Strengthening the study of chronic hepatitis E / 中华肝脏病杂志

This paper summarizes the incidence, modes of transmission, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of chronic hepatitis E.

Saúde, aprimoramento e estilo de vida: o uso da profilaxia pré-exposição ao HIV (PrEP) entre homens gays, mulheres trans e travestis / Health, enhancement and lifestyle: the use of the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among gay men, trans women and travestis

Resumo O artigo objetiva analisar os significados do uso da PrEP entre gays, mulheres trans e travestis no Rio de Janeiro, com base em uma pesquisa sobre a biomedicalização da resposta à Aids. A análise e interpretação dos registros de diário de campo e das entrevistas nos permitiram descrever como o uso dessa tecnologia de prevenção ao HIV se dá simultaneamente com outros recursos biomédicos, intervenções estéticas, dietéticas e exercícios físicos. Argumentamos que tais cuidados de si são conformados em função das expectativas de gênero e classe e dos ideais de saúde de seus/as usuários/as. Os resultados do estudo permitem uma discussão sobre as fronteiras entre saúde, estilo de vida e aprimoramento. Conclui-se que a PrEP parece produzir uma singularização nas formas de produção de si, via aprimoramento biomédico e estético-cosmético, em um encontro sinérgico entre diferentes tecnologias, percebido tanto na rotina de uso do medicamento como no manejo de seus efeitos. Para a maioria das pessoas entrevistadas, a PrEP se acopla a um cuidado de si prévio, o que indica a localização social de seus usuários em termos de classe e gênero e a forma reflexiva a partir da qual descrevem sua saúde e a si próprias.

Abstract The article has analyzed the meanings of the use of PrEP among gay man, trans women, and travestis in Rio de Janeiro, based on research on the biomedicalization of the response to AIDS. The analysis and interpretation of the field diary entries and interviews allowed us to describe how the use of this HIV prevention technology occurs simultaneously with other biomedical resources, aesthetics, dietary interventions, and physical exercises. We argue that such self-care is shaped according to the expectations of gender and class and the health ideals of their users. The results of the study allow us to discuss the boundaries between health, lifestyle, and enhancement. It is concluded that PrEP seems to produce a singularization in the forms of self-production, via biomedical and aesthetic-cosmetic enhancement, in a synergistic encounter between different technologies; perceived both in the routine use of the drug and in the management of its effects. For most of the people interviewed, PrEP is coupled with a previous self-care, which indicates the social location of its users in terms of class and gender and the reflexive way from which they describe their health and themselves.

As ressonâncias da loucura materna nos processos de subjetivação de uma filha / Resonances of maternal madness in the subjectivation processes of a daughter / Résonances de la folie maternelle dans la subjectivation d'une fille / Las resonancias de la locura materna en los procesos de subjetivación de una hija

Este artigo aborda as ressonâncias da loucura materna na subjetivação de uma filha a partir de um estudo de caso. Trabalhou-se com história de vida e foi realizado um diálogo com os processos de subjetivação e práticas de cuidado de si. A análise temática organizou os resultados a partir das seguintes categorias: as ressonâncias da loucura materna nos processos de subjetivação; o cuidado de si como horizonte transformador nos processos de subjetivação; o trabalho de subjetivar um legado transgeracional e a elaboração da mãe como referência de maternidade. Entre os resultados, destacam-se: a presença de afetos ambivalentes, a inconstância da presença física e da disponibilidade psíquica maternas e o desenvolvimento, por parte da entrevistada, de práticas de cuidado destinadas a si e a ao outro. Uma trajetória marcada por violência, questões de raça, gênero e classe, dificuldades sociais e econômicas que intensificaram a condição de sofrimento psíquico

This article approaches the resonances of maternal madness in the subjectivation of a daughter from a case study. We worked with life history and a dialogue was carried out with the subjectivation processes and self-care practices. Narrative interviews were thematically analyzed to organize the results: the resonances of maternal madness in the subjectivation processes; the self-care as a transforming horizon in the subjectivation processes; the work of subjectifying a transgenerational legacy; and the elaboration of the mother as a reference of motherhood. Among the results, the following stand out: the presence of ambivalent affections; the inconsistency of the maternal physical presence and psychic availability; and the development, on the part of the interviewee, of care practices aimed at herself and at the other. A trajectory marked by violence, issues of race, gender and class, social and economic difficulties that intensified the condition of psychic suffering

Cet article aborde les résonances de la folie maternelle dans la subjectivation d'une fille avec une étude de cas. Nous avons travaillé avec l'histoire de la vie et un dialogue a été mené avec les processus de subjectivation et les pratiques d'autosoins. Des entretiens narratifs ont été analysés de façon thématique pour organiser les résultats : les résonances de la folie maternelle dans les processus de subjectivation ; l'autosoins comme horizon transformant dans les processus de subjectivation ; le travail de subjectivation d'un héritage transgénérationnel et l'élaboration de la mère comme référence de la maternité. Parmi les résultats, ressortent : la présence d'affections ambivalentes, l'incohérence de la présence physique et de la disponibilité psychique maternelle et le développement, de la part de l'enquêtée, de pratiques de soins visant soi-même et l'autre. Une trajectoire marquée par des violences, des questions de race, de genre et de classe, des difficultés sociales et économiques qui ont intensifié l'état de souffrance psychique

Este artículo trata de las resonancias de la locura materna en la subjetivación de una hija mediante un estudio de caso. Se trabajó con la historia de vida y se dialogó con los procesos de subjetivación y prácticas de cuidado de sí. Se realizaron entrevistas narrativas de forma temática para organizar los resultados: las resonancias de la locura materna en los procesos de subjetivación; el cuidado de sí como horizonte transformador en los procesos de subjetivación; el trabajo de subjetivación de un legado transgeneracional y la elaboración de la madre como referente de la maternidad. Entre los resultados se destacan: la presencia de afectos ambivalentes, la inconsistencia de la presencia física materna y disponibilidad psíquica, y el desarrollo por parte de la entrevistada de prácticas de cuidado dirigidas a sí misma y al otro. Una trayectoria que estuvo marcada por cuestiones de raza, género y clase, dificultades sociales y económicas, y violencias que intensificaron la condición de sufrimiento psíquico

The effect of curing modes and times of Third-Generation led LCU on the mechanical properties of nanocomposites / Efecto del modo y tiempo de fotocurado de la lámpara LCU Led de tercera generación en las propiedades mecánicas de los nanocompuestos

Abstract This study evaluates the effect of curing modes and times on the mechanical properties of nanocomposites. Two nanocomposite resins were investigated: suprananohybrid (Estelite Posterior Quick; EP) and nanohybrid (Solare X; SX). They were polymerized with a light-emitting diode light-curing units (LED LCU, Valo) as follows: standard mode for 20s (ST20), high power mode for 12s (HP12), high power mode for 20s (HP20), extra power mode for 6s (XP6), and extra power mode for 20s (XP20). For Vickers microhardness (HV), disc-shaped specimens were fabricated (n=10). For the three-point bending test, bar-shaped specimens were fabricated (n=10). Flexural strength and resilience modulus were calculated. The fractured surfaces and specimen surfaces of composites were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA, two-way variance, and Bonferroni tests (p<0.05). On the top and bottom surfaces of the EP nanocomposite resin, ST20 and HP12 revealed statistically higher HV than with XP6. Moreover, HP20 and XP20 had statistically higher HV than HP12 and XP6. For the SX nanocomposite resin, HP20 had statistically higher HV than HP12. For EP and SX, there were no significant differences in flexural strength and resilience modulus regarding the curing modes and times. Furthermore, SX demonstrated lower mechanical properties than EP. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that both nanocomposites had similar surface appearances. However, with all curing modes and times, SX exhibited layered fractures and more crack formations than EP. Different curing modes and times could influence the microhardness of nanocomposites.

Resumen Este estudio evalúa el efecto del modo y tiempo de fotocurado sobre las propiedades mecánicas de los nanocompuestos. Se investigaron dos resinas nanocompuestas: supra-nanohíbrida (Estelite Posterior Quick; EP) y nanohíbrida (Solare X; SX). Se polimerizaron con unidades de fotopolimerización de diodos emisores de luz (LED LCU, Valo) de la siguiente manera: modo estándar durante 20s (ST20), modo de alta potencia durante 12s (HP12), modo de alta potencia durante 20s (HP20) , modo extra power durante 6s (XP6) y modo extra power durante 20s (XP20). Para la microdureza Vickers (HV), se fabricaron especímenes en forma de disco (n=10). Para el ensayo de flexión de tres puntos, se fabricaron probetas en forma de barra (n=10). Se calcularon la resistencia a la flexión y el módulo de resistencia. Las superficies fracturadas se observaron mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido. Los datos se analizaron con ANOVA varianza de dos vías y pruebas de Bonferroni (p<0,05). En las superficies superior e inferior de la resina nanocompuesta EP, ST20 y HP12 revelaron un HV estadísticamente mayor que con XP6. Además, HP20 y XP20 tenían un HV estadísticamente más alto que HP12 y XP6. Para la resina nanocompuesta SX, HP20 tenía un HV estadísticamente más alto que HP12. Para EP y SX, no hubo diferencias significativas en la resistencia a la flexión y el módulo de resistencia con respecto al modo y tiempo de fotocurado. Además, SX demostró propiedades mecánicas inferiores que EP. La microscopía electrónica de barrido indicó que ambos nanocompuestos son similares en la superficie. Sin embargo, SX exhibió fracturas en capas y más formaciones de grietas que EP. Diferentes modos y tiempos de fotocurado podrían influir en la microdureza de los nanocompuestos.

Os usos (e abusos) do conceito de governança na análise de políticas públicas / The uses (and abuses) of the concept of governance in public policy analysis / Los usos (y abusos) del concepto de gobernanza en elanálisis de políticas públicas

Com base em revisão bibliográfica de autores referenciais, este artigo examina o estado da arte do debate em torno do conceito de governança, apresentando o contexto de seu surgimento, as várias definições que comporta, os seus principais elementos e as críticas que lhe acompanham. Amplamente disseminada no campo da análise das políticas públicas, a noção apresenta potencialidades e limites, que, quando explicitados, ensejam a sua utilização de forma parcimoniosa.(AU)

Based on a bibliographic review of referential authors, this article examines the state of the art of the debate around the concept of governance, presenting the context of its emergence, the various definitions it contains, its main elements and the criticisms that accompany it. Widely disseminated in the field of public policy analysis, the notion has potentials and limits, which, when made explicit, allow its use sparingly.(AU)

A partir de una revisión bibliográfica de autores referenciales, este artículo examina el estado del arte del debate en torno al concepto de gobernanza, presentando el contexto de su aparición, las diversas definiciones que contiene, sus principales elementos y las críticas que lo acompañan. Ampliamente difundida en el campo del análisis de las políticas públicas, la noción tiene potencialidades y límites que, cuando se hacen explícitos, permiten su uso com moderación.(AU)

La competencia estadística en la dimensión investigativa del Médico GeneralIntegral

Introducción: Los estudios orientados al desarrollo y perfeccionamiento del sistema de competencias del modelo de profesional del médico general integral (MGI), no identifican la competencia estadística como tal, ni los modos de actuación que, con respecto a la utilización de esta herramienta auxiliar, debe reflejar su actividad científica. Objetivo: Fundamentar y definir la competencia estadística para la formación de la dimensión investigativa del especialista en MGI. Método: Se realizó una investigación documental orientada a sistematizar los fundamentos que acreditan la utilización de la Estadística como herramienta auxiliar en la actividad científica del MGI y los elementos que determinan la articulación de la competencia estadística al sistema de competencias específicas de la profesión. De una amplia revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos académicas se identificaron 47 referencias bibliográficas, de las cuales 30 se adherían a la temática abordada. Resultados: La asimilación de los modos de actuación estadística garantiza que el MGI domine el tratamiento adecuado de los conjuntos de datos y el análisis crítico de resultados durante el desarrollo de la actividad científica de su profesión. Se propone una definición de competencia estadística y en correspondencia los modos de actuación que deben ser aprehendidos por los especialistas de MGI. La inclusión de la competencia estadística al sistema de competencias profesionales específicas del médico general integral constituye una alternativa para mejorar la calidad de la formación para la dimensión investigativa. Conclusiones: La integración de la competencia estadística al sistema de competencias profesionales específicas del MGI constituye una alternativa para mejorar la calidad del proceso de formación de la dimensión investigativa en esta especialidad.

Introduction: The studies that are oriented to the development and improvement of the system of competencies of the professional model of the comprehensive general practitioner, do not identify the statistical competence as such, nor the modes of action that, with respect to the use of this auxiliary tool, should reflect their scientific activity. Objective: To base and define the statistical competence for the training in the investigative dimension of the specialist in Comprehensive General Medicine. Method: A documentary research was carried out aimed at systematizing the foundations that prove the use of Statistics as an auxiliary tool in the scientific activity of the comprehensive general practitioner and the elements that determine the articulation of statistical competence to the system of specific competences of the profession. From an extensive bibliographic review in academic databases, 47 bibliographic references were identified, of which 30 adhered to the topic addressed. Results: The assimilation of the modes of statistical action guarantees that the comprehensive general practitioner masters the proper treatment of data sets and the critical analysis of results during the development of the scientific activity of his profession. A definition of statistical competence is proposed and correspondingly the modes of action that must be apprehended by MGI specialists. The inclusion of statistical competence to the system of specific professional competences of the comprehensive general practitioner constitutes an alternative to improve the quality of training for the investigative dimension. Conclusions: The integration of the statistical competence to the system of specific professional competences of the MGI constitutes an alternative to improve the quality of the training process of the investigative dimension in this specialty.

Relações entre crenças e reações maternas às emoções negativas dos filhos / RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MATERNAL BELIEFS AND REACTIONS TO CHILDREN'S NEGATIVE EMOTIONS / RELACIONES ENTRE CREENCIAS Y REACCIONES MATERNAS A EMOCIONES NEGATIVAS DE NIÑOS

This study investigated relationships between maternal beliefs and responses to children's negative emo-tions. Thirty-three mothers with children aged between 6 and 7 years completed the Parents' Beliefs about Children's Emotions Questionnaire and the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale. The analyses revealed that beliefs in the cost of positivity concerning the potential harm of positive emotions explained 18% of the variance in non-supportive reactions to children's expressions of negative emotions. Beliefs in the value of anger, regarding the recognition of its importance, explained 9% of the variance in supportive reactions to children's emotional expressions. Maternal cognitions regarding the value of pos-itive and negative emotions help explain the mothers' behaviors toward children's emotional expressions. Therefore, encouraging parents to understand the role of emotions in child development is essential to promote effective parenting practices.

Este estudo investigou relações entre crenças e reações maternas às emoções negativas dos filhos. Trinta e três mães com crianças entre 6 e 7 anos de idade preencheram o Questionário de Crenças Parentais sobre as Emoções das Crianças e a Escala de Reações Parentais às Emoções Negativas dos Filhos. As análises mostraram que as crenças no custo da positividade, referentes ao potencial prejuízo que emoções positivas podem causar, explicaram 18% da variância nas reações não apoiadoras da expressão de emoções negati-vas dos filhos. As crenças no valor da raiva, relacionadas ao reconhecimento da importância dessa emoção, explicaram 9% da variância nas reações que apoiam a manifestação emocional infantil. As cognições maternas acerca do valor de emoções positivas e negativas ajudam a explicar o comportamento materno diante da expressão emocional dos filhos. Incentivar nos pais a compreensão das funções das emoções no desenvolvimento infantil é crucial para promover práticas parentais eficazes.

Este estudio investigó las relaciones entre creencias y reacciones maternas a las emociones negativas de los niños. Treinta y tres madres con hijos de 6-7 años respondieron el Cuestionario de Creencias sobre las Emociones de los Niños y la Escala de Reacciones Parentales a las Emociones Negativas de los Hijos. Los análisis mostraron que las creencias sobre el costo de la positividad, que se refieren al daño potencial que pueden causar las emociones positivas, explicaron el 18% de la varianza en las reacciones que no apoyan la expresión de emociones negativas de los niños. Las creencias sobre el valor de la ira, relacionadas al reconocimiento de la importancia de esta emoción, explicaron el 9% de la varianza en las reacciones que apoyan la expresión emocional de los niños. Las cogniciones maternas sobre el valor de las emociones positivas y negativas ayudan a explicar la conducta de las madres hacia la expresión emocional de los ni-ños. Estimular los padres a comprender el papel de las emociones en el desarrollo infantil es fundamental para promover prácticas parentales eficaces.

Análisis de riesgo en la terapia paciente específica del hipertiroidismo en Cuba / Risk analysis in patient-specific therapy for hyperthyroidism in Cuba

Introducción: En Cuba, se prevé realizar la terapia paciente específica del hipertiroidismo. Se han desarrollado una metodología y herramientas computacionales con este propósito. El análisis del riesgo permitirá acometer con calidad y seguridad dicha práctica. Objetivo: Analizar los riesgos radiológicos en la terapia paciente específica del hipertiroidismo en Cuba. Material y Métodos: Se revisó y adaptó el modelo genérico de Medicina Nuclear paciente específica. Con el código cubano SECURE MR-FMEA versión 3.0 se determinaron el riesgo inherente y el residual, se identificaron las etapas del proceso, los sucesos iniciadores, las medidas y causas más contribuyentes, así como las consecuencias para los grupos expuestos. Resultados: Se obtuvo un nivel alto de riesgo que se controló con las medidas adicionadas. Las etapas más significativas son: la adquisición de imágenes pre- y post- tratamiento y la preparación del radiofármaco. Las medidas preventivas más importantes son: mantener una carga de trabajo moderada para el personal, las capacitaciones del físico médico y de los especialistas que realizan las revisiones del proyecto en la etapa de diseño del servicio. Los pacientes tienen consecuencias muy altas en 10,7 por ciento de las secuencias accidentales. Sin embargo, los trabajadores y el público presentan consecuencias medias en 29 por ciento y 16 por ciento, respectivamente. El incumplimiento de prácticas, protocolos, procedimientos o normas es la causa básica de fallo predominante. Conclusiones: Se facilita la toma de decisiones para la implementación del tratamiento paciente específico del hipertiroidismo en Cuba, a partir del empleo de la metodología que se propone en esta investigación(AU)

Introduction: In Cuba, there are plans to conduct patient-specific therapy for hyperthyroidism. A methodology and computational tools have been developed for this purpose. Risk analysis will allow us to undertake this practice with quality and safety. Objective: To analyze the radiological risks in the patient -specific therapy for hyperthyroidism in Cuba. Material and Methods: The generic patient-specific Nuclear Medicine model was reviewed and adapted. Inherent and residual risk were determined with the Cuban code SECURE MR-FMEA version 3.0; the stages of the process, the initiating events, the most contributing measures and causes, and the consequences for the exposed groups were identified. Results: A high level of risk was obtained, which was controlled with additional measures. The most significant stages are the acquisition of pre- and post-treatment images, and the preparation of the radiopharmaceutical. The most important preventive measures are: maintaining a moderate workload of the staff, and the training of the medical physicist and the specialists who perform the project reviews at the stages in service design. Patients have very high consequences in 10,7 percent of accidental sequences. However, the workers and the public show average consequences at 29 percent and 16 percent, respectively. Non-compliance with practices, protocols, procedures or standards is the predominant underlying cause of failure(AU)Conclusions: Decision-making for the implementation of patient-specific therapy for hyperthyroidism in Cuba, based on the use of the methodology proposed in this research, is facilitated(AU)

The mediating effect of self-efficacy between self-disclosure and medical coping modes in adolescents with depression / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To analyze the relationship between self-disclosure, self-efficacy and medical coping modes in adolescent depression, and explore the mediating effect of self-efficacy between self-disclosure and medical coping modes.Methods:Using the convenience sampling method, a total of 403 adolescents with depression in a tertiary psychiatric hospital in Beijing were recruited from March 2020 to March 2021. The data of general information questionnaire, distress disclosure index scale, medical coping modes questionnaire and general self-efficacy scale were collected.SPSS 26.0 software was used to analyze the correlation between self-disclosure, self-efficacy and medical coping modes of adolescent patients with depression, and Stata 13.1 software was used to analyze the mediating effect of self-efficacy between self-disclosure and medical coping modes.Results:The scores of dimension of the medical coping modes of adolescent depression patients were(16.90±3.84) for facing, (16.34±2.88) for yielding, (12.48±4.31) for avoiding, (30.47±9.91) for self-disclosure and (19.63±6.54) for self-efficacy, respectively. Self-disclosure and self-efficacy were positively correlated with facing of medical coping modes ( r=0.301, 0.327, both P<0.01), and negatively correlated with yielding of medical coping modes ( r=-0.465, -0.487, both P<0.01). Self-disclosure was negatively correlated with avoidance of medical coping modes ( r=-0.118, P=0.018). The direct effect of self-efficacy on medical coping modes was 0.103, and the total effect was 0.365, and the mediating effect accounted for 28.22%. Conclusion:Self-efficacy partially mediates between self-disclosure and medical coping modes in adolescents with depression.

Spinoza e práticas clínicas em psicologia: algumas considerações / Spinoza and clinical practices in psychology: some considerations

O presente ensaio teórico pretende elencar algumas questões acerca das possíveis contribuições de Spinoza para a compreensão dos modos de subjetivação e, consequentemente, para as práticas clínicas de psicologia nos dias de hoje. Inicialmente, em consonância com estudiosos e comentadores, será colocada a atualidade da obra de Spinoza, mesmo quase quatro séculos após sua morte. Ao explanar os principais conceitos do autor, também propõe traçar um panorama introdutório aos interessados em um primeiro contato com seus escritos. Pelo caráter inovador e transformador de suas ideias, faz-se necessário explicar o conjunto de conceitos, pois um conceito promove uma mudança em outro e assim sucessivamente. Neste percurso, daremos destaque ao conceito de multidão, que redimensiona a importância das formações coletivas de desejo, para indicar a revolução ética e política operada por sua filosofia. Com este movimento, chegamos, então, ao coração de sua obra com os conceitos de afeto e corpo, intimamente relacionados. Finalmente, faremos uma breve reflexão sobre algumas formas de sofrimento presentes no contemporâneo, apontando as particularidades de determinadas vertentes da psicologia, fundamentadas em dualismos, para propor estratégias de intervenção orientadas pela inspiração spinozista.(AU)

This theoretical essay intends to list some questions about the possible Spinoza's contributions to the understanding of the modes of subjectivation and, consequently, to the clinical practices of Psychology today. Initially, in line with scholars and commentators, the actuality of Spinoza's work will be placed even nearly four centuries after his death. In explaining the main concepts of the author, it also proposes to draw an introductory panorama, to those interested in a first contact with this work. Due to the innovative and transformative character of his work, it is necessary to explain the set of concepts, since one concept promotes a change in another and so on. In this course, we will highlight the concept of the multitude, which resizes the importance of collective formations of desire, to indicate the ethical and political revolution wrought by its philosophy. With this movement we then come to the heart of his work with the concepts of affection and body, closely related. Finally, we will make a brief reflection on some forms of suffering present in the contemporary, pointing out the particularities of certain aspects of psychology, based on dualisms, to propose intervention strategies guided by Spinozist inspiration.(AU)

Este ensayo teórico pretende enlistar algunas preguntas acerca de las posibles contribuciones de Spinoza a la comprensión de los modos de subjetivación y, en consecuencia, a las prácticas clínicas de la psicología en la actualidad. Inicialmente, en línea con estudiosos y comentaristas, se situará la actualidad de la obra de Spinoza, casi cuatro siglos después de su muerte. Al explicar los principales conceptos del autor, también se propone trazar un panorama introductorio para aquellos interesados en un primer contacto con sus escritos. Debido al carácter innovador y transformador de sus ideas, es necesario explicar el conjunto de conceptos, ya que un concepto promueve el cambio en otro y así sucesivamente. En este curso destacaremos el concepto de multitud, que redimensiona la importancia de las formaciones colectivas del deseo, para indicar la revolución ética y política operada por su filosofía. Con este movimiento llegamos, pues, al corazón de su obra con los conceptos íntimamente relacionados de afecto y cuerpo. Finalmente, reflexionaremos brevemente sobre algunas formas de sufrimiento presentes en el mundo contemporáneo, señalando las particularidades de ciertas hebras de la psicología, basados en dualismos, para proponer estrategias de intervención guiadas por la inspiración spinozista.(AU)

Una aproximación a la autorregulación del aprendizaje desde la evaluación formativa en la educación médica / An approach to self-regulation of learning through formative evaluation on medical education

Introducción: La evaluación formativa constituye una actividad continua que se desarrolla durante todo el proceso docente educativo con la finalidad de regularlo; pero, en su concepción más amplia, su propósito es que el estudiante construya un sistema personal para el aprendizaje permanente. Objetivo: Promover la autorregulación del aprendizaje desde la evaluación formativa en la educación médica. Desarrollo: Durante la evaluación formativa, el profesor como mediador tiene la responsabilidad de formar profesionales que estén dotados de las herramientas apropiadas para este aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida, que se concreta en competencias de autorregulación del aprendizaje. En una sistematización de diferentes publicaciones se puntualizan las etapas de este proceso según el modelo cíclico de fases de Zimmerman y Moylan (2009) -uno de los más difundidos en la literatura científica-, y se explica cómo desde la evaluación formativa en la educación médica el profesor puede orientar el proceso hacia la autorregulación del aprendizaje. Conclusiones: Se exponen los elementos que caracterizan la autorregulación del aprendizaje y se destaca su importancia a lo largo de la vida. Se justifican los atributos de la evaluación formativa para gestionar el aprendizaje y cómo orientarla hacia la promoción de actuaciones autorreguladas a través del desarrollo de las capacidades metacognitivas que propicien en el estudiante perfeccionar los procesos que le permitan aprender, las estrategias para regular el aprendizaje y su proyección en un adecuado dominio de los modos de actuación que caracterizan la actividad profesional(AU)

Introduction: Formative evaluation is a continuous activity developed throughout the educational teaching process in order to regulate it; but, in its broadest conception, its purpose is for the student to build a personal system for lifelong learning. Objective: To promote self-regulation of learning through formative evaluation in medical education. Development: During formative evaluation, the professor, as a mediator, has the responsibility of training professionals who are given the appropriate tools for managing lifelong learning, which is specified in self-regulation learning competencies. Thorough systematization of different publications, the stages of this process are specified according to Zimmerman's and Moylan's (2009) Cyclical Phases model -one of the most widespread in the scientific literature-; and it is explained how, through formative evaluation in medical education, the professor can guide the process towards self-regulation of learning. Conclusions: The elements that characterize self-regulation of learning are presented, highlighting its importance throughout life. The attributes of formative evaluation to manage learning are justified, as well as how to guide it towards the promotion of self-regulated actions through the development of metacognitive capacities that encourage the student to improve the processes that allow them to learn, the strategies to regulate learning, and such projection in an adequate domain of the modes of action that characterize the professional activity(AU)

Application of medical failure mode and effect analysis in blood sample management in phase I clinical trials / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

AIM: To explore the application effect of medical failure mode and effect analysis in the blood sample management of phase I clinical trials, and to provide a basis for improving the quality of blood sample management. METHODS: Convenient sampling was used to draw blood samples from healthy subjects in phase I clinical trials as the research objects. According to whether the medical failure mode and effect analysis method was implemented, they were divided into 3 080 control groups and 3 064 observation groups. The unqualified rate of blood samples, the number of unqualified items, the satisfaction of subjects and the passing rate of the researcher's examination between the two groups were compared. RESULTS: The unqualified rate of blood samples in the control group was 1.95%, and the unqualified rate of blood samples in the observation group was 0.59%. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The number of unqualified items in the blood samples of the observation group was lower than that of the control group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The satisfaction of subjects in the observation group and the passing rate of the investigator were higher than those in the control group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The implementation of medical failure mode and effect analysis not only provides qualified biological samples for the detection and analysis of drug concentration in clinical trials, but also enhances the standardization and specialization of researchers, and contributes to the improvement of the overall quality of clinical trials.

Optimization of emergency management practice for emergent infectious diseases / 中华医院管理杂志

The study analyzed the application of failure mode and effect analysis(FMEA)in the emergency management of emergent infectious diseases. In February 2020, optimization of emergency management procedures for emergent infectious diseases was identified as the research theme. Subsequently, FMEA was applied to study the emergency management process of emergent infectious diseases and analyze corresponding potential failure modes in an infectious disease hospital. The appraisal identified four prioritized risk exposures to correct, including non-standardized personnel protection, delayed personnel arrival, unqualified specimens and inadequate ward preparation. Accordingly pertinent countermeasures were formulated. Three months after measures were taken, the risk priority numbers of the above four risks were decreased significantly. On the other hand, evident increase was found in the on-duty rate of emergency personnel, the rate of standard protection, the qualification rate of sample collection and disposal, as well as the serviceability rate of respirators, ECG monitors and protective equipment in emergency wards. The application of FMEA is conducive to optimizing the emergency response process of emergent infectious diseases, and to upgrading emergency management at large.

Effect of birth spacing on the pelvic floor type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ fiber muscle strength of postpartum women with parities of two in different delivery modes / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective:To speculate the effect of birth spacing on the pelvic floor type Ⅰ and Ⅱ fiber muscle strength of postpartum women with parities of two in different delivery modes.Methods:Totally 2 361 parturients who were investigated in Xuzhou Central Hospital from June 2016 to December 2020 were included in the questionnaire, clinical examination and pelvic floor surface electromyography assessment. According to the interval years between two parities and the pelvic floor typeⅠ and Ⅱ fiber muscle strength under different modes of delivery, curve fitting function equation was performed using curve regression method. The accuracy of the equation was verified by the receiver operating characteristic curve and the maximum area under the curve, and calculating the relative error rate.Results:A total of 2 357 parturients were included in the study and were divided into 4 groups based on delivery modes, women with both normal vaginal delivery were assigned to group A (589 cases); women with a first vaginal delivery and a second cesarean section were assigned to group B (480 cases); women with both cesarean deliveries were assigned to group C (1 273 cases); women with a first cesarean section and a second vaginal delivery were assigned to group D (15 cases). All of the curve fitting results were quadratic curves, and the appropriate interval years were selected when the muscle strength of type Ⅰ muscle fibers was>35 μV and that of type Ⅱ muscle fibers was>40 μV: 6-8 years in the group A, 5-10 years in the group B, and 1-11 years in the group C. The peak values of the quadratic curve were as follows: 7-8 years in the group A, 7-8 years in the group B, and 6 years in the group C. The maximum area under the curve of the function equations were all>0.6 (all P<0.05), the average relative error rate was 4.909%. Conclusions:The pelvic floor function of postpartum women with parities of two increases firstly and then decreases over time, showing a quadratic curve shape. In order to protect the pelvic floor function, the appropriate interval of birth spacing is 6-8 years.

Elaboração de projeto pedagógico para preceptoria de enfermeiros em terapia intensiva cardiológica / Elaboration of a pedagogical project for preceptory nurses in intensive cardiological therapy / Elaboración de un proyecto pedagógico para enfermeras preceptorias en terapia cardiológica intensiva

Objetivo: relatar a elaboração de um projeto pedagógico em preceptoria para enfermeiros em terapia intensiva cardiológica. Método: estudo descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, do tipo relato de experiência, realizado em um Hospital Universitário Federal. Relato baseado na experiência de enfermeiras preceptoras em residência multiprofissional na área de concentração Enfermagem e atuantes na terapia intensiva cardiológica durante o ano de 2019. Resultados: a elaboração de um planejamento pedagógico para preceptoria de enfermeiros em terapia intensiva cardiológica contribui para sistematizar as atividades de estágio do residente, aprimorando o binômio teoria e prática, favorecendo assim, que os enfermeiros desenvolvam no exercício de sua profissão, atitudes reflexivas, críticas, humanitárias e éticas, com responsabilidade e competência para atuar em terapia intensiva cardiológica. Conclusão: por meio desse projeto pedagógico de estágio proporcionamos a melhoria da educação e formação dos residentes no âmbito da terapia intensiva cardiológica, bem como fomentamos a educação permanente e constante atualização.(AU)

Objective: to report the development of a pedagogical project in preceptorship for nurses in cardiac intensive care. Method: a descriptive, exploratory study with a qualitative approach, of the experience report type, carried out in a Federal University Hospital. Report based on the experience of preceptor nurses in multidisciplinary residency in the area of concentration Nursing and working in cardiac intensive care during 2019. Results: the elaboration of a pedagogical planning for preceptorship of nurses in cardiac intensive care contributes to systematize the internship activities of the resident, improving the binomial theory and practice, thus favoring that nurses develop reflexive, critical, humanitarian and ethical attitudes in the exercise of their profession, with responsibility and competence to work in cardiac intensive therapy. Conclusion: through this pedagogical internship project we provide the improvement of education and training of residents in the scope of cardiac intensive care, as well as promoting permanent education and constant updating.(AU)

Objetivo: informar la elaboración de un proyecto pedagógico en preceptoría para enfermeras en cuidados intensivos cardíacos. Método: estudio exploratorio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, del tipo de informe de experiencia, realizado en un Hospital de la Universidad Federal. Informe basado en la experiencia de las enfermeras preceptoras en residencia multiprofesional en el área de concentración Enfermería y activa en cuidados intensivos cardíacos durante 2019. Resultados: la elaboración de una planificación pedagógica para la preceptación de enfermeras en cuidados intensivos cardíacos contribuye a sistematizar las actividades de pasantía del residente, mejorando la teoría y la práctica binomial, favoreciendo así que las enfermeras desarrollen actitudes reflexivas, críticas, humanitarias y éticas en el ejercicio de su profesión, con responsabilidad y competencia para trabajar en terapia intensiva cardíaca. Conclusión: a través de este proyecto de pasantía pedagógica, brindamos la mejora de la educación y la capacitación de los residentes en el ámbito de la atención intensiva cardíaca, así como promovemos la educación permanente y la actualización constante.(AU)

Effect of Light Curing Modes on the Color Stability of a Nanohybrid Composite Immersed in Different Beverages / Efecto de diferentes modos de fotopolimerización en la estabilidad del color de una resina compuesta nanohíbrida inmersa en diferentes bebidas

Abstract: Aim: Sufficient polymerization remains as crucial for composites to prevent discoloration. Both LEDs and halogen units are used for polymerization and different curing modes are improved to overcome inadequate polymerization. This in vitro study investigated staining susceptibility of a nano-hybrid resin composite light-cured in different modes and immersed in different staining media. Methods: Disc-shaped specimens were prepared from nano-hybrid resin composite (Filtek Z550) and light- cured according to following modes: Halojen (GI), LED standard (GII), LED pulse (GIII) or LED ramp (GIV). Half of the specimens of each group (n=7) were stored in one of the staining media (red wine or coffee) for 10 min/day during experimental period. Measurements were performed using spectrophotometer according to CIEL*a*b system at baseline and on 7, 28 and 56 days. Colour differences (∆E) between groups were submitted to statistical analysis. Results: Regarding 7-day evaluation, colour change values of specimens immersed in coffee revealed no remarkable difference among curing modes (p>0.05); whereas specimens in GIV were significantly less stained compared to specimens in GII and GIII when immersed in red wine. Regarding 56- days of evaluation, specimens of GIV showed statistically significant colour change in red wine compared to other groups. However specimens in GI revealed the least staining after 56-days of coffee immersion, and this result was statistically different from LED groups. Conclusion: This study suggest that light-curing mode influences the staining susceptibility of the tested composite. Composites polymerized with halogen unit showed lower staining than all LED modes. Despite novel light sources, halogen units may still used reliably at clinics.

Resumen: Objetivo: La polimerización suficiente sigue siendo crucial para que los compuestos eviten la decoloración. Tanto los LED como las unidades halógenas se utilizan para la polimerización y se mejoran los diferentes modos de curado para superar la polimerización inadecuada. Este estudio in vitro investigó la susceptibilidad a la tinción de un compuesto de resina nano-híbrida curado a la luz en diferentes modos y se sumergió en diferentes medios de tinción. Métodos: Las muestras en forma de disco se prepararon a partir de un compuesto de resina nano-híbrida (Filtek Z550) y se curaron con luz de acuerdo con los siguientes modos: Halojen (GI), estándar de LED (GII), pulso de LED (GIII) o rampa de LED (GIV). La mitad de las muestras de cada grupo (n = 7) se almacenaron en uno de los medios de tinción (vino tinto o café) durante 10 minutos / día durante el período experimental. Las mediciones se realizaron utilizando un espectrofotómetro de acuerdo con el sistema CIEL * a * b en la línea de base y en 7, 28 y 56 días. Las diferencias de color (∆E) entre los grupos se sometieron a análisis estadístico. Resultados: Con respecto a la evaluación de 7 días, los valores de cambio de color de las muestras sumergidas en café no revelaron diferencias notables entre los modos de curado (p> 0.05); mientras que las muestras en GIV se tiñeron significativamente menos en comparación con las muestras en GII y GIII cuando se sumergieron en vino tinto. Con respecto a los 56 días de evaluación, las muestras de GIV mostraron un cambio de color estadísticamente significativo en el vino tinto en comparación con otros grupos. Sin embargo, las muestras en GI revelaron la menor tinción después de 56 días de inmersión en el café, y este resultado fue estadísticamente diferente de los grupos LED. Conclusión: este estudio sugiere que el modo de fotopolimerización influye en la susceptibilidad de tinción del material compuesto probado. Los compuestos polimerizados con una unidad halógena mostraron una tinción más baja que todos los modos LED. A pesar de las nuevas fuentes de luz, las unidades halógenas todavía pueden usarse de manera confiable en las clínicas.

La evaluación del perdón, los modos regulatorios y la necesidad de cierre cognitivo: construyendo una agenda de investigación / Assessment of forgiveness, regulatory modes, and the need for cognitive closure: developing a research agenda

El perdón comenzó a ser estudiado por la psicología a fines del siglo XX intentando vislumbrar que factores psicológicos influyen en el mismo. En los últimos años, se comenzó a estudiar el papel de dos factores motivacionales como son: los modos regulatorios y la necesidad de cierre cognitivo. Por un lado, la teoría del modo regulatorio describe cómo las personas abordan las situaciones cuando desean alcanzar una meta. Por otro lado, la necesidad de cierre cognitivo es la tendencia humana de buscar certeza epistémica como modo de evitar la incertidumbre. Si bien, recientemente comenzaron a emerger una serie de estudios acerca del papel que juegan ambas variables en el perdón, aún no contamos en nuestro contexto y en nuestro idioma con estudios al respecto. La presente investigación estudiará la influencia de estas variables sobre el perdón con el objetivo de desarrollar ulteriores líneas de investigación en nuestro contexto(AU)

Forgiveness began to be studied by psychology in the late twentieth century trying to glimpse what psychological factors influence it. In recent years, the role of two motivational factors such as regulatory modes and the need for cognitive closure began to be studied. On the one hand, regulatory mode theory describes how people approach situations when they want to achieve a goal. On the other hand, the need for cognitive closure is the human tendency to seek epistemic certainty as a way to avoid uncertainty. Although a series of studies recently began to emerge on the role that both variables play in forgiveness, we do not yet have studies on this in our context and in our language. The present research will study the influence of these variables on forgiveness with the aim of developed further lines of investigation in our context(AU)

Application Progress of Texture Analyzer in Pharmaceutical Preparation Research / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Texture analyzer is a multifunctional physical property analyzer. Through a variety of test modes such as compression， puncture， shearing and stretching， hardness， adhesion， elasticity， cohesiveness and other physical property parameters are characterized. The results are objective， sensitive， and accurate， which can provide theoretical basis and reference for interpretation of basic theoretical， optimization of prescription technology and quality control research of pharmaceutical preparations. Firstly， the principles， test modes， measurement indexes and measurement data analysis methods of texture analyzer were summarized in this paper. Secondly， the application progress of texture analyzer in solid preparations， semi-solid preparations， liquid preparations， traditional Chinese medicine decoction pieces and their intermediates was described in detail， and compared with the commonly used measurement methods of physical property indicators. Finally， the application prospects of texture analyzer and its research contents to be improved were reviewed， so as to facilitate the use of texture analyzer by pharmaceutical researchers to promote the development of related fields of pharmaceutics， and to provide new ideas and methods for the research and development of pharmaceutical preparations.

Practice and discussion on the management of hospital scientific research reagents and consumables procurement platform / 中华医学科研管理杂志

Objective:To analyze the characteristics of the platform management of scientific research reagents and consumables, and provide references for the procurement management construction of scientific research reagent consumables in hospitals.Methods:According to the combination of literature review and daily management practice in the hospital, to sum up the main modes of reagents and consumables platform management and analyzing their characteristics.Results:Nowadays, the platform management modes of reagents and consumables procurement can be summarized as self-construction and self-management mode and e-mall management mode. Take into consideration of the practice at hospital, a new mode named resource database sharing mode is proposed and discussed in this article to specify key points for future management.Conclusions:Scientific research reagents and consumables procurement platform management is a future trend, hospitals should develop tailored management model based on their internal management demands.

Anurans of a remnant of Mixed Rainforest in southern Brazil / Anuros de um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista no sul do Brasil

Abstract: The Brazilian Atlantic Forest is one of the world's most biodiverse biomes, with large numbers of endemic and threatened species. However, this biome has suffered extensive deforestation and habitat fragmentation, with a drastic reduction of its original vegetation cover. The compilation of data on the occurrence patterns of anurans and their natural history is important for the development of effective conservation strategies. Here, we present the results of a survey of the anuran fauna of Parque Estadual do Papagaio Charão (PEPC) in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil, providing information on species endemism, conservation status, and reproductive modes. We collected data on the local anurans between March 2018 and February 2019 using active searches and pitfall traps. We recorded 26 anuran species distributed in seven families, with eight different reproductive modes. The largest number of species (20) was found at the forest edge, followed by the interior of the forest and open area, each with 16 species. The most abundant species were Leptodactylus plaumanni (41.7% of records), Physalaemus cuvieri (27.1%), and P. carrizorum (16.5%). Greater species richness and abundance were recorded during the rainier months, while temperature influenced only the abundance of the anurans. Rhinella henseli, Rhinella icterica, Vitreorana uranoscopa, Aplastodiscus perviridis, Boana curupi, Boana leptolineata and Proceratophrys brauni are all endemic to the Atlantic Forest. Melanophryniscus devincenzii is classified as Endangered by the IUCN, and Proceratophrys bigibbosa as Near Threatened. Boana curupi is considered to be Endangered in Rio Grande do Sul state, and Vulnerable in Brazil, while V. uranoscopa is Near Threatened in Rio Grande do Sul. Our findings emphasize the importance of protected areas, such as the PEPC, for the maintenance of anuran populations and communities in the Mixed Rainforest formations of southern Brazil.

Resumo: A Mata Atlântica abriga a maior biodiversidade do planeta, com elevados números de endemismos e espécies ameaçadas de extinção. Entretanto, esse bioma tem sofrido extensa perda e fragmentação do habitat, com redução drástica da sua cobertura vegetacional original. Suprir lacunas sobre a história natural e os padrões de ocorrências de anuros auxiliam no desenvolvimento de estratégias de conservação para esse grupo. Neste estudo apresentamos a anurofauna do Parque Estadual do Papagaio Charão (PEPC), no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, sul do Brasil, com informações sobre endemismos, status de conservação e modos reprodutivos das espécies. Nossas amostragens em campo ocorreram entre março de 2018 e fevereiro de 2019 e utilizamos procura ativa e pitfalls traps para a coleta dos anuros. Registramos 26 espécies de anuros distribuídas em sete famílias e oito modos reprodutivos. Um número maior de espécies foi encontrado na borda (20 espécies), seguida da floresta e área aberta (16 espécies cada). As espécies mais abundantes foram Leptodactylus plaumanni (41,7%), Physalaemus cuvieri (27,1%) e P. carrizorum (16,5%). Maior riqueza e abundância foram registradas no período com maior pluviosidade e a temperatura influenciou somente a abundância dos anuros. Rhinella henseli, R. icterica, Vitreorana uranoscopa, Aplastodiscus perviridis, Boana curupi, B. leptolineata e Proceratophrys brauni são endêmicas da Mata Atlântica. Melanophryniscus devincenzii está classificada como "Em perigo" e Proceratophrys bigibbosa como "Quase ameaçada" pela IUCN. Boana curupi é considerada "Em perigo" no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e "Vulnerável" no Brasil. Vitreorana uranoscopa consta como "Quase ameaçada" no Rio Grande do Sul. Nossos resultados mostram a importância de áreas protegidas, como o PEPC, para a manutenção das populações e comunidades de anuros da Floresta Ombrófila Mista.