Seguridad del tratamiento quirúrgico en aneurismas cerebrales no rotos, en la región de Coquimbo, Chile / Safety of surgical treatment in unruptured cerebral aneurysms, in the region of Coquimbo, Chile

Introducción: El tratamiento microquirúrgico de los aneurismas cerebrales no rotos, ha demostrado ser seguro en distintas series, la indicación quirúrgica en estos casos es discutible y generalmente esta en relación a su riesgo de sangrado por características morfológicas y ubicación del aneurisma. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo, determinar si en nuestra región, el tratamiento microquirúrgico de los aneurismas cerebrales no rotos es seguro y así poder dar una recomendación de tratamiento a nuestros pacientes. Materiales y métodos: Treinta y un pacientes, 33 aneurismas cerebrales no rotos fueron tratados, En clínica Elqui y Hospital San Pablo de la Región de Coquimbo, entre mayo del 2017 y marzo del 2019, se hizo un seguimiento al total de los pacientes y se evaluó su resultado neurológico según la escala de Rankin modificado. Resultado: 97% de los pacientes obtuvieron un resultado neurológico favorable (Rankin < 3), solo un 3% de los pacientes, un caso, obtuvo un resultado desfavorable (Rankin > 2). Conclusión: El tratamiento microquirúrgico de los aneurismas cerebrales no rotos en nuestra región es seguro, obteniendo una muy baja morbilidad y 0% de mortalidad

Introduction: The microsurgical treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms has been shown to be safe in different series, the surgical indication in these cases is debatable and is generally related to the risk of bleeding due to morphological characteristics and location of the aneurysm. The objective of this work is to determine if in our region the microsurgical treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms is safe and thus be able to give a recommendation of treatment to our patients. Materials and methods: 31 patients, 33 unruptured cerebral aneurysms were treated. At the Elqui clinic and San Pablo Hospital in the Coquimbo Region, between may 2017 and March 2019, the total number of patients was monitored and their Neurological outcome according to the modified Rankin scale. Result: 97% of the patients obtained a favorable neurological outcome (Rankin <3), only 3% of the patients, one case, obtained an unfavorable outcome (Rankin> 2). Conclusion: The microsurgical treatment of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in our region is safe, obtaining a very low morbidity and 0% mortality

Comparative Analysis of the Mini-pterional and Supraorbital Keyhole Craniotomies for Unruptured Aneurysms with Numeric Measurements of Their Geometric Configurations

OBJECTIVE: Keyhole craniotomy is a modification of pterional craniotomy that allows for use of a minimally invasive approach toward cerebral aneurysms. Currently, mini-pterional (MPKC) and supraorbital keyhole craniotomies (SOKC) are commonly used. In this study, we measured and compared the geometric configurations of surgical exposure provided by MPKC and SOKC. METHODS: Nine patients underwent MPKC and four underwent SOKC. Their postoperative contrast-enhanced brain computed tomographic scans were evaluated. The transverse and longitudinal diameters and areas of exposure were measured. The locations of the anterior communicating artery, bifurcation of the middle cerebral artery (MCAB), and the internal carotid artery (ICA) terminal were identified, and the working angles and depths for these targets were measured. RESULTS: No significant differences in the transverse diameters of exposure were observed between MPKC and SOKC. However, the longitudinal diameters and the areas were significantly larger, by 1.5 times in MPKC. MPKC provided larger operable working angles for the targets. The angles by MPKC, particularly for the MCAB, reached up to 1.9-fold of those by SOKC. Greater working depths were required in order to reach the targets by SOKC, and the differences were the greatest in the MCAB by 1.6-fold. CONCLUSION: MPKC provides larger exposure than SOKC with a similar length of skin incision. MPKC allows for use of a direct transsylvian approach, and exposes the target in a wide working angle within a short distance. Despite some limitations in exposure, SOKC is suitable for a direct subfrontal approach, and provides a more anteromedial and basal view. MCAB and posteriorly directing ICA terminal aneurysms can be good candidates for MPKC.

Perspective of the frontolateral craniotomies / Perspectivas das craniotomias frontolaterais

The pterional craniotomy is one of the most frequently surgical approaches used in neurosurgery and currently it has become a mainsteam. It allows excellent microsurgical exposure of anterior and posterior regions of the arterial circle of Willis, supra and paraselar regions, the superior orbital fissure of sphenoid bone, cavernous sinus, orbit, temporal lobe, midbrain and the frontal lobe. Like others techniques, the pterional craniotomy presented disadvantages related to dissection of the temporal muscle. From the first fronto lateral craniotomy described by Dandy to expose the optic chiasm and the pituitary we pass through the Yasargil's classical description of craniotomy centered in fronto-temporal sylvian fissure until reaching the recent"minipterional craniotomy", modifications of the pterional craniotomy were proposed to reduce the extra cranial tissue trauma and reduce the area of craniotomy without affecting the exposure of surgical targets, thus improving their aesthetic and functional results. An historical analysis of the frontolateral approaches has demonstrated that they have evolved from larger craniotomies to smaller ones, however only the minipterional craniotomy is able to offer similar surgical exposure.

A craniotomia pterional é um dos acessos cirúrgicos mais freqüentemente utilizados. Esta técnica permite excelente exposição microcirúrgica das regiões anterior e posterior do polígono de Willis, regiões supra-selar, fissura orbital superior do osso esfenóide, seio cavernoso, órbita, lobo temporal, mesencéfalo e lobo frontal. Como outras técnicas, a craniotomia pterional tem desvantagens relacionadas à manipulação do músculo temporal. Desde a primeira craniotomia fronto lateral descrita por Dandy para expor o quiasma óptico e a hipófise, passando pela descrição clássica de Yasrgil para craniotomia centrada na fissura silviana, até chegar em craniotomias recentes como a"minipterional", modificações da craniotomia pterional foram propostas para reduzir o trauma do tecido extra craniano e reduzir a área da craniotomia sem afetar a exposição dos alvos cirúrgicos e melhorar seus resultados estéticos e funcionais. Uma análise histórica das abordagens frontolaterais demonstrou que elas evoluíram a partir de craniotomias maiores para menores, contudo somente a craniotomia minipterional oferece exposição cirúrgica similar à craniotomia pterional clássica.