HIGH GRADE GLIOMA IN A 2 1/2 YEAR OLD: A CASE REPORT

INTRODUCTION- Gliomas are the tumor of glial cells found in Central nervous System. High Grade Gliomas are rare in pediatric age group. Definitive diagnosis is made by histopathological examination. A 2 ½ year old male admitted with the complaint of abnormal tonic-clonic body movements along with headache, nausea, vomiting and fever. CT scan showed a poorly circumscribed hypodense lesion involving fronto- parietal region. Surgery was performed and specimen sent for histopathological examination. Histopathological examination showed features of high grade glioma like microvascular proliferation, necrosis and haemorrhage. Cerebral tumors are the most common childhood neoplastic tumors. Gliomas are generally classified into low grade glioma and high grade glioma. High Grade glioma is rare in pediatric age group. Most commonly they present in supra tentorial compartment. The most common cerebral cortex involved are frontal lobe followed by parietal and temporal. Clinical signs and symptoms of High grade gliomas are seizure, headache, nausea, vomiting and visual disturbances. CT scan showed a poorly circumscribed hypodense lesion involving left fronto- parietal region mainly. Definitive diagnosis of high grade glioma is by histopathological examination. Histopathological examination showed hypercellular heterogeneous tumor lying on a fibrillary background. Areas of microvascular proliferation along with necrosis and haemorrhage are also seen. Surgical resection followed by chemotherapy and local radiotherapy are the present recommendation. High grade gliomas are rare pediatric tumor associated with poor outcome. Surgery was performed due to neurological worsening, which was unsuccessful and patient died. Diagnosis was confirmed on histopathological examination. Poor prognosis and high morbidity even after evolution of treatment, demands further research to improve the prognosis and reduce morbidities

Genetic regulation of microvascular proliferation under high altitude hypoxia / 中华地方病学杂志

Hypoxia is a typical characteristic of the high altitude environment. Chronic hypoxia arises due to the excessive production of erythrocytes, which increases the blood viscosity causing blood flow retardation to exacerbate hypoxic-ischemic injury and eventually angiogenesis. The "blood rich face" of people who have lived in high altitude for a long time is a typical representative of microvascular proliferation. In recent years, the mechanism of microvascular proliferation under high altitude hypoxia has become a hot topic at home and abroad. Therefore, the pathways and genes of microvascular proliferation under high altitude hypoxia are reviewed in this paper.