmada a presença de Escherichia coli em 2 (7,4 por cento) amostras e Staphylococcus aureus em 6 (22,2 por cento). Considerando as recomendações da OMS, 22,2 por cento das matérias-primas analisadas foram consideradas insatisfatórias para o consumo e, de acordo com a FB, 37 das amostras apresentaram populações bacterianase fúngicas acima do tolerável, ou continham bactérias não aceitas. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de controle microbiológico mais rigoroso das drogas vegetais.

The microbiological quality of vegetal products constitutes one of the essential attributes for its adequate performance. In this study, 27 vegetal raw material samples of three species, Ginkgo biloba, Rhamnus purshiana and Cassia angustifolia, were evaluated.The method utilized was pour plate plating and colony counts in Petri dishes with selective medium and investigation of specific microorganism were carried out in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO). Bacterial contamination varied from 0.5 x 101 to 9.0 x 104 colony-forming units (CFU)/g, all samples in accordance with WHO and 5 (18.5 percent), above the limits allowed by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia(FB). Fungal contamination varied from 0.5 x 101 to 8.45 x 104 CFU/g, with 6 (22.2 percent) samples above of the limits of WHO and 9 (33.3 percent) above of the limits of the FB. Presence of Escherichia coli in 2 (7.4 percent) and Staphylococcus aureus in 6 (22.2 percent) was confirmed.Considering the recommendations of WHO, 22.2 percent of the analyzed raw materials were considered unsatisfactory for consumption, and, inaccordance with the FB, 37 percent of the samples presented bacterial and fungal populations either above the tolerated or contained unaccepted bacteria. The results point out to the need for more rigorous microbiological control of herbal drugs.

Some remarks on the microbiological contamination of the food hawking on the street in Thanh Hoa city 2007

Background: Quality, hygiene and food safety are the pressing questions that affects the public. Objectives: To discover some remarks on the microbiological contamination of food selling on the street in Thanh Hoa city and various suitable solutions in management and deployment. Subjects and method: A cross-sectional survey on the microbiological contamination of 310 different samples of food hawking on the street of 11 communes in Thanh Hoa province. Results:310 different samples were collected in Thanh Hoa city in 2007, we found micro biological contamination is still high, the highest rate was spring roll (76,7% contamined), lowest was food prepared from fish and other fish products (43,3%). Conclusion: The contamination rate varies with different organisms. The rate of food contaminated with 2 organisms was high (91.1%).To ensure the health of the public; it is necessary to have the measures to ensure that sellers provide the public with safe and hygienic food. \r\n', u'\r\n', u'\r\n', u'