Motivating Factors and Potential Deterrents for Blood Donation among Young Blood Donors in Kelantan, Malaysia

Abstract@# Introduction: Recruitment of potential blood donors from a younger age group is a good effort because they would be in good health and may have a long journey in blood donation. This study evaluated the motivating and deterring factors for donating blood among blood donors, who are students pursuing higher education. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a set of questionnaires, involving 391 students in Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. The research tool was adapted and modified, as well as validated and pilot-tested to ensure its validity and reliability. Data were analysed using the SPSS and Stata software. Results: The most highly rated motivating factor for donating blood was to help others and to create a good practice (98%). The motivating factor of being interested in a blood donation campaign was highly rated by female respondents (87%) compared to male respondents (79.1%). The most highly rated deterring factor was the dislike for skipping a class to donate blood (30.9%), which was highly rated as a positive response by female blood donors (35.1%). There was a significant difference between the motivating factors (p = 0.043) and the deterring factors (p = 0.011), as seen between gender. Items that have the logo of the blood donation centre, such as T-shirts, towels, mugs or bags are rated as the most attractive incentive (87%). Conclusion: Altruism was the main reason for young blood donors choosing to donate blood. Social media usage should be considered when promoting blood donation campaigns to this age group.

Motivating factors amongst caregivers of those suffering from dementia: a thematic analysis

Background: The current study explored the factors that motivate caregivers to continue providing care totheir family member suffering from dementia. Maximum variation sampling was employed. In depthinterviews were conducted with each caregiver till saturation was reached. A total of five hours of interviewdata was transcribed verbatim and 75 pages of the transcribed data were analyzed using thematic analysis.18 themes were identified under the area of motivating factors.Methodology: The data collection was done through face - to - face in – depth interviews. The sampleincluded was adult female family members of the patient suffering from dementia. They were selectedthrough medical and mental health professionals.Results: Five hours of audio taped data derived from in depth interview with five caregivers was transcribedverbatim. 75 pages were analysed using thematic analysis. Most of the existing research focuses on the stressand health issues caregivers face. Little research exists about what motivates individuals to choose to providelong term care to their deteriorating family members. Seven areas were explored.Conclusion: 18 themes were found under motivating factors. These were maternal instincts, reciprocity,responsibility towards family, lack of assistance, lack of an option, caregiver’s personality, care and love,viewing caregiving as an opportunity to show concern, concern for patient’s safety, patient’s attitude towardsthe caregiver, guilt, viewing the patient as vulnerable, view of oneself, desire for normalcy, identifying withthe patient, personal anxiety, final years and hope

Motivação no ensino e aprendizagem: algumas contribuições da Análise do Comportamento / Motivation in teaching and learning: some contributions of Behavior Analysis / La motivación en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje: algunas contribuciones del Análisis del Comportamiento

O conceito de motivação tem sido um tema regularmente pesquisado e estudado pelos psicólogos, tendo surgido nos contextos da psicoterapia, psicometria e no estudo da aprendizagem. Na bibliografia da Análise do Comportamento ele apareceu pela primeira vez na obra de Skinner "O comportamento dos organismos" e atingiu sua definição atual com os estudos sobre operações motivacionais. Este estudo de revisão de tema visa discutir e caracterizar o conceito de motivação com base em princípios de Análise do Comportamento em sua interface com a área da Educação. Além disso, são apresentados direcionamentos práticos de como produzir motivação na sala de aula. Tipos de operações motivacionais são especificados e são sugeridas algumas operações motivacionais para o comportamento de estudar.

The concept of motivation has been a topic regularly researched and studied by psychologists, having arisen in the context of psychotherapy, psychometry and the learning study. In the literature of behavioral analysis it first appeared in the Skinner's work "The Behavior of Organisms", and reached its current definition with the studies on motivating operations. This study of theme review aims to describe and discuss the concept of motivation based on principles of behavior analysis in its interface with the area of Education. In addition, practical directions of how to produce motivating operations in the classroom are presented. Types of motivating operations are specified and some motivational operations for studying behavior are suggested.

El concepto de motivación ha sido un tema investigado regularmente y estudiado por los psicólogos, habiendo surgido en el contexto de la psicoterapia, la psicometría y en el estudio del aprendizaje. En la literatura del Análisis del Comportamiento apareció por primera vez en la obra de Skinner "El comportamiento de los organismos", y llegó a su definición actual con los estudios sobre operaciones motivacionales. Este estudio de revisión de tema tiene como objetivo discutir y caracterizar el concepto de motivación basado en los principios del análisis del comportamiento en su interfaz con el área de Educación. Además, se presentan instrucciones prácticas de cómo producir motivación en la clase. Se especifican tipos de operaciones motivadoras y se sugieren algunas operaciones de motivación para el comportamiento de estudiar.

O papel do folclore na motivação para atividades físicas de idosas / The role of folklore in the motivation for physical activity of elderly

Existem muitos relatos sobre os benefícios biológicos da atividade física em idosos. Porém, o número de praticantes ainda não é satisfatório. Esse ponto controverso foi usado no presente artigo. Pesquisou-se sobre o uso do folclore local como um mecanismo educacional e motivacional útil no aumento da prática de atividades físicas para idosas. Foram entrevistadas idosas do Clube da Amizade em Caetité - BA, que foram motivadas e estimuladas pela dança. Este artigo também usou as reflexões de Paulo Freire, que admite o uso da cultura e contexto de vida pessoal como o mais importante meio de motivação e de educação. Os resultados provaram que é positivo o uso deste citado processo motivacional em estimular idosas nas suas aulas de educação física. Elas relataram que se sentem muito motivadas durante as aulas de dança enquanto podem escutar músicas que as fazem lembrar de seu passado, cultura e valores morais.

There are many reports about the biological benefits of the physical activity in older individuals. However the number of physically active elderly is still not satisfactory. This controversial point was used in the present article. It searches if the use of the local folklore as an educating and motivating mechanism was useful for increasing physical activity practices in older individuals. Individuals from "Clube da Amizade" in Caetité city, Bahia (Brazil) were interviewed to assess how folkloric dance was used to motivate them in physical education classes. This article also uses the Paulo Freire reflections that admit the use of regional cultural aspects and the life context as the most import strategy to teach and motivate the participants. The results indicated that is positive to use this referred motivational process to stimulate old ladies in the physical education classes. The interviewed ladies reported that they feel very stimulate during dance classes while they listen to music that makes them to remember past times, culture and moral values.

A restrição de água e de alimento e alguns de seus múltiplos efeitos / The water and food restriction and its multiples effects / La restricción de agua y alimentos y sus múltiples efectos

O estudo dos diversos impactos de operações estabelecedoras incondicionadas vem ganhando importância na análise do comportamento. Para investigar os efeitos das restrições hídrica e alimentar sobre o peso e o padrão de consumo, 24 ratos Wistar (12 fêmeas e 12 machos) foram divididos em dois grupos: 16 no grupo restrição (gradual ou abrupta), submetidos a episódios de restrição alimentar ou hídrica intercalados com episódios de liberação de alimento ou água, e 8 no grupo controle, que permaneceram em condição ad lib. Todos tiveram seus pesos e consumos medidos diariamente. Os resultados produzidos indicam que: restrições diferentes (hídrica ou alimentar) agem diferentemente sobre o peso e o consumo; há diferenças na relação entre a perda de peso e a intensidade da restrição, entre os sujeitos submetidos à restrição gradual e os submetidos à restrição abrupta; e a exposição aos episódios de restrição altera os padrões de consumo em condição ad lib.

The study of the various impacts of unconditioned establishing operations has become important in behavior analysis. To investigated the effects of food and water restrictions on the weight and the pattern of consumption of 24 Wistar rats (12 female and 12 male) divided into two groups: 16 in restriction group,( gradual or abrupt), which were submitted to episodes of food or water restriction combined with episodes of free food or water and 8 in the control group which remained in ab lib condition. All subjects had their weights and consumption measured daily. The results indicate that: different restrictions (food or water) operate differently on the weight and consumption; there are differences in the ratio of the weight loss and the intensity of restriction between the subject submitted to gradual restriction and subjected to abrupt restriction, and exposure to episodes of restriction modify consumption patterns in ab lib condition.

El estudio de los diversos efectos de las operaciones establecedoras incondicionadas ha cobrado importancia en el análisis de comportamiento. Para investigar los efectos de las restricciones de agua y alimento, 24 ratos Wistar (12 hembras y 12 machos) fueran divididos en dos grupos: 16 en el grupo de restricción (gradual o abrupta), sometidos a episodios de restricción alimentar o hídrica intercalados con episodios de liberación de alimento o agua, y 8 en el grupo control que permanecerán en condición ab lib. Todos tuvieran SUS pesos y consumos medidos diariamente. Los resultados producidos indican que: restricciones distintas (hídrica o alimentar) actúan diferentemente sobre el peso y el consumo; hay diferencias en la relación entre la pérdida de peso y la intensidad de restricción entre los sujetos sometidos a restricción gradual y los sometidos a restricción abrupta, y la exposición a los episodios de restricción altera los patrones de consumo en condición ab lib.