Mechanism of the therapeutic effect of Tetrandrine on striatum injury caused by microwave radiation / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To study the therapeutic effect Tetrandrine (TET) on striatal injury caused by microwave radiation and underlying mechanism.Methods:C57BL/6N mice were randomly divided into blank control group (C), radiation control group (R), TET group (TET) and TET combined with radiation group (TET+ R). The mice of radiation group were exposed to 2.856 GHz 8 mW/cm2 microwave on whole-body for 15 min. TET (60 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally once a day for 3 consecutive days. The TET structure was verified by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The open field experiment was used to detect the change of anxiety in mice. Histopathological and ultrastructural changes of the striatum were observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TMT). Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to detect gene expression changes of voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) subtype in the striatum.Results:The open field experiments showed that the time and distance of mice to explore the central region after microwave radiation were significantly lower than that before radiation ( t=4.60, 5.18, P<0.01), and the TET administration significantly improved these changes ( F=1.43, 4.37, P < 0.05). 7 d after microwave radiation, some neuronal nuclei in the striatum of mice contracted and could be stained deeply, which was more obvious in the globus pallidus area. The partial neuronal apoptosis, swelling and cavitation of glial cell mitochondria, blurring of synaptic gaps, and widening of perivascular gaps in the striatum were observed by TMT. The above lesions were significantly rescued after TET administration. But both microwave radiation and TET administration had no significant effect on the gene expressions of striatal VGCC ( P > 0.05). Conclusions:TET has a therapeutic effect on anxiety-like behavior and structural damage of striatum caused by microwave radiation, which is independent of the expression of striatal VGCC genes.

Effects of microwave radiation on learning and memory and neurotransmitters in the hippocampus / 中国辐射卫生

@#The central nervous system is one of the most sensitive targets of microwave radiation. Microwave radiation can affect spatial learning and memory and neural information transmission. The effects of microwave radiation on neurotransmitters in the hippocampus and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. This paper reviews the effects of microwave radiation on learning/memory and neurotransmitters as well as the mechanisms of action on neurotransmitters. This paper aims to provide a scientific basis for future research in this area.

Influence of microwave radiation on associative learning and memory function and hippocampal structure in mice / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of microwave radiation on associative learning and memory function and hippocampal structure of mice.Methods:C57BL/6N mice were ramdomly divided into sham-radiated group ( n=27) and radiation group ( n=2). The radiation group was exposed to microwave at 2.856 GHz, 8 mW/cm 2 for 15 min, then their spatial and associative learning and memory function were examined with the morris water maze and shuttle box behavior experiment. The pathological changes of hippocampal tissue were observed by HE staining and light microscope, the ultrastructural changes of hippocampal tissue were observed by transmission electron microscope. Results:After microwave radiation, the times of mice crossing the platform for the reverse space exploration decreased from(3.60±0.79) times to (2.55±0.47) times( t=2.21, P=0.046), the average active escape rate decreased significantly ( t = 2.70, P<0.05), and the average active latency and the total shock time was significantly prolonged ( t = -3.09, -3.02, P < 0.05). At 8 d after microwave radiation, the nuclei of some neurons in the CA3 and DG regions of the hippocampus were pyknosis. The neurons were apoptotic, the synaptic spaces blurred, the glial cells swollen, and the perivascular spaces widened in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Conclusions:Microwave radiation can decline the spatial reference memory ability and associative learning and memory ability of mice. The morphological and pathological changes of hippocampus are the structural basis of this dysfunction.

Recent advances in health hazards of long-term exposure to microwave radiation / 中国辐射卫生

With the development of the global information technology, electromagnetic equipment such as communication devices and new weapons has been widely deployed. Long-term exposure to electromagnetic radiation causes health hazards to people. Microwave is the most widely used electromagnetic wave. The article reviews the health hazards of long-term exposure to microwave radiation, including damages to the nervous, cardiovascular, blood, reproductive, endocrine, and immune systems and tumorigenesis, and summarizes the possible mechanisms of hazards of long-term exposure to microwave radiation, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the mechanism study and the research and development of protection technology.

RP-HPLC-DAD determination of free amino acids in cocoa samples during fermentation and roasting / Determinación de aminoácidos libres en muestras de cacao durante la fermentación y el tostado por cromatografía líquida con detección DAD / Determinação de aminoácidos livres em amostras de cacau durante a fermentação e torrefação por cromatografia líquida com detecção DAD

Abstract Amino acids (AA) composition in cocoa beans can predict the synthesis of compounds which affect cocoa flavor. Thus, their determination is of great interest for the community implied in the commercialization and production of cocoa. In consequence, in this work, the analysis of AA produced during cocoa beans fermentation and roasting was carried out. A high-performance liquid chromatographic method with DAD detection at 254 nm was optimized and validated for their selective determination in six varieties of cocoa beans with different genotypes, all of them grown in Venezuela. AA were extracted by defatted milled cocoa powder ultrasonication using purified water at 70 °C. Then, they were derivatized with phenyl isothiocyanate, and their derivatives were separated, using a reversed-phase column with gradient elution, achieving a satisfactory resolution among the peaks (greater than 1.0) in less than 29 min. 110 cocoa samples were analyzed. Results showed a significant content of free AA, ranging from 3.87 to 5.97 g/kg in absence of fermentation with a predominance of acidic AA. Moreover, there is a progressive increase in the AA content while fermentation process occurs, with a predominance of hydrophobic AA such as alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine. On the other hand, all cocoa types showed a partial degradation of free AA during the roasting step, especially the hydrophobic ones.

Resumen La determinación de aminoácidos (AA) en granos de cacao es de gran interés ya que estos son considerados como unos de los precursores de su sabor y aroma. Por esta razón, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo optimizar y validar un método por cromatografía líquida con detección DAD a 254 nm para la determinación selectiva de AA durante la fermentación y tostado en seis variedades de granos de cacao con diferentes genotipos, todos estos cultivados en Venezuela. Los AA se extrajeron del polvo de cacao molido y desgrasado con agua pura a 70 ºC, utilizando la técnica de ultrasonido. Luego, se derivatizaron con fenilotiocianato para separar sus derivados con buena resolución en menos de 29 min en una columna de fase reversa, utilizando gradiente de elución. Se analizaron 110 muestras de cacao. Los resultados mostraron un contenido significativo de AA libres, entre 3,87 y 5,97 g/kg, en ausencia de fermentación con predominio de AA ácidos, y un aumento progresivo en el contenido de AA, mientras ocurre el proceso de fermentación, con un predominio de AA hidrófobos como alanina, valina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina y tirosina. Además, todos los tipos de cacao mostraron una degradación parcial de AA libres durante la etapa de tostado, especialmente los AA hidrófobos.

Resumo A determinação dos aminoácidos (AA) nos grãos de cacau é importante, pois são considerados um dos precursores de seu sabor e aroma. Neste trabalho, um método foi otimizado e validado por cromatografia líquida com detecção DAD a 254 nm para a determinação seletiva de AA durante a fermentação e torrefação em seis variedades de grãos de cacau com diferentes genótipos, todos cultivados na Venezuela. Os AAs foram extraídos do pó de cacau moído e desengordurados com água pura a 70 ºC usando a técnica de ultrassom. Em seguida, foram derivatizados com feniltiocianato, e os derivados foram separados com boa resolução em menos de 29 minutos em uma coluna de fase invertida usando eluição em gradiente. Foram analisadas 110 amostras de cacau. Os resultados mostraram um conteúdo significativo de AA livre entre 3,87 e 5,97 g/kg na ausência de fermentação com predominância de AA ácidos e um aumento progressivo no conteúdo de AA enquanto o processo de fermentação ocorre com predominância de AA hidrófobos como alanina, valina, isoleucina, leucina, fenilalanina e tirosina. Além disso, todos os tipos de cacau apresentaram uma degradação parcial do AA livre durante a fase de torrefação, principalmente o AA hidrofóbico.

The effect of microwave radiation on the permeability change of blood brain barrier / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Microwave radiation plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors. Whether microwave radiation can improve the effect of chemotherapy on intracranial carcinoma through improving the permeability of blood brain barrier is a hot topic at present. Blood-brain barrier permeability can be increased by microwave radiation though thermal effect and non thermal effect,and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor,Occludin,aquaporin 4 and adhesion molecule-1.However, there are still questions on the physical parameters, include temperature, microwave frequency,specific absorption rate and exposure time.

Application of Microwave Drying and Sterilization Technology in TCM Field / 中国中医药信息杂志

Compared with traditional drying methods for Chinese materia medica, microwave drying technology is not only with the features of easy and convenient to operate, rapidity, good effects, well remained appearance of medicine and low energy consumption, but also with the feature of extraordinary sterilization effects at the same time with drying. This article introduced the features and effects of microwave drying and sterilization technology, reviewed its application in the TCM field, and proposed existing problems and prospects in the recent research by targeting security problems (microwave radiation and microwave residue).

Application of Microwave Drying and Sterilization Technology in TCM Field / 中国中医药信息杂志

Compared with traditional drying methods for Chinese materia medica, microwave drying technology is not only with the features of easy and convenient to operate, rapidity, good effects, well remained appearance of medicine and low energy consumption, but also with the feature of extraordinary sterilization effects at the same time with drying. This article introduced the features and effects of microwave drying and sterilization technology, reviewed its application in the TCM field, and proposed existing problems and prospects in the recent research by targeting security problems (microwave radiation and microwave residue).

Effects of Microwave Radiation on Learning and Memory Abilities in Mice and Intervention Study of Pilose Antler Peptide / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of microwave radiation on learning and memory abilities in mice, and to study pilose antler peptide's intervention. METHODS: Fifty mice were divided into five groups randomly, designated as control group, radiation group, pilose antler peptide (25, 50, and 100 mg·kg-1) groups. Learning and memory impairment model in mice was established by microwave radiation of 2 450 MHz average surface power, 10.0 mW·cm-2 for 90 min every day for 28 d.The radiation rats were treated with low-, mid-, and high-dose (25, 50, and 100 mg·kg-1) pilose antler peptide by sc injection for 28 d. The learning and memory ability of mice was determined by avoiding darkness experiment and Y maze experiment.The contents of S100B, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-10(IL-10), malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide(NO) in the brain of mice were determined respectively after the behavioral experiments. RESULTS: Compared with control group, radiation group could shorten the latency of avoiding darkness experiments, increase the numbers of errors both in avoiding darkness experiment and in Y maze experiment. Radiation group could rise the contents of S100B, TNF-α, IL-10, MDA and NO in the brain of mice (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with radiation group, pilose antler peptide (50, 100 mg·kg-1) groups could lengthen the latency of avoiding darkness experiments, significantly shorten the numbers of errors both in avoiding darkness experiment and in Y maze experiment, and reduce the contents of S100B, TNF-α, MDA and NO, increase the content of IL-10 in the brain of mice (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Pilose antler peptide could significantly perfect the learning and memory ability of mice exposed to microwave radiation. The mechanism may be related to its anti-oxidative actions by anti-inflammatory action, further lowering neurotoxic effects of NO.

Inter-laboratory comparisons of measuring instruments of microwave radiation in the workplace / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of the inter-laboratory comparison of microwave radiation measuring instruments which uses cellphone signal shielding device as standard source,and to establish inter-laboratory comparison method of microwave radiation.METHODS: The typical sampling method has been used by selecting twenty-one measuring instruments of microwave radiation from 21 occupational hygiene technical service organizations as study subjects.A cellphone signal shielding device was applied as standard source.Measurement points were measured by surveyors at a distance of 1.0 and 1.5 meter to the standard source,and the measurement results were analyzed by four robust technology and z-score evaluation method.RESULTS: Stability test showed that there was no statistical difference among the power density of standard source which were measurement at three diffluent time [(26.10 ± 0.94) vs(25.78 ± 0.27) vs(25.83 ±0.47) μW/cm~2,P>0.05].The standard source stability can also satisfy the requirement of inter-laboratory comparison.Among the 21 selected equipments,one of the 21 measuring instruments was not calibrated,one calibration certificate of the instruments was expired,and one calibration result of the instruments was unqualified.The z score of inter-laboratory(z_B) of 21 measuring instruments ranged from-1.27 to 4.85,while z score of within-laboratory(z_w) ranged from-1.42 to 2.18.One | z_B| of the instruments was above 3.00,while | z_W| was above 2.00.Comprehensive evaluation of the above results showed that only one instrument was unqualified.CONCLUSION: It is feasible that a cellphone signal shielding device could be applied as standard source.The method developed in this study can be used to understand the performance of microwave radiation instruments.

Effect of Low Level Subchronic Microwave Radiation on Rat Brain / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The present study was designed to investigate the effects of subchronic low level microwave radiation (MWR) on cognitive function, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) level and DNA damage in brain of Fischer rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Experiments were performed on male Fischer rats exposed to microwave radiation for 90 days at three different frequencies: 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz. Animals were divided into 4 groups: Group I: Sham exposed, Group II: animals exposed to microwave radiation at 900 MHz and specific absorption rate (SAR) 5.953 × 10-4 W/kg, Group III: animals exposed to 1800 MHz at SAR 5.835 × 10-4 W/kg and Group IV: animals exposed to 2450 MHz at SAR 6.672 × 10-4 W/kg. All the animals were tested for cognitive function using elevated plus maze and Morris water maze at the end of the exposure period and subsequently sacrificed to collect brain tissues. HSP70 levels were estimated by ELISA and DNA damage was assessed using alkaline comet assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Microwave exposure at 900-2450 MHz with SAR values as mentioned above lead to decline in cognitive function, increase in HSP70 level and DNA damage in brain.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results of the present study suggest that low level microwave exposure at frequencies 900, 1800, and 2450 MHz may lead to hazardous effects on brain.</p>

Energy metabolism and apoptotic effect of microwave radiation on rat myocardial cells / 中国病理生理杂志

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To investigate the effect of microwave radiation at different intensities on the rat myocardium and its possible mechanism.METHODS:The rats were radiated by the intensity of 500, 1 000, 1 500 and 2 000 W/m2 with 2 450 MHz microwave for 6 min.The heart tissue was collected 6 h after microwave radiation.ATP and mitochondria complexⅣandⅤwere measured.The changes of the tissue structures were observed under transmission electron micro-scope.The apoptosis of the myocardial cells was detected by a cell analyzer.The protein level of cleaved caspase-3 was de-termined by Western blotting.RESULTS:The concentration of ATP and activity of mitochondria complexⅣandⅤsigni-ficantly decreased compared with control group in the cardiac tissues.The decreased number, morphological abnormalities such as dissolved cavitation, matrix and obvious tumefaction of mitochondria were observed under transmission electron mi-croscope.The microwave radiation induced the apoptosis of myocardial cells in the rats.The cell apoptotic rate and the pro-tein level of cleaved caspase-3 increased with increasing intensity of microwave radiation ( P<0.05 ) .CONCLUSION:Microwave radiation has obvious injury effect on the rat heart, which can cause cardiac energy metabolism dysregulation and cardiac myocyte apoptosis.

Synthesis of 5-Chlorobenzotriazole Derivatives by Ultrasonic-microwave Radiation / 中国药师

Objective: To synthesize new desired 5-chlorobenzotriazole derivatives by ultrasonic-microwave radiation and perform structural characterization. Methods:5-Chlorobenzotriazole was used as the starting material and reacted with chloroacetonitrile to obtain the intermediate product, and then respectively reacted with 6-chloro nicotinaldehyde and 5-formaldehude-2-methoxy-pyridine to obtain corresponding target compounds. Results: Six desired 5-chlorobenzotriazole compounds have been synthesized and their structures were confirmed by melting point, IR, LC-MS and 1 H-NMR. Conclusion:Six desired 5-chlorobenzotriazole compounds are synthesized by ul-trasonic-microwave radiation.

Effect of microwave-assisted system on transesterification of castor oil with ethanol / Efecto de microondas en la transesterificación de aceite de higuerilla / Efeito microondas em transesterificação do óleo de rícino

A systematic study of microwave-assisted transesterification of castor oil was conducted in the presence of ethanol and of potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Effects of various reaction parameters such as reaction time, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and ethanol-oil molar ratio were analyzed. Ethyl esters were successfully produced by microwave-assisted transesterification. The maximum yield was 80.1% at 60°C, 10:1 alcohol: oil molar ratio, 1.5% potassium hydroxide and 10 min. The results show that there was a reduction in reaction time for microwave-assisted transesterification as compared to conventional heating, yields were slightly affected by temperature from 40-70°C; this indicates a significant effect of microwaves even at low temperatures.

Se realizó un estudio sistemático del efecto de la radiación microondas en la transesterificación de aceite de higuerilla con etanol en presencia de hidróxido de potasio como catalizador. Diversos parámetros fueron analizados, entre ellos el tiempo de reacción, concentración de catalizador, temperatura y relación molar etanol-aceite. De acuerdo con los resultados, la transesterificación asistida por microondas resultó útil para la producción de etilésteres obteniéndose un rendimiento máximo de 80.1% a 60°C, una relación molar alcohol: aceite de 10:1, 1.5% de hidróxido de potasio y 10 min de reacción. Se observó una reducción en el tiempo de reacción para la transesterificación asistida por microondas comparada con el calentamiento convencional. Los resultados muestran que los rendimientos son ligeramente afectados por la temperatura en el rango 40-70°C lo que indica un efecto importante de las microondas incluso a bajas temperaturas.

O presente artigo, foi realizado um estudo sistemático da transesterificação assistida por irradiação de microondas com óleo de rícino na presença de etanol e de hidróxido de potássio como catalizador. Analisou-se os efeitos da variação alguns parâmetros da reação, tais como, tempo de reação, concentração de catalisador, temperatura de reação e proporção molar de óleo de etanol. De acordo com os resultados, os ésteres etílicos foram produzidos com êxito por transesterificação assistida por microondas, obtendo um rendimento máximo de 80.1% a 60 °C, razão molar de 10:1 álcool: óleo, 1.5% de hidróxido de potássio em 10 min. Houve uma redução no tempo de reação de transesterificação assistida por microondas, em relação ao aquecimento convencional. Os resultados mostram que os rendimentos são ligeiramente afetados pela temperatura, no intervalo de 40-70 °C, indicando um efeito significativo de microondas mesmo a baixas temperaturas.

Microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, cognitive impairment and inflammation in brain of Fischer rats.

Public concerns over possible adverse effects of microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones on health are increasing. To evaluate the intensity of oxidative stress, cognitive impairment and inflammation in brain of Fischer rats exposed to microwave radiation, male Fischer-344 rats were exposed to 900 MHz microwave radiation (SAR = 5.953×10-4 W/kg) and 1800 MHz microwave radiation (SAR = 5.835×10-4 W/kg) for 30 days (2 h/day). Significant impairment in cognitive function and induction of oxidative stress in brain tissues of microwave exposed rats were observed in comparison with sham exposed groups. Further, significant increase in level of cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-) was also observed following microwave exposure. Results of the present study indicated that increased oxidative stress due to microwave exposure may contribute to cognitive impairment and inflammation in brain.

Effects of microwave radiation on extraction of epimedin B from Epimedii Folium / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the influence of microwave radiation on the extraction of epimedin B from Epimedii Folium. Methods: The effects of extraction solvent, ratio of material to liquor, and duration of microwave radiation on the extraction yield of epimedin B were studied by single factor tests. The influence of microwave radiation on the stability of epimedin B was assessed by UV-Vis spectrophotometeric analysis. The impacts of microwave radiation on leaf sample were observed using paraffin section method. Results: The contributions of ethanol concentration and duration of microwave radiation for the extraction yield of epimedin B are significant, whereas ratio of material to liquor is not a significant factor. Microwave radiation could result in the disruptions of leaf tissues and other parts, but it did not affect the stability of epimedin B. Conclusion: Microwave radiation could facilitate the extraction of epimedin B, which might result from the enhancement of the mass transfer of ethanol solution into leaf tissues and dissolution of epimdin B from the matrix.

Evaluation of genotoxic effects in male Wistar rats following microwave exposure.

Wistar rats (70 days old) were exposed for 2 h a day for 45 days continuously at 10 GHz [power density 0.214 mW/cm2, specific absorption rate (SAR) 0.014 W/kg] and 50 GHz (power density 0.86 μW/cm2, SAR 8.0 ×10-4 W/kg). Micronuclei (MN), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidant enzymes activity were estimated in the blood cells and serum. These radiations induce micronuclei formation and significant increase in ROS production. Significant changes in the level of serum glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were observed in exposed group as compared with control group. It is concluded that microwave exposure can be affective at genetic level. This may be an indication of tumor promotion, which comes through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species.

Study on the quality of semen of radar workers / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To study the changes in semen quality and levels of sex reproductive hormones in servicemen constantly exposed to radar. Method The quality of semen was analyzed with the aid of the WlTJ-9000 computer-assisted semen analysis system and the levels of sex hormones were determined with radioimmunoassay in 64 servicemen constantly exposed to radar. Results Compared to control group, semen volume, pH value, sperm density and sperm motility in radar-exposed persons were reduced. No significant difference was observed in semen viscosity, sperm viability rate, morphology, acrosomal integrity rate, and hormone levels between these two groups. Conclusions Microwave non-heating effect had adverse effect on the quality of semen, producing sub-clinical injuries.

Treatment of Large Size Caverous Hemangiomas by Thermal Coagulation from a Microwave Radiation Machine: A Report of 20 Cases / 第二军医大学学报

Since July 1988 to May 1989, we had used the microwa c radiation thermal coagulation method to treat 20 cases of large caverous hemangimas in the oro-maxillo-facial region. When a radiation antenna pin was inserted into tumor, blood and tissue within the tumor began to be coagulated by high temperature produced by the machine. After a full coagulation appeared, we might remove the tumor without bleeding by a surgical knife.This method of treatment has many advantages: (1) Lesser bleeding and blood transfusion; (2) convenient excision; (3) time for operation is markedly shortened; (4) patients who were contraindi-cated may be treated by this method. The authors consider that the microwave radiation thermal coagulation method for treating large caverous hemangiomas in the oro-maxillo-facial region is a rather ideal method up-to-date.