Comportamiento pernicioso: el efecto de las consecuencias en la elección entre perjudicar/no perjudicar a un compañero / Pernicious Behavior: the Effect of the Consequences in the Choice between to Harm/do not harm a Classmate

Resumen La presente investigación, se realizó con base en dos supuestos interconductuales: 1) el comportamiento es susceptible de modularse por factores históricos y/o situacionales; 2) el comportamiento pernicioso puede regularse por factores situacionales como las consecuencias. El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de las consecuencias (positivas y negativas) sobre la elección entre perjudicar o no a un compañero durante la solución de una tarea. Participaron 35 estudiantes universitarios distribuidos aleatoriamente en cinco grupos. La tarea experimental consistió en la solución de operaciones aritméticas proporcionalmente puntuadas (1 a 5 puntos). El principal resultado fue que las consecuencias negativas por no perjudicar modulan mayoritariamente la ocurrencia de comportamiento pernicioso. Los resultados se discuten en términos del papel regulador de las consecuencias (en relación con el comportamiento pernicioso) en tanto factor situacional.

Abstract This research was based on two main interbehavioral suppositions: 1) Behavior is likely modulated by historical and/or situational factors; 2) Pernicious behavior can be regulated by situational factors such as the consequences. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the consequences (positives and negatives) on the choice between to harm or do not harm a classmate while solving a task. Thirty-five college students were randomly assigned into one of five experimental groups. The task consisted in solving arithmetic operations proportionally scored from 1 to 5 points. The results are discussed in terms of the regulatory role of the consequences (in relation to pernicious behavior) as a situational factor. The main result was that the negative consequences by the choice of do not harm the partner mainly modulated the occurrence of pernicious behavior.

Discussion on the Improvement Measures of Ethical Relations and Moral Behaviors among Rural Medical Staff from the Perspective of Moral Contract / 中国医学伦理学

Based on the practical dilemma that the moral relation model of traditional acquaintance society has already declined incurrent social development,it is urgent tocarry out the field observation and comparative study of two-level moral field in rural areas and to discuss appropriate strategies to reconstruct new ethical relations and moral behaviors among rural medical staff from the perspective of moral contract.Based on this,both the village acquaintance society in rural and the non-acquaintance society in towns need to adapt to the change of contractual service models to some extent because of different presentation of multidimensional moral connotation.Under the guidance of moral contract theory and practical application,moral relations and moral behaviors should be reconstructed to promote the formation of advocating moral and goodness and doctor-patient trust.

Comportamentos de polidez em sala de aula / Politeness behavior in classroom

Autores que estudam o comportamento moral entendem que a polidez é a porta de entrada para as virtudes. Ela não é propriamente uma virtude, mas tem a aparência de uma. Jovens modernos a consideram dispensável, porém estudiosos da moralidade enfatizam que os comportamentos polidos facilitam os relacionamentos humanos, tornando-os mais prazerosos. Como toda virtude, ela é aprendida. Foram observados e registrados comportamentos polidos e impolidos em 56 alunos, de ambos os sexos, em uma sala de aula do ensino fundamental. Os comportamentos estudados foram: cumprimentar, agradecer, pedir licença, desculpar-se e pedir por favor. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos participantes, independentemente de sexo, apresentou mais comportamentos impolidos do que polidos (t = – 6,849; p = 0,0001). Ensinar a importância da polidez para facilitar as relações humanas, no sentido de harmonizá-las, é um desafio para educadores e pais. A sociedade deve desenvolver mecanismos que inibam comportamentos hostis, e a polidez é um destes mecanismos.

Authors who study moral behavior consider that politeness is the front door to the virtues. It is not properly a virtue, but looks like one. Young people from modern time may consider it expendable, although researches on morality emphasize that polite behaviors make human relationships easier by turning them into something more delightful. As well as all virtues, it may be learned. Polite and impolite behaviors in school classroom of 56 students, of both genders, were observed and registered. The studied behaviors were: greeting, thanking, excusing, apologizing, and saying please. Results have shown that most of the participant kids, irrespective of the gender, have shown more impolite, than polite behaviors (t = -6.849; p = 0.0001). Teaching the importance of politeness to harmonize human relationships is a challenge to both educators and parents. Society should develop mechanisms to inhibit hostile behaviors, and politeness is one of those mechanisms.