Veterinary Biotypology: a review and new possibilities

The truths surrounding medical practices are seasonally challenged by innovative concepts that can aggregate changing procedures in many degrees. The Galtonian eugenics issues supported the pure-breed idea in dictatorial governments, and introduced mesological studies, turning possible to join genetic concepts to the physiology and psychology of the human organism. Following human medicine, more therapeutic models need to forthcoming in domestic animals. The companionship necessity and the highly responsive behavior have addressed the domestication of dogs and their relationship to owners, to an endpoint that both share the same pathologies. Thus, traditional human concepts of biotypology could be extended to companion animals. Grauvogl (1811-1877) proposeda simple biochemical correlation between physiological states and the miasmas of sick individuals (oxygenoid -syphilis, hydrogenoid -sycosis, carbo-nitrogenoid -psora). Antoine Nebel (1870-1954) correlated biochemical status with the musculoskeletal system and behavior as well. Leon Vannier (1880-1963) model, whose morphophysiological distortions and behavioral inconsistencies were explained by the carbon element and variations in its bonds with phosphorus or fluor radicals was another attempt to categorize and predefine physiology states. Following the advent of structural and functional identification of thyroid hormone in the 1940s, Henri Bernard described the neuro-morphofunctional plasticity of individuals guided by their predominant embryonic leaflet and consequent hormonal diseases. Methods:This work is a narrative review with the purpose of describing and discussingthe legacy ofbiotypology studies and their applicability in dog therapy, and proposinga new homeopathic approach in veterinary medicine based on the miasmas, also contributing to the scarcelyavailable literature. Results:Based on cellular exchanges and consequent metabolic rate, animals can be classified into psoric (no evidence of clinical signs, stable behavior, and adequate exonerative cellular processes); sycotic (cellular dysfunction with alterations in oxidative phosphorylation processes allowing accumulation of cellular toxins such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; clinically culminating in chronic inflammations in noble organs, and purulent discharges; unstable and polarized behavior) and syphilitic (whose cellular alterations have reached the molecular level, reducing protein expression and determining cellular toxicity and loss of function; indifferentbehavior). Generalities such as temperature influence, weight, thirst and feedingshall also be considered. Discussion and Conclusion: Thismodel could benefit stray animals, newly adopted or even from shelters, whose actual behavior is unknown, and the search for the Simillimum may be impaired.

Morphofunctional changes of phytoplankton community during pluvial anomaly in a tropical reservoir / Alterações morfofuncionais da comunidade fitoplanctônica durante anomalia pluvial em um reservatório tropical

AbstractThe present study focuses on the structure and function of phytoplankton community during periods of marked changes in hydrological traits, influenced by an atypical climatic event (La Niña) and its impact on Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves Reservoir of Rio Grande do Norte, situated in the Caatinga biome of northeastern Brazil. The main questions addressed were: What are the effects of environmental factors on the temporal variation of Morphologically Based Functional Group (MBFG) of phytoplankton community? How does the composition of cyanobacterial species shift in relation to high and low trends of phytoplankton diversity? The samples were collected monthly during 2008-2009 and analyzed for pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen content and the nutrients, such as, nitrate-nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, total nitrogen and orthophosphate. Phytoplankton samples were collected for both qualitative and quantitative analyses to evaluate species richness index and species diversity index. The data was divided into two distinct hydrodynamic periods of instability and stability. The results demonstrate considerable changes in dissolved oxygen content, water transparency and nitrogen nutrients, which directly influenced the MBFG of phytoplankton community in space and time. The instability of reservoir water was caused by heavy rainfall, which exerts atypical external disturbances. The seasonal variation of MBFG demonstrates a change in cyanobacterial composition and their diversity during instability and stability periods. MBFG VII, composed by colonial cyanobacteria with mucilage, was associated with reduced values of electrical conductance and alterations in pH. The predominance of filamentous species with heterocyst (MBFG III) occurs only during the hydrodynamic stability period and did not show significant association with analyzed parameters. The co-dominance of MBGFs III, V and VII along with high species diversity of phytoplankton community occurred during the second hydrodynamic instability period which was associated with the reduction in water temperature. It is concluded that the decrease in cyanobacterial species dominance and the general increase in the diversity of phytoplankton community are influenced by pluvial anomaly. The higher water level during the period of pluvial anomaly resulted in nutrient pulse and the mixing of water column in the reservoir, which determined the MBPG phytoplankton community distribution.

ResumoO presente estudo centra-se na estrutura e função da comunidade fitoplanctônica nos períodos de alterações marcantes nas características hidrológicas, influenciado por um evento climático atípico (La Niña) e seu impacto sobre o Reservatório: Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves, no Rio Grande do Norte, situado no bioma Caatinga, localizado na Região Nordeste do Brasil. As principais questões abordadas foram: Quais são os efeitos dos fatores ambientais sobre a variação temporal, baseados no grupo funcional da morfologia (GFBM) da comunidade fitoplanctônica? Como seria a composição das espécies de cianobactérias, em relação a varição das tendências de alta e baixa diversidade do fitoplâncton? As amostras foram coletadas mensalmente durante os anos de 2008-2009 e analisadas em relação a: pH, temperatura, condutividade elétrica, teor de oxigênio dissolvido e os nutrientes, tais como, tais como: nitrato, amônio, nitrogênio total e ortofosfato. As amostras de fitoplâncton foram coletadas para análises quantitativas, bem como, qualitativas para avaliar o índice de riqueza e de diversidade das espécies. Os dados foram divididos em dois períodos diferentes: instabilidade e estabilidade. Os resultados demonstraram alterações significativas no teor de oxigênio dissolvido, transparência da água e nutrientes de nitrogênio, que influenciaram diretamente os GFBM da comunidade do fitoplâncton no espaço e no tempo. A instabilidade da água do reservatório foi causada por fortes chuvas, que exerceu perturbações externas atípicas. Os resultados demonstraram alterações significativas no teor de oxigênio dissolvido, transparência da água e nutrientes de nitrogênio, que influenciaram diretamente os grupos morfofuncionais do fitoplâncton no espaço e no tempo. A instabilidade da água do reservatório foi causada por fortes chuvas, que exerceu perturbações externas atípicas. A sucessão sazonal de GFBM demonstrou a mudança na composição da cianobactéria e sua diversidade, durante os períodos de instabilidade e estabilidade. GFBM VII, composto por cianobactéria colonial com mucilagem esteve associado com baixos valores de condutividade elétrica e alterações no pH. A predominância das espécies filamentosas com heterocistos (GFBM III) ocorreu apenas durante o período de estabilidade hidrodinâmica e sem associação significativa com os parâmetros analisados. A codominância de GFBM III, V e VII juntamente com a elevada diversidade das espécies fitoplanctônicas ocorreram durante o segundo período da estabilidade hidrodinâmica e estiveram associadas com a redução da temperatura da água. Conclui-se que a diminuição da dominância de espécies de cianobactérias e o aumento geral na diversidade da comunidade do fitoplâncton são influenciadas pela anomalia pluvial. O nível da água mais elevado durante o período de anomalia pluvial resultou em um pulso de nutrientes e uma mistura da coluna de água no reservatório, que determinou a distribuição da comunidade fitoplanctônica MBPG.

Discrimination of athletes and non-athletes based on the latent structure of some biometric variables / Discriminación entre atletas y no atletas basada en la estructura latente de algunas variables biométricas

The aim of this exploratory study was to explore impact of organized physical activities on the latent structure of some morpho-functional variables. Discrimination between group of athletes (167 entities, aged 22.4 years) and group of non-athletes (150 entities, aged 25.7 years) has been explored in latent structure of 12 morphometric variables, 4 physiological variables and 7 hematological variables. The significant differences between athletes and non-athletes on four extracted latent factors, were explored through Canonical Discriminant Analyses. The confirmed significant differences between two explored groups indicate the impact of regular and well organized physical activities on morphometric characteristics, physiological abilities, and hematological parameters. The results of this exploratory study may encourage us to compose and to apply well organized physical activities for children, elders, and overweight persons that will be profitable for their health.

El objetivo de este estudio exploratorio fue determinar el impacto de las actividades físicas organizadas sobre la estructura latente de algunas variables morfo-funcionales. Se estudiaron y discriminaron entre un grupo de atletas (167 sujetos, edad promedio 22,4 años) y no atletas (150 sujetos, edad promedio 25,7 años) la estructura latente de 12 variables morfométricas, 4 variables fisiológicas y 7 variables hematológicas. Las diferencias significativas entre los atletas y no atletas en cuatro factores latentes se estudiaron mediante análisis discriminantes canónicos. Las diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos demuestran el impacto de las actividades físicas regulares y bien organizadas sobre las características morfométricas, capacidades fisiológicas y parámetros hematológicos. Los resultados de este estudio exploratorio pueden incentivarnos a componer y aplicar actividades físicas bien organizadas para niños, ancianos y personas con sobrepeso, las que serán beneficiosas para su salud.

Doença renal crônica no paciente idoso / Chronic kidney disease in the elderly

A doença renal crônica (DRC) é hoje considerada um grande problema de saúde pública em todo o mundo. O grande número de complicações decorrentes da doença e a ocorrência frequente de comorbidades determinam desfechos devastadores, tais como as complicações cardiovasculares e mortalidade precoce. Contudo, está cada vez mais claro que o diagnóstico precoce da DRC possibilita retardar e, eventualmente, prevenir algumas das suas complicações, permitindo, assim, alterar o curso clínico da doença. Por conseguinte, não é estranho observar que várias organizações públicas de saúde, particularmente nos países desenvolvidos, tenham dirigido especial atenção ao estudo da epidemiologia da DRC, concentrando esforços no diagnóstico precoce e na instituição de intervenções imediatas, objetivando alterar o curso da doença. Com a nova definição de DRC proposta no início da década passada, ficou evidente que a doença é uma das mais prevalentes nos pacientes idosos. Na presente revisão, os autores discutem os principais pontos do diagnóstico, classificação e tratamento da DRC e finalizam propondo o atendimento interdisciplinar multidimensional como a abordagem mais adequada no manejo do paciente idoso com DRC.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is now considered a major public health problem worldwide. The large number of disease complications and the frequent occurrence of comorbidities can lead to devastating outcomes, such as cardiovascular complications and early mortality. However, it has become increasingly clear that early diagnosis of CKD may delay and possibly prevent some CKD-related complications, with the potential to change the clinical course of the disease. Therefore, several public health organizations, particularly in developed countries, have drawn special attention to the epidemiological study of CKD, focusing on early diagnosis and prompt treatment in order to change the course of the disease. Based on the new definition of CKD proposed at the beginning of the last decade, CKD is now recognized as one of the most prevalent diseases in the elderly population. In this review, key issues involving diagnosis, classification and treatment of CKD were discussed and a multidimensional and interdisciplinary approach was proposed as the most appropriate strategy in the management of elderly patients with CKD.