Development of metformin HCl granules using brown flaxseed mucilage as a retardant polymer: effects of polymer and drug ratio

Abstract Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is the seed of a multipurpose plant of pharmaceutical interest, as its mucilage can be used as a natural matrix to develop extended-release dosage forms and potentially replace synthetic polymers. In this study, a 3² factorial design with two replicates of the central point was applied to optimize the development of extended-release granules of metformin HCl. The total fiber content of the mucilage as well as the friability and dissolution of the formulations were evaluated. The lyophilized mucilage presented a high total fiber content (42.63%), which suggests a high efficiency extraction process. Higher concentrations of the mucilage and metformin HCl yielded less friable granules. In addition, lower concentrations of metformin HCl and higher concentrations of the mucilage resulted in slower drug release during the dissolution assays. The release kinetics for most formulations were better represented by the Hixson-Crowell model, while formulations containing a higher concentration of the mucilage were represented by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Nonetheless, five formulations showed a longer release than the reference HPMC formulation. More desirable results were obtained with a higher concentration of the mucilage (13-18%) and a lower concentration of metformin (40%).

The gelling properties of Dillenia indica mucilage in benzyl benzoate emulgel formulations

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the gelling properties of Dillenia indica mucilage in benzyl benzoate emulgel formulation. Mucilage was extracted from the fruits of Dillenia indica using established methods and characterized by rheology and swelling. Emulsion (F1) was prepared using the continental emulsification method. Gelling agents (2 %w /v) were prepared by dispersing in distilled water with constant stirring at a moderate speed using a magnetic stirrer. F1 was added to the gel (0-75 %w /w) to obtain emulgel formulations and evaluated using viscosity, globule size, pH, release profiles and kinetic modeling. Data were expressed as mean ± SD, and similarity factor (f2) was used to compare all formulations. Formulation viscosity was significantly higher with carbopol than with Dillenia; globule sizes increased with concentration of gelling agents, and pH reduced as the concentration of Dillenia increased. All formulations showed controlled release properties with t80 ranging between 114 and 660 min. The release was governed by Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Formulation F5 prepared with 50 % Dillenia showed highest similarity to F4 prepared with 75 %w /w carbopol. Dillenia indica demonstrated acceptable gelling properties comparable with that of carbopol and could be improved for use in emulgel formulations.

Carboxymethylcellulose and psyllium effects in sand output of horses with asymptomatic sand accumulation / [Efeitos da carboximetilcelulose e do psyllium sobre a eliminação de areia de cavalos com sablose assintomática]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Psyllium (PSY) and Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) administration on fecal elimination of sand in horses with asymptomatic sand accumulations. Eight horses were selected from sandy areas and randomly divided into 2 groups of four animals. The subjects were treated either with CMC or PSY. The presence of intestinal sand was confirmed through radiography and glove sedimentation test. The study was performed in two phases, with a 7-day interval. In phase I, all the animals received 8 liters of warm water; in phase II, the CMC group received 8 liters of water + 1g/kg of CMC, whereas the PSY group received 8 liters of water + 1g/kg of PSY. All administrations were performed through nasogastric intubation and fractionated in 2 equal volume administrations with an interval of two hours. General and specific physical examination of the digestive system were performed in conjunction with abdominal ultrasonography before the administrations and after 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours, aiming to evaluate intestinal motility and presence of sand. All the feces eliminated by the animals within the 72 hours following the administrations were quantified, diluted and sedimented in order to calculate the sand output (g/kg of feces). All the animals were also subjected to radiographic examination to quantify sand accumulation prior to phase I and after 72 hours of phases I and II. No adverse effects were observed after the treatments. It was possible to notice higher sand elimination in both groups during the phase I, whereas no difference was observed in sand elimination rates between the groups in phase II. The radiographic scores presented differences between the initial timepoint and 72h in phases I and II for both groups. Based on the sand elimination rates and radiographic score, this study demonstrated that sand output was greater after administration of water alone, compared to CMC and Psyllium, leading to the inference that removal of the sandy environment and prevention of sand re-ingestion are effective measures for the elimination of sand from the colon of horses with asymptomatic sand accumulations.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da administração do psyllium (PSY) e da carboximetilcelulose (CMC) sobre a eliminação fecal de areia em equinos com sablose assintomática. Oito equinos com confirmação radiográfica de sablose assintomática foram divididos em dois grupos (grupo CMC e grupo PSY). O estudo foi realizado em duas fases, com intervalo de sete dias. Na fase 1, todos os animais receberam 8L de água; na fase 2, o grupo CMC recebeu 8L de água + 1g/kg de CMC e o grupo PSY recebeu 8L de água + 1g/kg de PSY. Antes da administração de cada solução e após seis, 12, 24, 36 e 48 horas, foram realizados exame físico e ultrassonografia abdominal. Todas as fezes eliminadas em 72 horas foram avaliadas para quantificar a eliminação de areia (g/kg de fezes). Antes da fase 1 e após 72 horas das fases 1 e 2, o exame radiográfico foi realizado para quantificar o escore de acúmulo de areia. Houve maior eliminação de areia após a administração de água em comparação com a administração de CMC, e não se observou diferença entre a CMC e o PSY. Uma redução significativa nos escores radiográficos de acúmulo de areia foi observada após a administração de água, bem como a manutenção dos escores após a administração da CMC e do PSY. Com base na produção de areia e no escore radiográfico, este estudo sugere que a remoção do ambiente arenoso, impedindo a reingestão de areia, é uma medida eficaz para a eliminação da areia do cólon de cavalos com acúmulos de areia assintomáticos.(AU)

Investigation of Corchorus olitorius mucilage as a potential mucoadhesive agent in developing in situ mucoadhesive nasal gel

The present study aimed to formulate a mucoadhesive in situ gel with mucilage extracted from Corchorus olitoriusfor the intranasal route. Propranolol HCl used as a model drug. For the comparative study, the mucoadhesive in situgels were prepared using two different concentration 0.4% and 0.5% of C. olitorius mucilage, Carbopol P-934 andhydroxypropyl methylcellulose. The prepared in situ gel was subjected to characterization test, such as pH, appearance,gelation temperature, spreadability, viscosity, mucoadhesive strength, and in vitro study. From the comparative study,0.5% mucilage containing in situ gel formulation can be considered as optimum formulation.

Green (Detox) juice physicochemical properties and stabilization effect of naturals emulsifiers / Propriedades físico-químicas do suco verde (detox) e efeito de estabilização de emulsificantes naturais

ABSTRACT: Green or "detox" juice is a mixture of fruit juice with vegetables, which has been used intensively by consumers seeking for healthy food. Physicochemical properties of Green juice were accessed in the present research, which brings new insights for the use of this beverage in human diet. A total phenolic content of 2833.60 mg GAE (Gallic acid equivalent)/ g of juice and a Total Antioxidant Capacity by FRAP of 323.62 µM Fe2SO4 / g of juice and by ABTS•+ of 333.11 µM Trolox/ g of juice, indicated good antioxidant properties. Low energy and reducing sugar content indicate its use for low calorie diet, but low carbohydrate and protein content prove that Green juice cannot be used as meal replacement. The addition of a microbial biosurfactant (YlBio) and chia gel as bioemulsifiers was tested in the Green juice formulation to reduce solid decantation and increase consistency. YlBio and chia gel were able to change the Newtonian behavior of the Green juice to a Pseudoplastic behavior due to stabilization properties and also increase consistency, without the need to add synthetic stabilizers.

RESUMO: O suco verde ou "detox" é uma mistura de suco de frutas com vegetais que tem sido intensamente utilizado por consumidores que buscam alimentos saudáveis. As propriedades físico-químicas do suco verde foram avaliadas no presente trabalho, o que traz novas perspectivas para o uso dessa bebida na dieta humana. Um conteúdo fenólico total de 2833,60 mg de EAG (equivalente em ácido gálico) / g de suco) e uma capacidade antioxidante total por FRAP de 323,62 µM de Fe2SO4 / g de suco e por ABTS•+ de 333,11 µM de Trolox / g de suco, indicam boas propriedades antioxidantes. Um baixo teor de energia e açúcar redutor indica seu uso em dietas de baixa caloria, mas o baixo teor de carboidratos e proteínas prova que o suco verde não pode ser usado como substituto de refeição. A adição de um biossurfactante microbiano (YlBio) e do gel de chia no suco foi testada na formulação do suco verde, para reduzir a decantação de sólidos e aumentar a consistência. YlBio e o gel de chia foram capazes de mudar o comportamento do suco de fluido Newtoniano para um fluido pseudoplástico devido às propriedades estabilizantes, e também aumentaram a consistência do suco, sem a necessidade de adição de estabilizantes sintéticos.

The Effects of Fermentable Dietary Fiber on Performance and Metabolism of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the inclusion of new prebiotics in the diet on performance and metabolism (liver protein, glucose and glycogen) of Nile tilapia. For 60 days, 720 Nile tilapia (3.4 ± 0.60 g) were maintained in 24 polypropylene tanks (280 liters). Fish were fed with experimental diets with addition of 2.5 and 5 g kg-1 of dietary fiber of citrus pulp (DFCP), dietary fiber of linseed (DFL) and Actigen®. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 3x2 factorial arrangement. At the end of the period, there was higher final weight of tilapias fed on diets containing DFCP and DFL, and regardless of prebiotic, the best results in the final weight and length were observed for inclusion of 2.5 g kg-1. There was higher body protein deposition in tilapia fed on diets containing DFCP, without differences from those with inclusion of DFL. Total fat deposition was higher for the lowest level of inclusion (2.5 g kg-1). The digestive somatic index was higher for the diet with inclusion of DFCP, which did not differ from the diet with inclusion of Actigen®. There were higher concentrations of liver glycogen in the diets containing DFCP and Actigen®. Faced with the search for alternative growth promoters, this study confirms the possibility of using the new prebiotics (DFCP and DFL) in nutrition of Nile tilapia, because they showed efficiency equivalent to the prebiotic Actigen®.

Chemical compositions and hypoglycemic activities of the protein and mucilage of Casimiroa edulis (Llave & Lex) seeds and fruits

During the present study, chemical compositions of the protein and mucilage of seeds and fruits of Casimiroa edulis(Llave & Lex) as well as their hypoglycemic effects and other related biochemical parameters were studied for thefirst time. The protein content of C. edulis seeds was prepared with 4% (w/w) yield. The amino acid analyzer ofprotein hydrolysates led to the identification of 17 amino acids. Glutamic acid (10.25%) was considered the majoramino acid. Moreover, the mucilage content of C. edulis fruits was prepared with 11% (w/w) yield. GLC analysis ofmucilage hydrolysates revealed the identification of ten sugars represented (87.19%), with galacturonic acid (31.23%)as the main component. Significant hypoglycemic effects of protein and mucilage were recorded with respect tocontrol and glibenclamide (standard drug). In addition, histopathological examination was performed, and theresults showed that treatment with protein and mucilage remarkably improved Alanine Aminotransferase, AspartateAminotransferase, and Alkaline Phosphatase activities after streptozotocin induction with respect to control, alsoameliorated the disturbances in Gamma Glutamyl Transferase, total protein & albumin, Glutathione levels, Catalaseand lipid peroxidation activities. The prepared protein and mucilage exhibited properties that recommend them asnatural supplements or in food industries for improving human being health.

Anesthetic efficacy of topical dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage for preputial encircling in children / 临床麻醉学杂志

Objective To investigate the anesthetic efficacy of topical dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage for preputial encircling in children. Methods Sixty children under preputial encircling, 13 patients with redundant prepuce, 47 patients with phimosis, aged 4-12 years, weighing 14-38 kg, falling into ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ, were randomly divided into two groups with 30 cases each: dyclonine group (group D) and control group (group C). Children with redundant prepuce in group D were smeared evenly 1％ dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage on the anterior 2/3 foreskins, glans and coronary sulcus by anesthesiologists who were assisted by the their parents 30 min before entering the operating room. Children with phimosis in group D were smeared evenly 1％ dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage on the anterior 2/3 foreskins, and then the tube was inserted near the coronary sulcus with the 18# straight indwelling needle. The syringe was injected into the 1％ dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage, and the glans and the coronary sulcus were squeezed repeatedly several times by anesthesiologists who were assisted by the their parents 30 min before entering the operating room. The dosage of dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage for each child was 0.2-0.3 ml/kg. Children in group C were smeared evenly isodose normal saline at the same time. All the children were treated with ketamine and propofol anesthesia after entering. The occurrence of intraoperative body reaction were observed and recorded, HR and MAP were recorded before anaesthesia induction (T0), at the beginning of surgery (T1), at the time of the coronary sulcus was exposed (T2), at the time of ligating (T3), at the time of the excess foreskin was cut (T4), the dosage of ketamine and propofol were recorded, and the occurrence of postoperative recovery time and emergence agitation during recovery period were observed. Results Body dynamic reaction rate in group D was significantly lower than that in group C (P ＜ 0.05), HR and MAP was significantly lower than that in group C at T3-T4 (P ＜ 0.05), the dosage of ketamine and propofol was significantly smaller than that in group C (P ＜ 0.05), the recovery time was significantly shorter than that in group C (P ＜ 0.05), the incidence of emergence agitation was significantly decreased compared with group C (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion Topical dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage can effectively decrease body movement, lessen cyclic fluctuation, economize general anesthetics, shorten recovery time, reduce emergence agitation in children undergoing preputial encircling.

Anesthetic efficacy of oral dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage combined with laryngopharyngeal spray of lidocaine in infant esophagus dilatation / 临床麻醉学杂志

Objective To study the anesthetic effect of oral dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage combined with laryngopharyngeal spray of lidocaine in infant esophagus dilatation.Methods Eighty infants with anastomotic stenosis after surgical correction of esophageal atresia under esophagus dila-tation assisted with gastroscope,51 males and 29 females,age 6 months to 3 years,weighing 5-12 kg,ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,were randomly divided into four groups with 20 cases each:general anesthesia group (group A),general anesthesia combined with dyclonine surface anesthesia group (group B),general anesthesia combined with lidocaine surface anesthesia (group C),general anesthesia combined with dyclonine and lidocaine surface anesthesia group (group D).Infants in group B and group D were given 1 % dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage 0.2-0.3 ml/kg by their parents who were guided by the anesthesiologist at 10-15 min before entering the operating room,followed by slow intravenous injection of penehyclidine hydrochloride 0.01-0.02 mg/kg, propofol 2-2.5 mg/kg, remifentanil 1 μg/kg.After the induction,the children of group C and group D were exposed to 2% lidocaine 0.1 5-0.2 ml/kg through laryngoscope under laryngoscope to spray the laryngeal mucosa surface.All the children were converted to oxygen supply (6 L/min)asing double nasal high flow af-ter the mask was added to the stable breathing.Anesthesia was maintained by propofol 6 mg·kg-1·h-1,remifentanil 0.1 μg·kg-1·h-1infusion.In the case of somatic or choking during the operation,propofol and (or)remifentanil were inj ected into the pump to deepen the anesthesia. The occurrence of intraoperative oxygen saturation (SpO2<94%),cough and body reaction were ob-served and recorded,and the occurrence of postoperative recovery time and emergence agitation during recovery period were observed.Results The patients with oxygen saturation in group D de-creased,the incidence of cough was significantly lower than that of groups A and B (P<0.05 ), without significant difference in group C, body dynamic reaction rate was significantly lower compared with the other three groups (P<0.05),the recovery time was significantly shorter com-pared with the other three groups (P<0.05),the incidence of emergence agitation significantly de-creased (P<0.05).Conclusion Oral dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage combined with laryngopha-ryngeal spray of lidocaine can effectively decrease hypoxemia,cough,body movement,shorten recov-ery time,reduce emergence agitation in infants undergoing the esophageal dilatation.

Efficacy of using combination of phloroglucinol and dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage in preventing cath-eter-related bladder discomfort during recovery from anesthesia in the patients undergoing general anes-thesia / 临床麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of phloroglucinol combined with dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage in preventing catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD)during recovery from anesthesia in patients under general anesthesia.Methods A total of 120 male patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia,aged 18-60 years,weighing 46-80 kg, ASA physical status I or II,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=40 in each group):group of combination of phloroglucinol and dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage (group P),sufentanil group (group S)and control group (group C).After induction of general anesthesia,the patients in group P were tracheally incubated and then inj ected with 5 ml dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage per urethra.In the meantime,for patients of groups S and C,equal volume of normal saline was inj ected and paraffin oil was used to lubricate for urethral catheterization.The catheter was clamped and then reopened 30 min later.At 15 min before the end of surgery,80 mg Phloroglucinol,0.10 μg/kg sufentanil and an equal volume of normal saline were injected intravenously in group P,group S and group C,respec-tively.The catheter was removed when the patients were fully awake.The awakening time and extu-bation time were recorded.In addition,Riker sedation-agiation scale (SAS)score was documented at 5 min (T1),15 min (T2),30 min (T3),1 h (T4)and 2 h (T5)after extubation.The occurrence and severity of CRBD within 2 h after surgery,as well as occurrence of nausea and vomiting and respira- tory depression were recorded.Results Compared with group C,the SAS score at T1-T4and inci-dence and severity CRBD were decreased,whereas the emergence time and extubation time were pro-longed in group S.The SAS score at T1-T5,incidence and severity of CRBD were decreased (P<0.05),and no significant change was found in emergence time and extubation time in group P.Com-pared with group S,the SAS score at T1-T4was increased,whereas the SAS score at T5,incidence and severity of CRBD were decreased,and the emergence time and extubation time were shortened in group P (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of nausea and vomiting,re-spiratory depression and extubation time among the three groups. Conclusion Dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage injected per urethra combined with phloroglucinolol injected intravenously at 1 5 min before the end of surgery can reduce the incidence and severity of CRBD during the recovery from anesthesia in the patients under general anesthesia.

Effect of dietary fiber concentrates on growth performance, gut morphology and hepatic metabolic intermediates in jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) / Efeito de concentrados de fibra alimentar sobre o desempenho de crescimento, morfologia intestinal e intermediários metabólicos hepáticos de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen)

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of Dietary Fiber Concentrates (DFCs) on growth performance, gut morphology, and hepatic metabolic intermediates in jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). At the end of the trial, growth and intestinal villus height was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in fish fed diets supplemented with DFCs. However, the animals in commercial prebiotic group showed higher values for this variable compared to the other treatments. Regarding the thickness of the epithelium bowel, it was greater in the Control group compared to animals supplemented with ß-glucan+mannan. Likewise, treatment with commercial prebiotic showed higher values of epithelium bowel compared to the DFCs. The fish supplemented with DFCs, had higher glycogen storage compared to the control group. These results indicate that DFCs can be considered as a beneficial dietary supplement for improving growth performance, gut morphology, and hepatic metabolic intermediates of jundiá.(AU)

O presente estudo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito de concentrados de fibras alimentares (CFAs) sobre o desempenho de crescimento, a morfologia intestinal e os parâmetros intermediários metabólicos hepáticos de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen). No final do experimento, o crescimento e a altura das vilosidades intestinais foram significativamente (P<0,05) maiores em peixes alimentados com dietas suplementadas com CFAs. No entanto, os animais suplementados com prebiótico comercial apresentaram valores mais elevados para essa variável em comparação com os outros tratamentos. Em relação à espessura do epitélio intestinal, esta foi maior nos animais do grupo controle em comparação com os animais suplementados com ß-glucano + manano. Da mesma forma, os peixes suplementados com prebiótico comercial apresentaram valores mais elevados do epitélio intestinal em comparação com os peixes suplementados com CFAs. Os peixes suplementados com CFAs obtiveram maior armazenamento de glicogênio em relação ao grupo controle. Esses resultados indicam que os CFAs podem ser utilizados como um suplemento alimentar benéfico para melhorar o desempenho do crescimento, a morfologia intestinal e os intermediários metabólicos hepáticos do jundiá.(AU)

A single-center randomized controlled study of the effect of dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage on bubble removing in bowel preparation / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of two dosages of the dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage on removing bubbles in bowel preparation before colonoscopy. Methods Data of 774 patients who received colonoscopy from November 2015 to April 2016 in People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were randomly divided into groups A, B and C. As the control group, group A only used four boxes of polyethylene glycol ( PEG) for bowel preparation and drank 50 mL water after bowel preparation;group B was given 10 mL dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage with 50 mL water after four boxes of PEG for bowel preparation;group C was given 20 mL dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage with 50 mL water after four boxes of PEG. Intestinal cleanliness, intraluminal gas bubbles and satisfaction were graded by endoscopic physicians. Polyps of less than 5 mm were recorded and adverse reactions were observed. Results There were no significant differences in intestinal cleanliness among groups A, B and C (P>0. 05).The intraluminal gas bubbles grading, physician satisfaction and detection rate of polyps of less than 5 mm of groups B and C were significantly better than those of group A( P<0. 01) , and group C was superior to group B in these variables ( P<0. 01) . The proportion of levelⅠandⅡin foam evaluation in group C was higher than that in group B ( P<0. 01) . Conclusion Dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage can eliminate the bubbles inside the intestine, and the effect of 20 mL dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage for bowel preparation is superior to 10 mL.

Assessment of the clinical effect of dyclonine combined with propofol in the application of painless gastros-copy / 实用医学杂志

Objective To investigate the safety and feasibility of dyclonine combined with propofol in the application of painless gastroscopy. Methods A total of 90 patients received the painless gastroscopy in our hospi-tal were enrolled from September to December 2016. They were divided into 3 groups according to the random number table(n=30):Dyclonine+propofol(DP)group,Fentanyl+propofol(FP)group,Propofol(P)group. The hemodynamic changes,adverse reaction,propofol dosage,time of gastroscopy examination and time of conscious recovery were observed and recorded. Results Compared with P group,the incidence of hypertension,tachycardia, choking cough,body movement and the dosage of propofol in DP group and FP group were significantly decreased (P<0.05,respectively). Compared with DP group,the incidence of respiratory depression,the time of gastroscopy examination and the time of Conscious recovery in FP group and P group were significantly increased (P < 0.01 , respectively). Compared with FP group,the incidence of nausea and vomiting in DP and P group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05 ,respectively). Conclusions Dyclonine combined with propofol reduced the incidence of cardiovascular response,choking cough,body movement,respiratory depression,and nausea and vomiting,with the reduced dosage of propofol ,the shorten gastroscopy examination time and the recovery time. Therefore ,dyclo-nine combined with propofol is a safe and feasible anaesthesia management for the painless gastroscopy.

A single-center randomized controlled study of the effect of dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage on bubble removing in bowel preparation / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of two dosages of the dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage on removing bubbles in bowel preparation before colonoscopy. Methods Data of 774 patients who received colonoscopy from November 2015 to April 2016 in People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were randomly divided into groups A, B and C. As the control group, group A only used four boxes of polyethylene glycol ( PEG) for bowel preparation and drank 50 mL water after bowel preparation;group B was given 10 mL dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage with 50 mL water after four boxes of PEG for bowel preparation;group C was given 20 mL dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage with 50 mL water after four boxes of PEG. Intestinal cleanliness, intraluminal gas bubbles and satisfaction were graded by endoscopic physicians. Polyps of less than 5 mm were recorded and adverse reactions were observed. Results There were no significant differences in intestinal cleanliness among groups A, B and C (P>0. 05).The intraluminal gas bubbles grading, physician satisfaction and detection rate of polyps of less than 5 mm of groups B and C were significantly better than those of group A( P<0. 01) , and group C was superior to group B in these variables ( P<0. 01) . The proportion of levelⅠandⅡin foam evaluation in group C was higher than that in group B ( P<0. 01) . Conclusion Dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage can eliminate the bubbles inside the intestine, and the effect of 20 mL dyclonine hydrochloride mucilage for bowel preparation is superior to 10 mL.

Assessment of the clinical effect of dyclonine combined with propofol in the application of painless gastros-copy / 实用医学杂志

Objective To investigate the safety and feasibility of dyclonine combined with propofol in the application of painless gastroscopy. Methods A total of 90 patients received the painless gastroscopy in our hospi-tal were enrolled from September to December 2016. They were divided into 3 groups according to the random number table(n=30):Dyclonine+propofol(DP)group,Fentanyl+propofol(FP)group,Propofol(P)group. The hemodynamic changes,adverse reaction,propofol dosage,time of gastroscopy examination and time of conscious recovery were observed and recorded. Results Compared with P group,the incidence of hypertension,tachycardia, choking cough,body movement and the dosage of propofol in DP group and FP group were significantly decreased (P<0.05,respectively). Compared with DP group,the incidence of respiratory depression,the time of gastroscopy examination and the time of Conscious recovery in FP group and P group were significantly increased (P < 0.01 , respectively). Compared with FP group,the incidence of nausea and vomiting in DP and P group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05 ,respectively). Conclusions Dyclonine combined with propofol reduced the incidence of cardiovascular response,choking cough,body movement,respiratory depression,and nausea and vomiting,with the reduced dosage of propofol ,the shorten gastroscopy examination time and the recovery time. Therefore ,dyclo-nine combined with propofol is a safe and feasible anaesthesia management for the painless gastroscopy.

Formulation and evaluation of lamivudine sustained release tablet using okra mucilage.

The present study was to extract the mucilage from the Okra plant (Abelmoschus esculentus) and to study the effect of mucilage concentration on in vitro release of Lamivudine from it’s sustained release matrix tablets. Mucilage was extracted from the fruits of Abelmoschus esclentus using organic solvent Acetone. The extracted mucilage was subjected to various physiological properties for its suitability as an excipient in the preparation of tablet. Lamivudine sustained release tablets were prepared using different concentration of Okra mucilage as a sustained release matrix excipient. The formulated tablets were evaluated for post compression parameters such as weight variation, hardness, friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, and in vitro drug release studies. Stability studies of optimized formulation were carried out for three months. The results of in vitro release revealed that the release rate decreased with increase in the concentration of mucilage. The release kinetics indicated that the nature of drug release from the matrix tablets was dependent on drug diffusion and polymer relaxation and therefore followed non-fickian or anomalous release. No incompatibility was observed between the drug and excipients used in the formulation of matrix tablets. The Okra mucilage showed promising results in terms of sustaining the release behavior of Lamivudine from the matrix. The developed sustained release tablets of Lamivudine, with extension of release up to 12 hours, can overcome all the disadvantages of conventional Lamivudine tablets.

Assessment of film forming potential of Cordia dichotoma fruit mucilage (Boraginaceae): Alfuzosin hydrochloride as a drug of choice.

The objective of this present study was to develop and evaluate transdermal films of alfuzosin hydrochloride for controlled release at a predetermined rate over a prolonged period of time and assessment of film forming ability Cordia dichotoma fruit mucilage using alfuzosin as drug of choice. The films of alfuzosin were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. The formulations, from F1 to F3 contain Cordia dichotoma fruit mucilage (CDFM; 8%, 12% and 16%) and the formulations, from F4 to F6 contain CDFM along with sodium alginate (125 mg, 150 mg and 175 mg). Glycerin and propylene glycol were used as plasticizer; span-80 used as permeation enhancer; methyl paraben and propyl paraben were used as preservatives (in case of plant mucilage as polymer) in all the formulations. Fourier transform infra red spectral analysis studies showed that there is no drug polymer incompatibility. The films of alfuzosin were prepared by using different polymers such as C. dichotoma and also in combination with sodium alginate that had shown good results for all the evaluated parameters within the range. In vitro drug release studies had shown that the maximum release of drug was observed for F3 formulation was 91.87 ± 1.34 at 24 hrs and F6 formulation was 99.62 ± 0.14 at 24 hrs. The concentration of CDFM is increased from 8% to 16% that leads to enhancement of dissolution rate. In-vitro drug release studies of optimized formulations, F3 formulation followed first order and F6 formulation followed zero order kinetics. The obtained results were concluded that CDFM have good film forming ability alone and combination with sodium alginate.

Effect of Different Penetration Enhancers on Percutaneous Absorption of Xiaoyan Runma Mucilage / 医药导报

Objective To investigate the effects of different penetration enhancers on percutaneous absorption of Xiaoyan Runma mucilage in vitro, and to improve the curative efficacy of this mucilages through selection of the effective penetration enhancers. Methods Xiaoyan Runma mucilage was prepared with different penetration enhancers. An intelligent permeability instrument was used for in vitro percutaneous absorption test of rats , with isolated mice abdomen skin serving as in vitro transdermal barrier and saline isotonic solution as receptor fluid. Then the contents of lidocaine hydrochloride in receptors were determined by HPLC.The accumulative transit dose (Q) and percutaneous permeability (J) within 12 h were calculated and compared with those of mucilage without any enhancer. Results With Q value serving as an index, different enhancers had different promote permeation effects on Xiaoyan Runma mucilage, and the effects in descending order were as follows:4% azone [(222.75±3.4) μg?(cm2)-1]>2% azone[(207.42±5.1) μg?(cm2)-1]>3% menthol [(183.38±4.9) μg?(cm2)-1]>5%menthol [(160.82±5.4) μg?(cm2)-1]>2% azone+3% menthol [(151.25±5.5) μg?(cm2)-1]>2% azone+5% isopropyl myristate [(127.26±7.1) μg?(cm2)-1]>2% oleic acid [(125.16±6.5) μg?(cm2)-1]>no enhancer [(109.82±8.2)μg?(cm2)-1].4% azone was the best penetration enhancer for the mucilage delivery in vitro, with Q and J value as [(222.75± 3.4)μg?( cm2 )-1 ] and 19. 896 μg?( cm2 )-1?h-1 , respectively, which was 2. 08 times those of mucilages without any enhancer. Conclusion Being as a transdermal absorption enhancer of Xiaoyan Runma mucilage, 4% azone has the best effect. This study can provide the optimal formulation for transdermal delivery system of Xiaoyan Runma mucilage.

Isolation and preliminary evaluation of Mulva Neglecta mucilage: a novel tablet binder

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate binding potential of Mulva neglecta mucilage (MNM) with subsequent comparison to PVP K30. Eight batches of Diclofenac sodium tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique keeping different concentrations (4, 6, 8 & 10% w/w) of Mulva neglecta mucilage (extracted from leaves of Mulva neglecta) and PVP K30 as standard binder. The granules of formulated batches showed bulk density (g/mL) 0.49 ± 0.00 to 0.57 ± 0.00, tapped density (g/mL) 0.59 ± 0.01 to 0.70 ± 0.01, Carr's index 09.27 ± 0.95 to 19.65 ± 0.59, Hausner's ratio 1.12 ± 0.00 to 1.24 ± 0.01 and angle of repose 30.37 ± 2.90 °C to 36.86 ± 0.94 °C. Tablets were compressed to hardness 7.50 to 7.95 kg/cm2. The tablets showed 0.39 ± 0.02 to 0.39 ± 0.01% friability and 7:20 to 14:00 min disintegration time. Granules and post-compression evaluation revealed that parameters assessed were all found to be within the pharmacopoeial limits. The results (hardness, disintegration and dissolution) proved that Mulva neglecta mucilage has better binding capacity for preparation of uncoated tablet dosage form as compared to PVP K30. Among all the formulations, MN-1 to MN-4 showed slow release as compared to PV-1 to PV-4 and thereby Mulva neglecta mucilage exhibited satisfactory drug release phenomenon tablets of diclofenac sodium.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial de ligação de mucilagem de Mulva neglecta (MNM), com posterior comparação ao PVP K30. Oito lotes de comprimidos de diclofenaco de sódio foram preparados pela técnica de granulação úmida, mantendo diferentes concentrações (4, 6, 8 e 10% w/w) de mucilagem de Mulva neglecta (extraída de folhas de Mulva neglecta) e PVP K30 como ligante padrão. Os grânulos de lotes formulados mostraram densidade aparente (g/mL) 0.49 ± 0.00-0.57 ± 0.00, densidade compactada (g/mL) 0.59 ± 0.01-0.70 ± 0.01, índice de Carr 09.27 ± 0.95-19.65 ± 0.59, a relação de Hausner 1.12 ± 0.00-1.24 ± 0.01 e ângulo de repouso 30.37 ± 2.90 °C a 36.86 ± 0.94 °C. Os comprimidos foram prensados à dureza de 7.50-7.95 kg/cm2. Os comprimidos apresentaram 0.39 ± 0.02-0.39 ± 0.01% friabilidade e 7:20-14:00 min de tempo de desintegração. A avaliação de grânulos e pós-compressão revelou que todos os parâmetros estavam dentro dos limites da farmacopeia. Os resultados (dureza, desintegração e dissolução) provaram que a mucilagem de Mulva neglecta tem maior capacidade de ligação na preparação da forma de dosagem de comprimido não revestido em relação à PVP K30. Entre todas as formulações, MN-1 e MN-4 mostraram liberação lenta em comparação com PV-1 e PV-4 e, assim, a mucilagem de Mulva neglecta exibiu liberação do fármaco satisfatória para os comprimidos de diclofenaco de sódio.

Formulation of fast disintegrating domperidone tablets using Plantago ovata mucilage by 32 full factorial design.

The present work was carried out to study the disintegrant property of plantago ovata mucilage. The objective of the work was to formulate fast disintegrating tablets of Domperidon with a view to enhance patient compliances and dissolution rate by direct compression method using 3² full factorial design. Plantago ovata mucilage (2-10% w/w) was used as natural superdisintegrant and microcrystalline cellulose (0-30% w/w) was used as diluent, along with directly compressible mannitol to enhance mouth feel. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, thickness, drug content uniformity, in vitro dispersion time, wetting time and water absorption ratio. Based on in vitro dispersion time (approximately 10s); the formulation containing 10% w/w Plantago ovata mucilage and 30%w/w microcrystalline cellulose was found to be promising and tested for in vitro drug release pattern (in 0.1 N HCl), short-term stability (at 40º/75% RH for 3 month) and drug-excipient interaction. Surface response plots are presented to graphically represent the effect of independent variables (concentrations of Plantago ovata mucilage and microcrystalline cellulose) on the in vitro dispersion time. The validity of the generated mathematical model was tested by preparing two extra-design check point formulations. The optimized tablet formulation was compared with conventional commercial tablet formulation for drug release profiles. This formulation showed nearly four-fold faster drug release (t50% 2.85 min) compared to the conventional commercial tablet formulation (t50% 7.85 min). Short-term stability studies on the formulation indicated that there are no significant changes in drug content and in vitro dispersion time (p < 0.05).