RESUMO
La discapacidad intelectual leve provoca un lento aprendizaje de las habilidades motrices, en particular de la coordinación, y se considera que esta problemática precisa de atención. En las clases de Educación Física se observó que los educandos con discapacidad intelectual leve presentaron alteraciones en las capacidades coordinativas motoras, posturales, sensoriales y en las conductas de adaptación a los diferentes contextos como la casa, la institución educativa y la comunidad; por lo que se planteó como objetivo desarrollar la coordinación en los educandos de siete a ocho años, mediante juegos motrices en las clases de Educación Física. El estudio que se presenta, se sustentó en la complementariedad metodológica al combinarse los enfoques cualitativo y cuantitativo; se emplearon métodos teóricos como el analítico-sintético, el sistémico-estructural-funcional, el histórico-lógico y el inductivo-deductivo y métodos empíricos como la observación, la entrevista, la encuesta y el experimento. Como resultado, se realizó la sistematización teórica, el diagnóstico y la propuesta de juegos motrices acorde con la edad y la discapacidad intelectual leve que se manifiesta en el desarrollo de la conducta motriz y en las relaciones de actuación de los educandos. De manera general, se constató una mejor coordinación y desarrollo de las habilidades para realizar los diferentes ejercicios y juegos motrices en las clases de Educación Física.
A deficiência intelectual leve causa uma aprendizagem lenta das habilidades motoras, particularmente da coordenação, e considera-se que esse problema precisa de atenção. Nas aulas de Educação Física, observou-se que os alunos com deficiência intelectual leve apresentavam alterações nas habilidades de coordenação motora, postural e sensorial e no comportamento de adaptação a diferentes contextos, como a casa, a instituição de ensino e a comunidade; portanto, o objetivo foi desenvolver a coordenação em alunos de sete a oito anos de idade, por meio de jogos motores nas aulas de Educação Física. O estudo aqui apresentado baseou-se na complementaridade metodológica, combinando abordagens qualitativas e quantitativas; foram utilizados métodos teóricos como o analítico-sintético, o sistêmico-estrutural-funcional, o histórico-lógico e o indutivo-dedutivo, bem como métodos empíricos como observação, entrevista, pesquisa e experimento. Como resultado, foram realizados a sistematização teórica, o diagnóstico e a proposta de jogos motores de acordo com a idade e a deficiência intelectual leve que se manifesta no desenvolvimento do comportamento motor e nas relações de desempenho dos alunos. Em geral, observou-se uma melhor coordenação e desenvolvimento de habilidades para realizar os diferentes exercícios e jogos motores nas aulas de Educação Física.
Mild intellectual disability causes slow learning of motor skills, particularly coordination, and this problem is considered to require attention. In Physical Education classes, it was observed that students with mild intellectual disabilities presented alterations in motor, postural, sensory coordinative capacities and in adaptation behaviors to different contexts such as home, the educational institution and the community; for this reason, the objective was to develop coordination in students from seven to eight years of age, through motor games in Physical Education classes. The study presented was based on methodological complementarity by combining the qualitative and quantitative approaches; theoretical methods such as the analytical-synthetic, the systemic-structural-functional, the historical-logical and the inductive-deductive and empirical methods such as observation, interview, survey and experiment were used. As a result, the theoretical systematization, the diagnosis and the proposal of motor games according to age and mild intellectual disability that manifests itself in the development of motor behavior and in the relations of action of the students were carried out. In general, there was a better coordination and development of skills to perform the different exercises and motor games in Physical Education classes.
RESUMO
Resumen Este artículo se propone presentar parte de un estudio realizado en el marco de una tesis de maestría que estudia las orientaciones de la motivación hacia el aprendizaje en estudiantes bachilleres con discapacidad intelectual leve (DIL) que asisten a una escuela privada de Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (Argentina). El trabajo intenta probar la utilidad de los estudios de habla privada (HP) para obtener información sobre las características motivacionales de los participantes. Para ello registra, describe y analiza el contenido que aparece en las emisiones de HP de los participantes durante la resolución de dos tareas con distinta demanda cognitiva. Durante las sesiones experimentales, se registraron las emisiones de HP que emitieron los participantes, las cuales se codificaron para determinar tipos de HP (HP irrelevante para la tarea, HP relevante para la tarea y HP con contenido motivacional). Las emisiones de HP con contenido motivacional se clasificaron en categorías y subcategorías (para las que se utiliza el sistema de clasificación de Montero y Huertas 1999). A partir de la clasificación de categorías y subcategorías se organizaron según la orientación motivacional que expresan, lo que permite describir patrones motivacionales. Los resultados revelaron que los estudios de HP son una herramienta potente para conocer las características motivacionales de adolescentes con DIL.
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present part of a research study carried out within the framework of a master's thesis. The aim of the master's thesis is to study the motivational orientations of high school students with mild intellectual disability (MID) towards the learning process. The work intends to test the usefulness of 'private speech' (PS) to obtain information about the motivational characteristics of the participants. In order to achieve this, the content present in the PS emissions of the participants during the resolution of tasks with different load of cognitive demand was registered, described and analyzed. During the experimental sessions, the participants' PS emissions were registered and then coded to determine three different types of PS (irrelevant for the task, relevant for the task and PS with motivational content). Then, the PS emissions with motivational content were classified into categories and subcategories (using the classification system of Montero & Huertas, 1999). Following this classification, the information was organized according to the motivational orientation they expressed; as a conclusion, motivational patterns can be described. The results reveal that PS studies are a powerful tool to understand the motivational characteristics of adolescents with MID.
RESUMO
Aim: To compare and evaluate the effect of sensory-adapted dental environment (SADE) and regular dental environment in reducing anxiety levels in children with intellectual disabilities. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in children with mild intellectual disabilities aged 8–13 years. The developmental screening test was utilized in screening and including these children with IQ scores between 52 and 67, and after random allocation, children were subjected to oral prophylaxis in the SADE and regular dental environment. Anxiety levels were assessed at baseline, 5 min, and at the end of the procedure using Venham's anxiety rating scale, pulse rate, and blood pressure values. Results: The data were coded and analyzed using software SPSS (IBM version 22.0) for statistical analysis. Comparison between the groups was done using independent t-test and repeated measured ANOVA for objective assessment of intergroup and intragroup anxiety levels, respectively, and using Mann–Whitney U-test and Friedman's test for subjective assessment of intergroup and intragroup anxiety levels, respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggest that SADE significantly decreased anxiety levels and cooperative behavior in children with mild intellectual disability and can be used as an alternative behavior management technique in effectively handling children with intellectual disability.