Research progress of retinal microscopic changes after extraocular muscle surgery / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

As a primary treatment for strabismus, extraocular muscle surgery can achieve the purpose of correcting the eye position, improving the appearance and reconstructing the third-level visual function. Previous studies have found that the vascular density(VD)and thickness of retina increased in the early stage after extraocular muscle surgery, where multiple mechanisms involved. In recent years, with the appearance of detection means such as optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA), our quantitative understanding of retinal microscopic changes and their mechanisms brought about by traditional extraocular muscle surgery has become more and more profound. The increase of retinal VD in the early postoperative period may be closely related to the recovery of postoperative visual function. However, the related studies are few, and the association between microscopic changes and visual function after extraocular muscle surgery and its mechanism need to be further clarified. This article will review the microscopic changes of retina and their mechanisms after extraocular muscle surgery from multiple perspectives to improve our understanding of the relationship between the mechanism of its influence and visual function, with a view to provide references for the choice of extraocular muscle surgery scheme and related clinical research.

Cambios microestructurales en los granos de Phaseolus vulgaris endurecidos / Microstructural changes in hardened beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

El endurecimiento de los granos de Phaseolus vulgaris almacenados a alta temperatura y alta humedad relativa es una de las principales limitantes para su consumo. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar por microscopia de barrido electrónico los cambios estructurales ocurridos en los cotiledones y en la testa de los granos endurecidos. Los granos recién cosechados se almacenaron durante doce meses bajo dos condiciones: 5°C-34% HR y 37°C-75% HR. Esta última con el fin de propiciar el endurecimiento. Los granos almacenados crudos y cocidos se liofilizaron y se fracturaron. Las secciones de testa y cotiledones se observaron en un microscopio electrónico JSM-6390. Al cabo de doce meses se constató que los granos almacenados a 37°C-75% HR aumentaron su dureza en un 503%, mientras que los granos almacenados a 5°C-34% HR no incrementaron su dureza significativamente. A nivel microestructural, en los cotiledones de los granos crudos se notaron claras diferencias en el aspecto de la pared celular, en el tamaño del espacio intercelular y en la textura de la matriz proteica. Mientras que en la testa de los granos crudos se evidenciaron diferencias en la compactación de la empalizada y de la capa sub-epidérmica. En los granos cocidos se observó una total separación entre las células de los cotiledones de los granos blandos y una muy limitada separación en los granos duros. Se concluye que las diferencias observadas en los granos duros y blandos, demostraron una participación importante de ambas estructuras, cotiledones y testa, en el endurecimiento de los granos.

The hardening of Phaseolus vulgaris beans stored at high temperature and high relative humidity is one of the main constraints for consumption. The objective of this research was to evaluate by scanning electron microscopy, structural changes in cotyledons and testa of the hardened beans. The freshly harvested grains were stored for twelve months under two conditions: 5 ° C-34% RH and 37 ° C-75% RH, in order to promote hardening. The stored raw and cooked grains were lyophilized and fractured. The sections of testa and cotyledons were observed in an electron microscope JSM-6390. After twelve months, grains stored at 37 ° C-75% RH increased their hardness by 503%, whereas there were no significant changes in grains stored at 5 ° C-34% RH. At the microstructural level, the cotyledons of the raw grains show clear differences in appearance of the cell wall, into the intercellular space size and texture matrix protein. There were also differences in compaction of palisade and sub-epidermal layer in the testa of raw grains. After cooking, cotyledon cells of the soft grains were well separated while these of hard grains were seldom separated. In conclusion, the found differences in hard and soft grains showed a significant participation of both structures, cotyledons and testa, in the grains´ hardening.

Study on consecutive light microscopic changes of tumor cells and apoptotic index observed in serial cervical biopsies during neoadjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in locally advanced cervical cancer / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil plus cisplatin) on tumor cell morphology and apoptosis by analyzing the consecutive changes of apoptotic index (AI) and histology observed in the serially obtained cervical cancer tissues during the chemotherapy. METHODS: Cervical cancer tissues were obtained by punch biopsy just before starting the each cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy from five patients with locally advanced disease (stage IIb-IIIb), but previously untreated squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix. All patients were treated with three cycles of 5-fluorouracil (1,000 mg/m2 at day #1-5) and cisplatin (60 mg/m2 at day #1) at 3 weeks interval. All H & E stained cervical cancer tissue slides were scored for apoptotic index and observed for microscopic changes of tumor cells by a pathologist. RESULTS: After the first cycle of chemotherapy, AI was significantly increased (from 2 times to 8 times). And widespread injury to cytoplasm was observed and followed by karyorrhexis and karyolysis of nucleus of tumor cells. The size of tumor nests was reduced and it was also noted that fibrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells were increased. The parts of tumor nests were replaced by mature squamous cells and the changes in nuclear morphologic features pointing in a more differentiated direction. But after the second cycle of chemotherapy, only one patient showed an increase in AI by 1.2 times over that after the first cycle of chemotherapy. The rest showed slight decreases in AI compared to that after the first cycle of chemotherapy. In addition, fewer microscopic morphologic changes of tumor cells induced by chemotherapy were observed after the second cycle of chemotherapy compared to those after the first cycle of chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: We found that AI hardly increased or rather decreased, and that microscopic changes of tumor cells were fewer after the second cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared to the situation after the first cycle of chemotherapy. Thus, we could deduce that chemoresistance might rapidly develop in cervical cancer cells after the first cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. So we need to consider this problem when we treat the locally advanced cervical cancer patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy using 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin.

Experimental Study of Changes of beta-catenin, PCNA, Substance P after Peripheral Nerve Compression in Rat / 체질인류학회지

The ultrastructural changes of sciatic nerve and immunohistochemical changes of beta-catenin, PCNA, substance P were studied at the proximal segment of rat sciatic nerve after compression injury. We used 90 Sprague Dawley rats and the sciatic nerve compressed using silicon tube. We divided experimental groups which were the compression group for 1 hour (1C), for 2 hours (2C), and for 3 hours (3C), the release group for 1 day (1C1R) and 3 days (1C3R) after the compression for 1 hour, the release group for 1 day (2C1R) and 3 days (2C3R) after the compression for 2 hours, the release group for 1 day (3C1R) and 3 days (3C3R) after the compression for 3 hours. The rats were sacrified and took the sciatic nerve specimen. The specimens were investigated under the light microscope after hematoxylin & eosin, toluidin blue, and immunohistochemical stainings. In the H & E finding, the axon of the 1C disappeared, but recovered at the 1C3R. The part of nerve fibers at the 2C were swollen, but began to be partially recovered at 2C3R. Most nerve fibers were enlarged at the 3C, but markedly decreased at the 3C1R. The beta-catenin reaction disappeared at the 1C, but almost recovered at the 1C3R. This reaction of the 2C disappeared in the large fibers, but began to be recovered in the small fibers at the 2C1R. This reaction of the 3C disappeared in the large fibers, but began to be recovered at the 3C1R and 3C3R. The PCNA reaction prominently appeared at the 1C3R and 2C3R, the more prominent reaction at the 3C1R, and markedly increased reaction at the 3C3R. The substance P reaction of the 1C1R was mild positive, and the 2C1R and 3C1R were strong positive. In the toluidin blue staining, the myelin sheaths near the perineurium began to be thickened at the 1C, but almost recovered at the 1C3R. Many myelin sheaths became to be very thickened at the 2C and 3C, but almost recovered at the 2C3R and 3C3R. In the electron microscopic findings, the myelin sheaths of the 1C underwent the demyelination with the separated lamellae and the increase microtubules. At the 1C3R, the axolemma was attached on the myelin sheath and the axon was recovered. the myelin sheaths of the 2C underwent the demyelination with the separated axolemma. At the 2C1R, the myelin sheath was recovered by the developing Schwann cells, many intraaxonal mitochondria of demyelinated nerve fibers. At the 2C3R, the myelin sheath tended to be recovered by the increased rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria of Schwann cells, many intraaxonal mitochondria of demyelinated nerve fibers. The myelin sheaths of the 3C began to be underwent severe demyelination from the middle portion of the sheath and the vacuolization of intraaxonal mitochondria. At the 3C1R, the myelin sheaths were recovered and contained many extended microtubules, mitochondria, and small granules. At the 3C3R, severe demyelinated nerve fibers were recovered by increasing microtubules. The proximal retrograde degeneration of sciatic nerve by the acute compression appeared the loss of the axons and the swelling of nerve fibers. The beta-catenin reaction was disappeared by the compression, but recovered by releasing. This reaction may be played a important role of the recover of demyelination. The PCNA reaction of Schwann cells was increased by the nerve compression. In the substance P finding, the pain after the compression appeared at the 1 day after releasing. Electron microscopic changes after sciatic nerve compression were the demyelination, the separated lamellae and the increase of intraaxonal microtubules. After releasing, the nerve fibers were recovered by developing Schwann cell, the intraaxonal mitochondria, and the transported granules through extending microtubules.

Sequential Histological Changes in Tissued Surrounding Experimental Intracerebral Hematoma (II) : Electron Microscopic Studies

In an attempt to investigate the sequential histological changes in the tissue surrounding intracerebral hematoma, and experimental model of intracerebral hematoma was made by an injection of 0.7ml of autologous whole blood, with the stereotaxic frame, into the right basal ganglia of the anesthetized adult rabbit. The total of 33 adult rabbits weighing 2.5 to 3.5kg were divided into 7 groups and sacrificed in 0.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 hours, and 1 and 3 days after the formation of intracerebral hematomas. The sequential electron microscopical changes in the brain tissue surrounding hematoma were observed. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Degeneration of axon and glial cell were observed. 2) Degeneration of glial cell began to appear in 3 hours and was aggravated in 12 hours, and glial cell necrosis occurred in 1 day. Degeneration of axon began to appear in 6 hours and was aggravated in 12 hours to 1 day, and phagocytosis of degenerating axon was observed in 3 days. 3) This experimental data suggested that the removal of intracerebral hematoma might be carried out as quickly as possible, and must be done within 12 hours whenever possible.