Telocytes in Human Embryonic Development: A Preliminary Microscopic Anatomy Study / Telocitos en el Desarrollo Embrionario Humano: Un Estudio Preliminar de Anatomía Microscópica

SUMMARY: Telocytes are a cell population described in 2011 with a multitude of functions such as tissue support, regulation of stem cell niches or intercellular signal transmission. However, there are no studies about their embryonic origin, their function in development, or their moment of appearance. The objective of this work is to try to answer these questions through histological and immunofluorescence studies with samples from the embryological collection of the Department of Anatomy of the University of Granada. In the results obtained, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence for CD34, the presence of these cells can be seen in the fourth week of embryonic development in the perinotochordal region. Its presence is evident from the sixth week of development in a multitude of organs such as the heart, skeletal muscle tissue and supporting tissue of various organs such as the kidney, brain or pericardium. Its function seems to be when the embryonic histological images are analyzed in an evolutionary way, to act as a scaffold or scaffold for the subsequent population by mature tissue elements. In conclusion, telocytes appear at a very early stage of embryonic development and would have a fundamental role in it as scaffolding and directors of organ and tissue growth.

Los telocitos son una población celular descrita en 2011 con multitud de funciones como el sostén tisular, la regulación de los nichos de células madre o la transmisión de señales intercelulares. Sin embargo, no existen estudios acerca del origen embrionario de los mismos, su función en el desarrollo ni su momento de aparición. El objetivo de este trabajo es tratar de responder a estos interrogantes mediante estudios histológicos y por inmunofluorescencia con muestras de la colección embriológica del Departamento de Anatomía de la Universidad de Granada. En los resultados se puede observar como se demuestra mediante inmunofluorescencia para CD34, la presencia de estas células en la cuarta semana del desarrollo embrionario en la región perinotocordal. Su presencia se evidencia a partir de la sexta semana del desarrollo en multitud de órganos como corazón, tejidos músculo esqueléticos y tejidos de sostén de diversos órganos como riñón, encéfalo o pericardio. Su función parece ser al ser analizadas las imágenes histológicas embrionarias de forma evolutiva, la de actuar como un andamiaje o scafold para el posterior poblamiento por elementos tisulares maduros. Como conclusión, los telocitos aparecen en un momento muy precoz del desarrollo embrionario y presentarían una función fundamental en el mismo como andamiajes y directores del crecimiento de los órganos y tejidos.

Microscopic anatomy study of artery of auricle for auricle replantation / 中华显微外科杂志

To provide the anatomical information for auricle replantation. Methods From March, 2016 to March, 2019, a total of 25 fresh adult cadaveric head were used, 20 of these specimens were perfused with plastic and eroded to be vascular cast mold, 5 specimens perfused with red latex for anatomy, then observed the origin, course, diameter and arteries anastomose between branches of the posterior auricular artery (PAA) and superfi-cial temporal artery (STA). Results The main blood supply to the auricle were auricle branches of PAA and STA. The auricle branches of PAA and STA both divided into superior, intermedius and inferior branches, and distributed in the auricle posterior surface and anterior surface, respectively.The auricle branches of PAA running across ear car-tilage, distributed in the anterior surface, and anastomosed with auricle branches of STA. The diameters of these branches at the initiating portion were 0.2-0.8 mm. Eighty percent of blood supply to earlobe was from the inferior branches of PAA, and 20% from the STA. Conclusion The auricle branches of PAA played an important role to the auricle replantation.The auricle branches of PAA should be the firstly selected vessle in operation, and the auricle branches of STA be the second choice.

Anatomia e histologia do trato urinário do macaco-prego (Sapajus apella) / Anatomy and histology of the urinary tract in the capuchin monkey (Sapajus apella

Sapajus apella é um primata do Novo Mundo de porte médio e com distribuição geográfica desde a América do Sul até a Argentina. São bons modelos para estudo e nos últimos anos vêm sendo amplamente utilizados para este fim. A destruição progressiva do habitat natural desses animais os tem levado a migrarem para outras regiões, tornando-os, assim, mais susceptíveis à caça predatória. A necessidade de preservação das espécies silvestres desperta interesse por um maior conhecimento anatômico e clínico para estes animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar e descrever os aspectos morfológicos, quanto a anatomia macroscópica e microscópica dos órgãos do sistema urinário de fêmeas da espécie Sapajus apella visando estender o conhecimento anatômico para esta espécie. Foram utilizadas quatro fêmeas, oriundas do Centro Nacional de Primatas de Ananindeua/PA. istema urinário de S. apella apresenta características similares a outros primatas tanto humanos quanto não humanos e aos animais domésticos. Os rins apresentaram aspectos macroscópicos semelhantes aos rins de humanos, mas com a mesma classificação de outros primatas não humanos e alguns animais domésticos. A bexiga assemelhou-se aos animais domésticos e aos primatas de maneira geral, humano e não humano. O mesmo ocorreu quando analisamos estes órgãos histologicamente.

Sapajus apella is a primate of the New World of midsize and with geographical distribution from South America to Argentina. Good models for the study and in recent years have been widely used for this purpose. The progressive destruction of the natural habitat of these animals has led to migrate to other regions, thus making them more susceptible to hunting predator. The need for the preservation of wild species arouses interest by a greater anatomic and clinical knowledge of these animals. The present study was aimed to examine and describe the morphological aspects, as far as the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the organs of the urinary system of female Sapajus apella aiming to extend the anatomical knowledge for this species. Four females were used, from the National Center of Primates in Ananindeua - PA. The urinary system of S. apella has similar characteristics to other primates both human and non-human and domestic animals. The kidneys showed macroscopic aspects similar to the kidneys of humans, but with the same classification of other non-human primates and some domestic animals. The bladder was similar to domestic animals and primates in general, human and non-human. The same occurred when we analyze these components histologically.

Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), Founder of Microanatomy / Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694), Fundador de la Microanatomía

Marcello Malpighi, (1628-1694), Italian physician, anatomist, botanist, histologist and biologist developed methods to study living things by using the newly invented microscope to make a number of important discoveries about living tissue and structures, and initiated the science of microscopic anatomy. For almost 40 years he used the microscope to describe major types of plant and animal structures and, in doing so, discovered major areas of research in botany, embryology, human anatomy and pathology for future generations of biologists. He provided anatomical basis for eventual understanding of human physiological exchanges. Marcello Malpighi was the founder of microanatomy. Many microscopic anatomical structures are named after him: the basal layer, renal corpuscles, as well as insect excretory organs.

Marcelo Malpighi, (1628-1694), médico italiano, anatomista, botánico, histólogo y biólogo, usando el microscopio, recientemente inventado en esa época, desarrolló métodos para estudiar organismos vivos, con lo cual contribuyo al inicio del desarrollo de la ciencia de la anatomía microscópica. Por casi 40 años Malpighi utilizó el microscopio para describir los tipos principales de estructuras de algunas plantas y animales, facilitando el inicio de campos de investigación importantes en botánica, embriología, anatomía humana y patología. Marcelo Malpighi fue fundador de la anatomía microscópica. Muchas estructuras anatómicas microscópicas se nombran en su honor, como; la capa de Malpighi, los corpúsculos renales, así como los túbulos renales.

Esophageal anatomy of the llama (Lama glama) / Anatomía del esófago de la llama (Lama glama)

This study describes gross, microscopic and muscle fiber anatomy of the esophagus of the llama, Lama glama. The esophagus was studied grossly in twenty-five adult llamas and a subset of ten with normal esophageal physiology was used for the microanatomic studies. Esophageal length was 122 +/- 7 cm with two-thirds of the length in the neck and the remainder in the thorax, consistent with the long neck of the llama. Esophageal diameter increased steadily from 2.5 +/- 0.3 cm in the cranial cervical region to 3.9 +/- 0.8 cm in the caudal thoracic region. The mucosal epithelium was keratinized stratified squamous and there were abundant submucosal glands throughout the esophagus. The entire muscularis of the esophagus was striated muscle in two general layers but also with a somewhat random orientation of fibers. The tunica muscularis steadily increased in thickness from 3.43 +/- 0.30 mm in the cranial cervical region to 4.39 +/- 0.39 mm in the middle thoracic region. In the llama Type 2 muscle fibers predominated in the esophageal musculature, with the percentage of Type 1 fibers increasing from 1 percent cranially to 33 percent in the caudal thoracic region of the esophagus. This study of the normal llama esophagus enhances our knowledge of this species and provides the basis for future study of pathological conditions of the esophagus.

Este estudio describe la anatomía morfológica, microscópica, y tipo de fibra muscular del esófago de la llama, Lama glama. Estudiamos la anatomía morfológica del esófago, con fisiología normal, en 25 llamas adultas y, adicionalmente, en 10 de ellas la anatomía microscópica. La longitud del esófago fue 122 +/- 7 cm con dos tercios en el cuello y un tercio en el tórax. El diámetro del esófago aumentó de 2,5 +/- 0,3 cm en la región craneal del cuello y a 3,9 +/- 0,8 cm en la región caudal del tórax. El epitelio de la mucosa eera escamoso estratificado queratinizado y la submucosa contenía abundantes glándulas a lo largo de todo el esófago. La muscular entera del esófago se compuso de músculo esquelético en más o menos dos capas, pero con algunas fibras orientadas al azar. La muscular aumentó de 3,43 +/- 0,30 mm en la región craneal del cuello a 4,39 +/- 0,39 mm en la región media del tórax. Fibras musculares Tipo 2 predominaron en la muscular. El porcentaje de fibras Tipo 1 aumentó de 1 por ciento al inicio del esófago a 33 por ciento en la región caudal torácica. Este estudio del esófago normal de la llama ofrece más información sobre la anatomía de la llama y proporciona una base para futuros estudios de patologías esofágicas.

Microscopic anatomy of the male reproductive system in Echinolittorina peruviana (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda) / Anatomía microscópica del sistema reproductor masculino de Echinolittorina peruviana (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda)

Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822), a gonochoric representative of the Littorinidae on the SE Pacific coast, has a male reproductive system adapted for internal fertilization. We describe this system at both macro- and microscopic levels, particularly the compartmentalized organization of the gonad, and the morphology of the penis. The male reproductive system has a variegated conical gonad-digestive gland complex. The gonad presents three compartments, 1) gametogenic acinar among the glandular acini, 2) periacinar with a layer of fusiform somatic cells and, 3) interacinar with glycogen storage cells shared with glandular acini. Spermatogenesis occurs within the acinar gametogenic compartment, with the germinal line organized in centripetal form towards the lumen. The seminal vesicle stores the products of spermatogenesis; in its cephalic region the euspermatozoa are united to the epithelium and the paraspermatozoa are distributed in the lumen. A short duct connects the seminal vesicle to the prostate gland that is open to the pallial cavity over its entire length. The anterior zone of the prostate gland is joined to the cervical spermatic groove that runs along the neck of the snail through the right pallial region; this continues as the penile spermatic groove, ascending from the base to the point of the penis. The penis is acutely conical and unpigmented; towards the anterior and adjacent to its base there is a glandular complex with a mamilliform process and a discoidal glandular region. The secretion from the discoidal region is transformed in a spicule of unknown function, whose histology is described here for the first time. The mamilliform process is formed by the spicular projection and a connective-muscle tissue band which surrounds it and separates it from the discoidal follicular glandular region; the follicular secretion crosses this band and is incorporated into the epithelium which lines the interior of the process.

Echinolittorina peruviana (Lamarck, 1822), representante gonocórico de Littorinidae en el Pacífico Sur, tiene un sistema reproductor masculino adaptado para la fecundación interna, que en este estudio se describe a niveles macrocoscópico y microscópico; enfatizando la organización compartimentalizada de la gónada y la morfología del pene. El sistema reproductor masculino se presenta como un complejo cónico gónada-glándula digestiva abigarrado. La gónada presenta tres compartimientos: 1) gametogénico acinar entre los acinos glandulares, 2) periacinar con una capa de células somáticas fusiformes y 3) interacinar con células almacenadoras de glicógeno, compartido con los acinos glandulares. En el compartimiento gametogénico acinar ocurre la espermatogénesis con la línea germinal organizada en forma centrípeta hacia el lumen. Hacia anterior, la vesícula seminal almacena los productos de la espermatogénesis; en su región cefálica los euespermatozoides se unen al epitelio y los paraespermatozoides se distribuyen en el lumen. Este órgano se conecta con un conducto corto a la glándula prostática, abierta hacia la cavidad paleal en toda su longitud. La zona anterior de la glándula prostática se une al surco espermático cervical, que recorre el cuello del animal por la región paleal derecha; éste continúa como surco espermático peniano ascendiendo desde su base hasta la punta. El pene es cónico aguzado no pigmentado; hacia anterior adyacente a su base, hay un complejo glandular con un proceso mamiliforme y una región glandular discoidal. Su producto de secreción sería una espícula de función desconocida, cuya histología es descrita por primera vez. En este complejo glandular, el proceso mamiliforme está constituido por la proyección espicular y una banda conjuntivo-muscular que lo rodea y separa de la región glandular folicular discoidal; su secreción atraviesa dicha banda, incorporándose al epitelio de revestimiento interno del proceso.