Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on brain functional network in major depressive disorder / 生物医学工程学杂志

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an interventional technique capable of highly effective neuromodulation in major depressive disorder (MDD), but its antidepressant mechanism remains unclear. By recording the resting-state electroencephalogram (RS-EEG) of 19 MDD patients before and after ECT, we analyzed the modulation effect of ECT on the resting-state brain functional network of MDD patients from multiple perspectives: estimating spontaneous EEG activity power spectral density (PSD) using Welch algorithm; constructing brain functional network based on imaginary part coherence (iCoh) and calculate functional connectivity; using minimum spanning tree theory to explore the topological characteristics of brain functional network. The results show that PSD, functional connectivity, and topology in multiple frequency bands were significantly changed after ECT in MDD patients. The results of this study reveal that ECT changes the brain activity of MDD patients, which provides an important reference in the clinical treatment and mechanism analysis of MDD.

Mobilidade para trabalho na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo a partir dos dados do Censo Demográfico de 2010 / Mobility to work in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo using data from the Demographic Census of 2010 / Movilidad para el trabajo en la región metropolitana de São Paulo a partir de datos del censo demográfico de 2010

O objetivo do estudo é compreender o perfil dos trabalhadores pendulares, considerando a heterogeneidade desse tipo de deslocamento, que é associado às desigualdades socioeconômicas do tecido urbano. Assim, inicia-se a análise com a caracterização do espaço urbano da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), elencando grupos homogêneos contíguos de municípios a partir do uso da Árvore Geradora Mínima (AGM). Os municípios foram classificados em cinco grupos homogêneos contíguos. Parte-se da hipótese de que existam diferenças na dinâmica dos movimentos pendulares segundo uma divisão socioeconômica do espaço metropolitano. Em seguida, foram comparados pendurares e não pendulares em cada um dos grupos homogêneos a partir de modelos logísticos binários. Observou-se que os primeiros diferiam dos últimos em diversos aspectos. De forma a identificar especificidades dos fluxos pendulares segundo esses grupos, foram estimados modelos logísticos multinomiais e notou-se que diferenças nos perfis de pendulares entre os diferentes grupos homogêneos, dependendo do destino desses, revelam traços das desigualdades econômicas e sociais existentes na RMSP. Conclui-se que políticas públicas voltadas para a mobilidade urbana devem considerar as especificidades do território, bem como os aspectos relacionados à escolaridade da população residente, à participação da mulher no mercado de trabalho e aos arranjos familiares.

The aim of the study is to understand the profile of commuters, considering the heterogeneity of this type of displacement, which is associated with socioeconomic inequalities in urban centers. Thus, the analysis begins with the characterization of the RMSP, dividing it in contiguous homogenous groups of municipalities using the Minimum Generating Tree. The municipalities were classified in five homogenous and contiguous groups. The basis of the paper is the hypothesis that there are differences in commuting dynamics according to a socioeconomic segregation of the metropolitan space. Then, logistic models compared commuters from non-commuters in each of these groups. These two groups of individuals differed in several features. In order to identify specificities of the flows from each homogenous group, multinomial logistic models were used to determine different commuting profiles depending on the commuter's destiny, and results were associated with the existence of socioeconomic spatial inequalities in the São Paulo metropolis. Public policies focused on urban mobility in Greater São Paulo should not only consider the specificities of the territory, but also aspects related to schooling attainment, women's participation in the labor market and family arrangements.

El objetivo del estudio es conocer el perfil de los trabajadores que trabajaban y vivían en municipalidades distintas y se desplazaban diariamente entre su hogar y el lugar de trabajo, considerando la heterogeneidad de este tipo de desplazamientos, que se asocia con desigualdades socioeconómicas en el centro urbano. Así, el análisis comienza con la caracterización del espacio urbano de la región metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), enumerando grupos de municipios homogéneos contiguos a partir de uso del árbol generador mínimo. Los municipios fueron clasificados en cinco grupos. Partimos de la hipótesis de que existen diferencias en la dinámica de los movimientos de desplazamiento diarios hogar x trabajo según la división socioeconómica del espacio metropolitano. Luego, se compararon las personas que se desplazaban diariamente hogar x trabajo con quienes no lo hacían. Se observó que el primer grupo difería del segundo en varios aspectos. Para identificar las especificidades de los flujos de personas que se desplazaban de acuerdo con estos grupos municipales, se estimaron modelos logísticos multinomiales y se observó que las diferencias en los perfiles entre los diferentes grupos homogéneos dependen de su destino y que revelan rastros de desigualdades económicas y sociales en la RMSP. Se concluye que las políticas públicas dirigidas a la movilidad urbana deben considerar las especificidades del territorio, así como aspectos relacionados con la educación de la población residente, la participación de las mujeres en el mercado laboral y los arreglos familiares.

Recent Trends of Antigenic Variation in Bordetella pertussis Isolates in Korea

Pertussis is a representative vaccine-preventable disease. However, there have been recent outbreaks in countries where even higher vaccination against the disease. One reason is the emergence of antigenic variants, which are different to vaccine type. In Korea, reported cases have rapidly increased since 2009. Therefore, we analyzed genotype of strains isolated in 2011-2012 by multilocus sequence typing method. As expected, the genotype profiles of tested genes dramatically changed. The major sequence type changed from ST1 to ST2, and new sequence type (ST8) appeared. In the minimum spanning tree, recent isolates belonging to the ACC-I-ST3 subgroup were detected that were composed of ST2, ST3, and ST6. In particular, the ST2 frequency increased to 81%. The novel ST8 was linked to the increased frequency of ST2. In addition, toxic strains carrying the ptxP3 promoter type were confirmed. This ptxP3 type emerged from 2009 and its frequency had increased to 100% in 2012. Based on these results, it can be inferred that the genotypic changes in the currently circulating strains are strongly associated with the recent increasing of pertussis in Korea. Therefore, the surveillance system should be strengthened, and genetic characterization of the isolates should be expanded to the whole genome sequence level.

Origin, phylogeny, and spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Beijing lineage in the five provinces of northern China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective Using methodology of molecular genetics to explore the origin,phylogen,and gene flow of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) Beijing lineage in the five provinces from northern China,including Heilongjiang,Jilin,Liaoning,Neimenggu and Ningxia.Methods 234 MTB Beijing lineage strains were genotyped by 24 Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR),and the h (the allelic diversity) value of each VNTR locus was calculated.On individual level of phylogeny,it was constructed Neighbor-Joining (N-J) tree and minimum spanning tree (MST).Phylogenetic tree was built at the population level,and the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA)was estimated through Bayesian model.Molecular variance (AMOVA) was used to understand the gene flow among strains discovered from the five provinces.Results Allelic diversities of the 24VNTR loci were low (h:0.000-0.744).234 strains of MTB Beijing lineage were dispersed in individual branch of the N-J tree,with 62.0％ (145) of them grouped to the same "colonial complexes" in MST.At the population level,the evolution relationship of 234 strains appeared the closest to Beijing lineage,which was from MIRU-VNTRplus database,and the bootstrap was 100.The TMRCA was 5308 (95％ CI:4263-6470) years.Differences of pairwise Fst values acquired by AMOVA between Jilin and Heilongjiang,Liaoning,Neimenggu and Ningxia,were not statistically significant (P＞0.05).Conclusion The genetic similarity of Beijing lineage MTB from the five provinces of northern China was high.The phylogeny branches had no characteristic dispersal in each province.It was speculated that these strains showed an evolution from a clone of MTB Beijing lineage (about 5000 years ago).The gene flow was taking place between neighboring zones.