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1.
Rev. epidemiol. controle infecç ; 13(4): 216-222, out.-dez. 2023. ilus
Artigo em Inglês, Português | LILACS | ID: biblio-1532318

RESUMO

Background and objectives: inanimate surfaces and equipment in the hospital environment are considered reservoirs of resistant and pathogenic microorganisms. In Pediatric Intensive Care Units, the risk of infection is also related to the severity of pathologies associated with the immaturity of the immune system of this population. This study aimed to investigate microbiological environmental contamination in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Method: this is an exploratory cross-sectional study, carried out in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of a highly complex university hospital, located in southern Brazil. To assess environmental contamination, sterile swabs were rubbed on surfaces corresponding to the patient unit and in the common area. Results: twenty-eight surfaces were analyzed, 12 of which were located in units occupied by patients at the time of collection and 16 surfaces in the common use area. In the total number of surfaces analyzed by microbiological cultures, the patient unit showed 66.67% contamination by microorganisms, while surfaces in the common area showed 56.25%. Regarding the microbiological profile, all isolated microorganisms were Gram-positive and showed resistance, namely Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Conclusion: there was evidence of a high frequency of contamination on inanimate surfaces and equipment near and far from patients, essentially by pathogenic and multi-resistant microorganisms to antimicrobials.(AU)


Justificativa e objetivos: superfícies e equipamentos inanimados no ambiente hospitalar são considerados reservatórios de microrganismos resistentes e patogênicos. Nas Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos, o risco de infeção também está relacionado com a gravidade das patologias associadas à imaturidade do sistema imunitário desta população. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a contaminação microbiológica ambiental em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica. Método: trata-se de um estudo exploratório transversal, realizado em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica de um hospital universitário de alta complexidade, localizado no Sul do Brasil. Para avaliar a contaminação ambiental, foram esfregados swabs estéreis nas superfícies correspondentes à unidade do paciente e na área comum. Resultados: foram analisadas vinte e oito superfícies, sendo 12 localizadas em unidades ocupadas por pacientes no momento da coleta e 16 superfícies em área de uso comum. No total de superfícies analisadas por culturas microbiológicas, a unidade paciente apresentou 66,67% de contaminação por microrganismos, enquanto as superfícies da área comum apresentaram 56,25%. Quanto ao perfil microbiológico, todos os microrganismos isolados eram Gram-positivos e apresentavam resistência, nomeadamente Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus coagulase-negativa. Conclusão: houve evidência de elevada frequência de contaminação em superfícies inanimadas e equipamentos próximos e distantes dos pacientes, essencialmente por microrganismos patogênicos e multirresistentes aos antimicrobianos.(AU)


Fundamento y objetivos: las superficies y equipos inanimados del ambiente hospitalario son considerados reservorios de microorganismos resistentes y patógenos. En las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos el riesgo de infección también se relaciona con la gravedad de patologías asociadas a la inmadurez del sistema inmunológico de esta población. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la contaminación ambiental microbiológica en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Método: se trata de un estudio exploratorio transversal, realizado en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos de un hospital universitario de alta complejidad, ubicado en el sur de Brasil. Para evaluar la contaminación ambiental se frotaron hisopos estériles en las superficies correspondientes a la unidad de pacientes y en el área común. Resultados: se analizaron veintiocho superficies, 12 de las cuales estaban ubicadas en unidades ocupadas por los pacientes en el momento de la recogida y 16 superficies en el área de uso común. Del total de superficies analizadas por cultivos microbiológicos, la unidad de pacientes presentó un 66,67% de contaminación por microorganismos, mientras que las superficies del área común presentaron un 56,25%. En cuanto al perfil microbiológico, todos los microorganismos aislados fueron Gram positivos y presentaron resistencia, concretamente Staphylococcus aureus y Staphylococcus coagulasa negativo. Conclusión: se evidenció alta frecuencia de contaminación en superficies inanimadas y equipos cercanos y lejanos de los pacientes, esencialmente por microorganismos patógenos y multirresistentes a los antimicrobianos.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica , Infecção Hospitalar , Contaminação de Equipamentos , Estudos Transversais , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla
2.
Salud mil ; 42(1): e401, 05/05/2023.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, UY-BNMED, BNUY | ID: biblio-1531497

RESUMO

Introducción: la resistencia a los antimicrobianos ha sido una problemática creciente a nivel global, la problemática afecta no solo la salud de personas, animales y el ambiente en general, sino que ha generado impactos de índole productivo y comercial. Una de las estrategias para abordar esta problemática es el enfoque de una salud. Este enfoque destaca la participación multidisciplinaria para combatir la resistencia antimicrobiana; y es así que cada profesión o actividad laboral genera unas responsabilidades innatas para la profesión veterinaria. Los veterinarios tienen un rol fundamental para este propósito, ya que son ellos quienes integran la aplicabilidad de estrategias de promoción y prevención a nivel agropecuario, y de consolidación e interlocución entre los diferentes componentes del enfoque (animal, humano, ambiente) desde el ámbito de la salud pública veterinaria. Materiales y Método: se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en diferentes bases de datos, con el objetivo de realizar una revisión actualizada sobre la resistencia antimicrobiana. Resultados: dentro de las principales estrategias se debería fomentar un uso adecuado y bajo prescripción de antimicrobianos en la producción animal. Promover buenas prácticas de higiene, bioseguridad y vacunación, facilitando un correcto diagnóstico de enfermedades infecciosas en animales. Discusión: la adopción de normas internacionales para el uso responsable de los antibióticos y las directrices establecidas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud y Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura, a través del Codex Alimentarius y la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal, son fundamentales para hacer frente al desafío que representa el problema de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos.


Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance has been a growing problem at a global level, affecting not only the health of people, animals and the environment in general, but it has also generated impacts of a productive and commercial nature. One of the strategies to address this problem is the one-health approach. This approach emphasizes multidisciplinary participation to combat antimicrobial resistance; and thus, each profession or work activity generates innate responsibilities for the veterinary profession. Veterinarians have a fundamental role for this purpose, since they are the ones who integrate the applicability of promotion and prevention strategies at the agricultural level, and of consolidation and interlocution between the different components of the approach (animal, human, environment) from the field of veterinary public health. Materials and Method: a literature search was carried out in different databases, with the aim of carrying out an updated review on antimicrobial resistance. Results: one of the main strategies should be to promote an adequate use and under prescription of antimicrobials in animal production. Promote good hygiene, biosecurity and vaccination practices, facilitating a correct diagnosis of infectious diseases in animals. Discussion: the adoption of international standards for the responsible use of antibiotics and the guidelines established by the World Health Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, through Codex Alimentarius and the World Organization for Animal Health, are fundamental to face the challenge posed by the problem of antimicrobial resistance.


Introdução: A resistência antimicrobiana tem sido um problema crescente em todo o mundo, afetando não apenas a saúde dos seres humanos, dos animais e do meio ambiente em geral, mas também causando impactos na produção e no comércio. Uma das estratégias para lidar com esse problema é a abordagem One Health. Essa abordagem enfatiza o envolvimento multidisciplinar no combate à resistência antimicrobiana, com cada profissão ou atividade de trabalho gerando responsabilidades inatas à profissão veterinária. Os veterinários têm um papel fundamental nesse sentido, pois são eles que integram a aplicabilidade das estratégias de promoção e prevenção em nível agropecuário e de consolidação e interlocução entre os diferentes componentes da abordagem (animal, humano, ambiental) do campo da saúde pública veterinária. Materiais e Métodos: foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica em diferentes bases de dados, com o objetivo de realizar uma revisão atualizada sobre a resistência antimicrobiana. Resultados: uma das principais estratégias deve ser a promoção do uso adequado e com baixa prescrição de antimicrobianos na produção animal. Promover boas práticas de higiene, biossegurança e vacinação, facilitando o diagnóstico correto de doenças infecciosas em animais. Discussão: A adoção de padrões internacionais para o uso responsável de antibióticos e as diretrizes estabelecidas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde e pela Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimentação, por meio do Codex Alimentarius e da Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal, são essenciais para enfrentar o desafio representado pelo problema da resistência antimicrobiana.


Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/efeitos dos fármacos
3.
Chinese Journal of General Practitioners ; (6): 560-566, 2022.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM | ID: wpr-957881

RESUMO

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics, antibiotic resistance and prognostic risk factors of patients with Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infection (Kp BSI).Methods:The clinical data of 188 patients diagnosed with Kp BSI from January 1,2017 to December 1,2021 in Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University were retrospectively analyzed.There were 118 patients males (62.8%) with a median age 77.0(63.0, 85.0) years old. The median length of hospital stay was 20.0 days, and 78 patients (41.5%) were admitted to intensive care unit(ICU). There were 121 cases with carbapenem-sensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae (64.4%, CSKP group) and 67 cases with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (35.6%, CRKP group).Fifty six patients died within 28 days after admission (death group), and 132 patients survived (survival group).The clinical characteristics and bacterial drug resistance of Kp BSI patients were analyzed, and univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to explore factors related to the CRKP infection and patient mortality.Results:The most common infection sites were respiratory system, abdominal cavity and biliary tract accounting for 39.4% (74/188), 18.1% (34/188) and 14.4% (27/188), respectively.The common comorbidities were coronary heart disease, hypertension, chronic kidney disease and diabetes, accounting for 63.8% (120/188), 59.6% (112/188), 46.3% (87/188) and 43.1% (81/188), respectively and 118 patients (62.8%) had 3 or more comorbidities. Most patients (146 cases, 77.7%) underwent ≥1 invasive procedures before bloodstream infection;and 90 patients (47.9%) had a history of antibiotic use. CRKP strains showed higher resistance rates to piperacillin, quinolones, cephalosporins and carbapenems. Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in age (69.0 vs. 83.0 years), ICU admission 25.6%(31/121) vs. 70.1%(47/67)], invasive procedures [67.8%(82/121) vs. 95.5 %(64/67)], and antibiotic use [37.2% (45/121) vs. 67.2%(45/67)] between the CSKP group and the CRKP group ( Z=-5.73, χ 2=35.22, χ 2=19.15, χ 2=15.53, all P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, ICU admission, invasive procedures and antibiotic use in recent 30 days were independent risk factors for CRKP infection( OR=1.06, P<0.001; OR=3.22, P=0.003; OR=5.93, P=0.009; OR=2.40, P=0.022). The total fatality rate was 29.8%(56/188). Univariate analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in CRKP infection [19.7%(26/132) vs. 73.2% (41/56)], albumin level (32.6 vs. 27.8 g/L) and sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA score, 2 vs. 8 score) between the survival group and the death group (χ 2=49.10, Z=-4.64, Z=-10.36,all P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that CRKP infection, low albumin and high SOFA score on the day of bloodstream infection were risk factors for death of Kp BSI patients( OR=5.13, P=0.021; OR=0.86, P=0.044; OR=3.04, P<0.001). Conclusion:Kp BSI patients have a high fatality rate and fairly severe drug resistance. CRKP infection, low albumin, high SOFA score on the day of bloodstream infection are associated with poor prognosis in Kp BSI patients.

4.
Einstein (Säo Paulo) ; 20: eAO6704, 2022. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1375338

RESUMO

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the prevalence of factors related to healthcare-associated infections, caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, in a pediatric intensive care unit. Methods A retrospective case-control study conducted from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2018, in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. The study was carried out at the pediatric intensive care unit of a high-complexity, tertiary care general hospital. The study included patients aged 1 month to 19 years, admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit, diagnosed as healthcare-associated infections. Results There was significant evidence of infection by multidrug-resistant bacteria associated with immunosuppressed patients (p<0.001), in whom the likelihood of multidrug-resistant bacteria infection was estimated to be nine-fold higher than among non-immunosuppressed patients (OR 8.97; 95%CI 2.69-29.94). In the analysis of multiple logistic regression model, we observed that immunosuppressed patients had an 8.5-fold higher chance of multidrug-resistant bacteria infection when compared to non-immunosuppressed patients (OR 8.48; 95%CI 2.54-28.35; p=0.001). There is evidence of association between the Case Group and presence of Gram-positive (p=0.007), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (p<0.001), and Gram-negative (p=0.041) microorganisms. Conclusion The immunocompromised-state variable is a factor related to healthcare-associated infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, and the Case Group presented higher proportions of Gram-positive microorganisms and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus.

5.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 56: 1-10, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês, Português | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1377224

RESUMO

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES To assess the determining factors of late healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and bacterial multiple drug resistance in neonatal intensive care. METHODS This is a case-control study, conducted between January 2013 and December 2017, in a neonatal intensive care unit in the state of Ceará, Brazil. Newborns showing late HAIs were considered cases and those without infection, the control. Variables with p-values ≤ 0.05 in our initial bivariate regressive analysis were included in a non-conditional hierarchical logistic model for multivariate analysis. P-values below 0.01 were considered significant. RESULTS Of the 1,132 participants, 427 (37.7%) showed late healthcare-associated infections. Of these, 54 (12.6%), positive blood cultures, of which 14.9% contained multidrug-resistant bacteria. Bivariate analysis showed the protective effect of the feminine phenotype (OR = 0.71; 95%CI: 0.56-0.90) and of gestational ages ≥ 34 weeks (OR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.30-0.75). In earlier-born preterm infants, late infections were 18 times more likely in those with less than 30 week-gestations (OR = 18.61; 95%CI: 9.84-35.22) and four times higher in those weighing less than 1,500 g (OR = 4.18; 95%CI: 3.12-5.61). Mechanical ventilation increased infection odds by more than seven times (OR = 7.14; 95%CI: 5.26-9.09); as did parenteral nutrition (OR = 5.88; 95%CI: 4.54-7.69); central venous catheters (OR = 10.00; 95%CI: 6.66-16.66); the number of catheters used (OR = 3.93; 95%CI: 3.02-5.12); surgery (OR = 4.00; 95%CI: 2.27-7.14); and hospitalization time (OR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.05-1.07). The association between preterm infants with less than 30 week-gestations (OR = 5.62; 95%CI: 1.83-17.28); mechanical ventilation (OR = 1.84; 95%CI: 1.26-2.68); central venous catheters (OR = 2.48; 95%CI: 1.40-4.37); and hospitalization time (OR = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.05-1.07) remained significant after adjustment. Among deaths, 41 (55.4%) were associated with late infections. CONCLUSION Better practices should be adopted in caring for the premature, as well as in the rational use of procedures, to avoid late healthcare-associated infections, preventable deaths, and risks of bacterial multiple drug resistance and environmental contamination.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar os fatores determinantes para infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde (IRAS) tardias em terapia intensiva neonatal e multirresistência bacteriana. MÉTODOS Estudo caso-controle em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal do Estado do Ceará, entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2017. Considerado caso o recém-nascido notificado como IRAS tardia e, controle, aquele sem infecção. Variáveis com valor de p ≤ 0,05 em análise regressiva bivariada inicial foram incluídas em modelo logístico hierarquizado não condicional para análise multivariada. Valores de p menores que 0,01 foram considerados significativos. RESULTADOS Dos 1.132 participantes, 427 (37,7%) tiveram infecções tardias relacionadas a assistência à saúde, com 54 (12,6%) hemoculturas positivas e 14,9% dessas foram bactérias multirresistentes. Na análise bivariada observou-se efeito protetor do sexo feminino (OR = 0,71; IC95% 0,56-0,90) e recém-nascido ≥ 34 semanas (OR = 0,48; IC95% 0,30-0,75). Nos mais prematuros, as infecções tardias tiveram chance dezoito vezes maior em menores do que 30 semanas (OR = 18,61; IC95% 9,84-35,22); e nos menores de 1.500g, quatro vezes maior (OR = 4,18; IC95% 3,12-5,61). O uso de ventilação mecânica aumentou em mais de sete vezes a chance (OR = 7,14; IC95% 5,26-9,09); o mesmo aconteceu com o recurso da nutrição parenteral (OR = 5,88; IC95% 4,54-7,69), com o cateter venoso central (OR = 10,00; IC95% 6,66-16,66); o número de cateteres utilizado (OR = 3,93; IC95% 3,02-5,12); a realização de cirurgia (OR = 4,00; IC95% 2,27-7,14) e o tempo de internamento (OR = 1,06; IC95% 1,05-1,07). Permaneceram significativos após ajuste: prematuro menor do que 30 semanas (OR = 5,62; IC95% 1,83-17,28); uso de ventilação (OR = 1,84; IC95% 1,26-2,68); uso de cateter venoso central (OR = 2,48; IC95% 1,40-4,37) e tempo de internamento (OR = 1,06; IC95% 1,05-1,07). Dentre os óbitos, 41 (55,4%) foram associados às infecções tardias. CONCLUSÃO Melhores práticas devem ser adotadas no cuidado da prematuridade e o uso racional de procedimentos, para evitar infecções tardias relacionadas a assistência à saúde, óbitos preveníveis e riscos de multirresistência bacteriana e contaminação ambiental.


Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Fatores de Risco
6.
Chinese Journal of Primary Medicine and Pharmacy ; (12): 1848-1851, 2021.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM | ID: wpr-909293

RESUMO

Objective:To investigate the targeted surveillance combined with cluster management on isolation protector use rate and hand hygiene qualification rate in caregivers of patients with respiratory tract multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.Methods:Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University began to perform targeted surveillance combined with cluster management among caregivers of patients with multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in July 2019. The caregivers of 50 patients with respiratory tract multidrug-resistant bacterial infections who were admitted before targeted surveillance combined with cluster management were included in the pre-implementation group. The caregivers of 50 patients with respiratory tract multidrug-resistant bacterial infections who were admitted after targeted surveillance combined with cluster management were included in the post-implementation group. Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in caregivers, isolation protector use rate, environmental disinfection and hand hygiene qualification rate were compared between before and after 6 months of targeted surveillance combined with cluster management. The application value of targeted surveillance combined with cluster management in the prevention of respiratory tract multidrug-resistant bacterial infections was analyzed.Results:The number of caregivers with respiratory tract multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in the post-implementation group was lower than that in the pre-implementation group (5 vs. 13, P < 0.05). The proportion of caregivers who wear a mask (94.11%), isolation clothes (80.39%) and gloves (98.03%) in the post-implementation group was significantly higher than that in the pre-implementation group (70.00%, 62.00%, 78.00%, χ2 = 10.027, 4.911, 9.683, all P < 0.05). The proportion of caregivers who were qualified in terms of hand hygiene (82.35%), object surface (76.47%), and keeping the air fresh in the post-implementation group was significantly higher than that in the pre-implementation group (64.00%, 58.00%, 64.00%, χ2 = 4.341, 3.915, 5.450, all P < 0.05). Conclusion:Targeted surveillance combined with cluster management can effectively help prevent respiratory tract multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in caregivers and increase isolation protector use rate and hand hygiene qualification rate.

7.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 45: e5, 2021. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1252038

RESUMO

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar los factores asociados con el éxito del tratamiento de tuberculosis multidrogorresistente (TB-MDR) relacionados con los pacientes y el personal sanitario en seis municipios de Colombia con mayor número de casos. Métodos. Mediante regresiones logísticas bifactorial y multifactorial se analizó la asociación entre el tratamiento exitoso (curación o cumplimiento del tratamiento) y las características de los pacientes, y de los médicos, profesionales de enfermería y psicólogos vinculados al tratamiento. Se exploró la importancia del conocimiento en el manejo de los casos de TB-MDR mediante grupos focales con esos profesionales. Resultados. De los 128 casos con TB-MDR, 63 (49,2%) tuvieron un tratamiento exitoso. Solo 52,9% de los médicos y profesionales de enfermería tenía conocimientos satisfactorios sobre TB-MDR. La regresión logística mostró que ser negativo al VIH, estar afiliado al régimen de aseguramiento de salud contributivo, estar atendido por un médico del sexo masculino y por profesionales de enfermería con conocimientos suficientes se asociaron con un desenlace exitoso del tratamiento (p ≤ 0,05). El análisis cualitativo mostró la necesidad de profundizar y sistematizar la capacitación del personal sanitario que atiende los casos de TB-MDR. Conclusiones. En el éxito del tratamiento de los casos de TB-MDR influyen algunas características de los pacientes y el personal sanitario. Se requiere fortalecer los conocimientos sobre TB-MDR de médicos y enfermeros, y reforzar el seguimiento de los pacientes con TB-MDR positivos al VIH y de los que pertenecen al régimen subsidiado, dada su menor probabilidad de éxito al tratamiento.


ABSTRACT Objective. To identify patient- and provider-related factors associated with the success of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment in the six municipalities of Colombia with the highest number of MDR-TB cases. Methods. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze the association between treatment success (cure or treatment completion) and characteristics of the patients and physicians, nursing professionals, and psychologists involved in their treatment. The importance of knowledge in the management of MDR-TB cases was explored through focus groups with these providers. Results. Of 128 cases of TB-MDR, 63 (49.2%) experienced treatment success. Only 52.9% of the physicians and nursing professionals had satisfactory knowledge about MDR-TB. Logistic regression showed that being HIV negative, being affiliated with the contributory health insurance scheme, being cared for by a male physician, and being cared for by nursing professionals with sufficient knowledge were associated with a successful treatment outcome (p ≤ 0.05). Qualitative analysis showed the need for in-depth, systematic training of health personnel who care for patients with MDR-TB. Conclusions. Some characteristics of patients and healthcare providers influence treatment success in MDR-TB cases. Physicians' and nurses' knowledge about MDR-TB must be improved, and follow-up of MDR-TB patients who are living with HIV and of those affiliated with the subsidized health insurance scheme in Colombia must be strengthened, as these patients have a lower likelihood of a successful treatment outcome.


RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar os fatores associados ao êxito do tratamento da tuberculose multirresistente (TBMR) relacionados ao paciente e à equipe de saúde nos seis municípios da Colômbia com o maior número de casos. Métodos. Mediante regressão logística bifatorial e multifatorial, analisou-se a associação entre o êxito do tratamento (cura ou completude do tratamento) e as características dos pacientes e dos médicos, profissionais de enfermagem e psicólogos envolvidos neste. Explorou-se a importância do conhecimento no manejo de casos de TBMR mediante grupos focais com os mesmos profissionais. Resultados. Dos 128 casos de TBMR, 63 (49.2%) lograram êxito no tratamento. Somente 52.9% dos médicos e profissionais de enfermagem tinham conhecimentos satisfatórios sobre TBMR. A regressão logística demonstrou que soronegatividade para o HIV, cobertura pelo sistema de saúde sob o regime de contribuinte, atendimento por um médico do sexo masculino e atendimento por profissionais de enfermagem com conhecimento suficiente foram fatores associados ao êxito do tratamento (p ≤ 0,05). A análise qualitativa demonstrou necessidade de aprofundar e sistematizar a capacitação do pessoal de saúde que atende casos de TBMR. Conclusões. Algumas características do paciente e da equipe de saúde influenciam no êxito do tratamento de casos de TBMR. É preciso fortalecer os conhecimentos dos médicos e profissionais de enfermagem sobre a TBMR e reforçar o seguimento dos pacientes com TBMR que vivem com HIV e os filiados ao sistema de saúde colombiano pelo regime subsidiado, os quais têm menor probabilidade de êxito do tratamento.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Pessoal de Saúde , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/terapia , Modelos Logísticos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do Tratamento , Competência Clínica , Grupos Focais , Colômbia , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico
8.
Cambios rev. méd ; 19(2): 38-43, 2020-12-29.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1179341

RESUMO

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las infecciones del tracto urinario por variedad de bacterias uropatógenas multiresistentes se deben al uso de tratamiento empírico o automedicación. OBJETIVO. Describir en las infecciones de tracto urinario los métodos diagnósticos, tratamiento empírico y la multirresistencia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo. Población y muestra de 73 Historias Clínicas de pacientes atendidos en la Unidad de Adultos Área de Emergencias del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín en el período enero a diciembre 2018. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos, con diagnóstico clínico y por laboratorio de infección del tracto urinario superior e inferior. La información se obtuvo mediante la base de datos AS400, y se procesó en Epi-info y Excel. RESULTADOS. El 71,23% (52; 73) de mujeres tuvieron infección del tracto urinario. Escherichia coli fue frecuente en un 48,39% (15; 31), con mayor resistencia al Clotrimoxazol. El tratamiento empírico con Ciprofloxacino fue utilizado en 27,40% (20; 73). DISCUSIÓN: Se observó controversia en los tipos de estudios de imagen solicitados para el diagnóstico acorde a la clase de infección de tracto urinario así como el tratamiento empírico por factores propios de cada localidad que evitaron resistencia. CONCLUSIÓN. Escherichia coli se aisló de manera frecuente y registró mayor resistencia al Clotrimoxazol; el principal antibiótico prescrito como tratamiento empírico fue la Ciprofloxacina; el examen más solicitado fue la Urotomografía.


INTRODUCTION. Urinary tract infections due to a variety of multi-resistant uropathogenic bacteria are due to the use of empirical treatment or self-medication. OBJECTIVE. Describe diagnostic methods, empirical treatment and multidrug resistance in urinary tract infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive, retrospective study. Population and sample of 73 Medical Records of patients treated in the Emergency Area Adult Unit of the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialty Hospital in the period january to december 2018. Patients older than 18 years of age, of both sexes, with clinical diagnosis and due to upper and lower urinary tract infection laboratory. The information was obtained through the AS400 database, and was processed in Epi-info and Excel. RESULTS. 71,23% (52; 73) of women had urinary tract infection. Escherichia coli was frequent in 48,39% (15; 31), with greater resistance to Clotrimoxazole. Empirical treatment with Ciprofloxacin was used in 27,40% (20; 73). DISCUSSION: Controversy was observed in the types of imaging studies requested for diagnosis according to the class of urinary tract infection as well as the empirical treatment due to factors specific to each locality that prevented resistance. CONCLUSION. Escherichia coli was frequently isolated and showed greater resistance to Clotrimoxazole; the main antibiotic prescribed as empirical treatment was Ciprofloxacin; the most requested examination was the Urotomography.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pielonefrite , Sistema Urinário , Cistite , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Emergências , Infecções por Escherichia coli , Infecções Urinárias , Ciprofloxacina , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Diagnóstico , Microbiologia , Antibacterianos
9.
Rev. cuba. med. mil ; 48(3): e335, jul.-set. 2019. tab, fig
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-1126628

RESUMO

Introducción: El Acinetobacter spp. se ha convertido en un germen de gran relevancia clínica, resulta un verdadero paradigma de las infecciones nosocomiales multirresistentes. Objetivo: Caracterizar los aislamientos microbiológicos de Acinetobacter spp. en infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo que incluyó 280 aislamientos de Acinetobacter spp. de las muestras provenientes de pacientes hospitalizados, en el periodo de tres años (del 2016 al 2018) en el Hospital Comandante "Manuel Fajardo Rivero". Las variables del estudio fueron: salas de procedencia del aislamiento, tipo de muestra, factor predictivo, diagnóstico infectológico, susceptibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro y multidrogorresistencia, Resultados: El mayor número de aislamientos de Acinetobacter spp. se obtuvo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (78,9 por ciento), las secreciones respiratorias fueron las muestras con más aislamientos (58,9 por ciento), la ventilación mecánica resultó el factor predictivo más frecuente (67,9 por ciento) y como diagnóstico infectológico, la neumonía asociada al ventilador (66,8 por ciento). Se encontró un porcentaje elevado de cepas con multidrogorresistencia (73,6 por ciento). Conclusiones: El Acinetobacter spp. se encuentra vinculado a las infecciones asociadas a los servicios de salud, fundamentalmente en los cuidados intensivos. Los antimicrobianos probados evidenciaron altos porcentajes de resistencia, con predominio de las cepas multidrogorresistentes(AU)


Introduction: Acinetobacter spp. has become a germ of great clinical relevance, it is a true paradigm of multiresistant nosocomial infections. Objective: To characterize the microbiological isolates of Acinetobacter spp. in infections associated with health care. Methods: Descriptive study that included 280 isolates of Acinetobacter spp. from the samples of hospitalized patients, in the period of three years (from 2016 to 2018) in the Hospital Comandante "Manuel Fajardo Rivero". The variables of the study were: wards of origin of the isolation, type of sample, predictive factor, infectious diagnosis, antimicrobial susceptibility in vitro and multidrug resistance. Results: The highest number of isolates of Acinetobacter spp. was obtained in the intensive care unit (78.9 percent), the respiratory secretions were the samples with the most isolations (58.9 percent), mechanical ventilation was the most frequent predictor (67.9 percent) and as an infectious diagnosis, ventilator-associated pneumonia (66.8 percent). A high percentage of strains with multidrug resistance (73.6 percent) was found. Conclusions: Acinetobacter spp. is linked to infections associated with health services, mainly in intensive care. The antimicrobials tested showed high percentages of resistance, with a predominance of multidrug resistant strains(AU)


Assuntos
Infecções por Acinetobacter/parasitologia , Infecções por Acinetobacter/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Secreções Corporais , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Estudo Observacional
10.
Journal of Chinese Physician ; (12): 1837-1840, 2019.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM | ID: wpr-824313

RESUMO

Objective To analyze the risk factors of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRO) infection in patients in Neurosurgical intensive care unit (NSICU),and to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment.Methods 1 251 patients with NSICU in our hospital from January 2012 to March 2018 were selected as the study subjects.The bacterial specimens were extracted.380 patients with MDRO infection were the observation group,and 871 patients with non-MDRO infection in NSICU were the control group.The patients'medical records and clinical information were retrospectively analyzed,and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of MDRO infection in NSICU patients.Results There was no significant difference in the gender,age and body mass index (BMI) between the observation group and the control group (P > 0.05).There was statistical significance in the proportion of hospitalization time,operation,use of urethra tube,mechanical ventilation,serious basic diseases and rational use of antibiotics between the observation group and the control group (P < 0.05).According to the analysis on proportion of colony samples,the highest proportion in the observation group was sputum samples,accounted for 45.00%,followed by urine samples (21.58%),and the lowest proportion was other types of samples,accounted for 1.84%.The results of MDRO test showed that the highest proportion of pathogens was methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA),accounted for 33.69%,followed by pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA),carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii (CR-AB),and the lowest proportion was stenotrophomonas maltophilia (SM),accounted for 1.58%.Logistic regression analysis showed that surgery,catheterization,mechanical ventilation,serious basic diseases and abuse of antibiotics were risk factors for MDRO infection in NSICU patients (P < 0.05).Conclusions Invasive manipulation and antimicrobial abuse are the main risk factors for MDRO infection in NSICU patients,among which respiratory tract infection is the most serious and MRSA strain infection is the most common.The management of drugs and therapeutic devices should be scientific,rational and standardized in order to reduce the infection rate of MDRO.

11.
Journal of Chinese Physician ; (12): 1837-1840, 2019.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM | ID: wpr-800569

RESUMO

Objective@#To analyze the risk factors of multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRO) infection in patients in Neurosurgical intensive care unit (NSICU), and to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment.@*Methods@#1 251 patients with NSICU in our hospital from January 2012 to March 2018 were selected as the study subjects. The bacterial specimens were extracted. 380 patients with MDRO infection were the observation group, and 871 patients with non-MDRO infection in NSICU were the control group. The patients' medical records and clinical information were retrospectively analyzed, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of MDRO infection in NSICU patients.@*Results@#There was no significant difference in the gender, age and body mass index (BMI) between the observation group and the control group (P>0.05). There was statistical significance in the proportion of hospitalization time, operation, use of urethra tube, mechanical ventilation, serious basic diseases and rational use of antibiotics between the observation group and the control group (P<0.05). According to the analysis on proportion of colony samples, the highest proportion in the observation group was sputum samples, accounted for 45.00%, followed by urine samples (21.58%), and the lowest proportion was other types of samples, accounted for 1.84%. The results of MDRO test showed that the highest proportion of pathogens was methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), accounted for 33.69%, followed by pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii (CR-AB), and the lowest proportion was stenotrophomonas maltophilia (SM), accounted for 1.58%. Logistic regression analysis showed that surgery, catheterization, mechanical ventilation, serious basic diseases and abuse of antibiotics were risk factors for MDRO infection in NSICU patients (P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#Invasive manipulation and antimicrobial abuse are the main risk factors for MDRO infection in NSICU patients, among which respiratory tract infection is the most serious and MRSA strain infection is the most common. The management of drugs and therapeutic devices should be scientific, rational and standardized in order to reduce the infection rate of MDRO.

12.
Korean Journal of Medicine ; : 107-113, 2019.
Artigo em Coreano | WPRIM | ID: wpr-741124

RESUMO

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We investigated the risk of multidrug-resistant, gram-negative bacteria (MDRGNB) in hospitalized elderly patients from non-hospital long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and the antibiotic prescription pattern. METHODS: All clinical cultures obtained within 48 hours of hospitalization from elderly patients of at least 55 years of age arriving at a 623-bed, public teaching hospital in Seoul, Republic of Korea from LTCFs between April 1, 2011 and April 1, 2012 were collected retrospectively. RESULTS: During this period, 365 elderly persons from 13 LTCFs were hospitalized. This study enrolled 135 patients who had cultures performed. In this group, 27.4% harbored MDRGNB at hospitalization. The presence of MDRGNB during prior hospitalization was the only risk factor that predicted harboring it (p = 0.043, odds ratio = 5.00, confidence interval = 1.049-23.834). Combinations of antibiotics or carbapenems were used initially in 35.6% of the patients, and this did not affect the mortality rate in this population. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized elderly patients from non-hospital LTCFs need more attention. Judicious antibiotic selection is needed according to the risk factor of harboring MDRGNB for antibiotics stewardship.


Assuntos
Idoso , Humanos , Antibacterianos , Carbapenêmicos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Hospitalização , Hospitais de Ensino , Assistência de Longa Duração , Mortalidade , Razão de Chances , Prescrições , República da Coreia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Seul
13.
Cogit. Enferm. (Online) ; 24: e59324, 2019. tab, graf
Artigo em Português | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1019757

RESUMO

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar na literatura publicações acerca da participação do enfermeiro nos programas de gestão do uso de antimicrobianos. Método: revisão integrativa com busca nas bases de dados: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System on Line, Literatura Latino-Americana de Ciências da Saúde e Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Como critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados artigos disponíveis na íntegra, publicados entre janeiro de 2007 e maio de 2018, nos idiomas português, inglês ou espanhol. Resultados: foram encontrados 140 artigos, 12 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, e foram organizados em três categorias: "competências do enfermeiro nos programas de gestão do uso de antimicrobianos" (cinco artigos), "déficit de conhecimento e necessidade de capacitação" (seis artigos) e "ação sistêmica" (um artigo). Conclusão: os enfermeiros podem contribuir de forma substancial com os Programas de Gerenciamento do uso de Antimicrobianos, porém são necessárias ações educacionais, pesquisas e políticas públicas para que a sua participação seja efetiva.


RESUMEN Objetivo: Investigar publicaciones sobre la participación del enfermero en programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos. Método: Revisión integrativa con búsqueda en bases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System on Line, Literatura Latinoamericana en Ciencias de la Salud y Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Para inclusión, fueron seleccionados artículos disponibles integralmente, publicados entre enero de 2007 y mayo de 2018, publicados en portugués, inglés o español. Resultados: Se encontraron 140 artículos, 12 atendían los criterios de inclusión. Fueron organizados en tres categorías: "competencias del enfermero en los programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos" (cinco artículos), "déficit de conocimiento y necesidad de capacitación" (seis artículos), y "acción sistémica" (un artículo). Conclusión: Los enfermeros pueden contribuir sustancialmente con los Programas de Optimización del Uso de Antimicrobianos, resultando necesarias acciones educativas, investigaciones y políticas públicas para que su participación resulte efectiva.


ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate publications in the literature on the participation of nurses in antimicrobial stewardship programs. Method: Integrative review with search in the following databases: the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. As inclusion criteria, full articles in Portuguese, English, or Spanish published between January 2007 and May 2018 were selected. Results: Of the 140 articles found, 12 met the inclusion criteria, and were organized into the following three categories: "nurses' competencies in antimicrobials stewardship programs" (five articles), "lack of knowledge and need for training" (six articles), and "systemic action" (one article). Conclusion: Nurses may contribute significantly to antimicrobial stewardship programs; however, educational actions, studies, and public policies are necessary for their effective participation.


Assuntos
Humanos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Gestão de Antimicrobianos , Enfermeiros , Competência Profissional
14.
Rev Rene (Online) ; 20: e41281, 2019. tab
Artigo em Português | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1040996

RESUMO

Objetivo identificar o conhecimento de enfermeiros de hospital de ensino universitário sobre bactérias multirresistentes. Métodos estudo transversal e prospectivo, com participação de 109 enfermeiros. Coleta de dados por meio de questionário com questões abertas e fechadas. A análise estatística, seu deu por meio do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Resultados 67,0% dos participantes consideraram o conhecimento adquirido na graduação relativo a bactérias multirresistentes insuficiente para o enfrentamento destas, com predomínio dos formados anterior ao ano de 2005; do processo de transmissão, predominaram os profissionais mais jovens. Conclusão o conhecimento sobre bactérias multirresistentes foi maior entre profissionais mais jovens, de formação mais recente, com iniciativa individual para expandir o conhecimento sobre o tema e participação em treinamentos em serviço. O Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar foi a principal fonte provedora de conhecimentos para os enfermeiros participantes do estudo.


Objective to identify the knowledge of nurses of a teaching hospital about multidrug resistant bacteria. Methods cross-sectional and prospective study with the participation of 109 nurses. Data collection used a questionnaire with open and objective questions. Statistical analysis used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Results 67.0% of the participants considered the knowledge acquired in the graduation regarding multi-resistant bacteria insufficient to deal with them, with a predominance of professionals graduated before the year 2005; in the transmission process, younger professionals predominated. Conclusion knowledge about multidrug-resistant bacteria was higher among younger, more recently graduated professionals, with proactive enough to expand knowledge about the subject and to participate in in-service training. The Hospital Infection Control Service was the main source of knowledge for nurses participating in the study.


Assuntos
Traumatismos da Medula Espinal , Bexiga Urinaria Neurogênica , Conhecimento , Cuidados de Enfermagem
15.
Journal of the Korean Medical Association ; : 26-35, 2018.
Artigo em Coreano | WPRIM | ID: wpr-766446

RESUMO

Antimicrobial resistance is an important global threat to public health. Hospitals, in particular, are increasingly faced with the emergence and transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs). In hospitals, MDROs are transmitted via the hands of healthcare workers, from the contaminated environment, or directly from person to person. Although the transmission of MDROs is frequently recognized in acute care facilities, all healthcare settings are affected by MDROs. Given the evolving epidemiology of MDROs and the complexity of managing them across heterogeneous healthcare settings, multimodal strategies should be adopted to control and prevent the transmission of MDROs. It is fundamental to ensure adherence to evidence-based healthcare-associated infection prevention strategies, including hand hygiene, antimicrobial stewardship, and adequate environmental cleaning, and to ensure the reliable performance of basic infection prevention practices known to mitigate the transmission of MDROs. Healthcare-associated infections and MDROs should be surveilled in a standardized manner in order to detect outbreaks and newly introduced MDROs in healthcare facilities. When epidemiologically important pathogens newly emerge in healthcare facilities or to control outbreaks of specific pathogens, active surveillance cultures combined with preemptive isolation and contact precautions can also be implemented. Healthcare facilities should make sure that appropriate strategies are fully implemented, regularly evaluated for effectiveness, and adjusted as needed. Successful prevention and control of MDROs can be accomplished by administrative leadership, financial and human resource commitments by individual healthcare facilities, and continuous governmental efforts to make resources available for infection prevention and control.


Assuntos
Humanos , Atenção à Saúde , Surtos de Doenças , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Epidemiologia , Mãos , Higiene das Mãos , Liderança , Saúde Pública
16.
Univ. salud ; 19(3): 378-387, sep.-dic. 2017. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-904675

RESUMO

Resumen Introducción: Los antibióticos son moléculas bactericidas/bacteriostáticas que controlan infecciones bacterianas, su uso incorrecto favorece multirresistencia o falla terapéutica en el caso de cepas bacterianas naturalmente resistentes, generando así un riesgo para la salud. Objetivo: Analizar el uso de antibióticos en antibiogramas de urocultivos realizados por un laboratorio clínico (región centro-occidental, Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo. Se tomaron datos de urocultivos y antibiogramas realizados entre abril de 2014 a junio de 2015 por un laboratorio clínico de la región centro-occidental de Colombia. Los datos obtenidos fueron confrontados con los protocolos descritos por el Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia. Resultados: Se analizaron 1815 reportes de urocultivos y antibiogramas, identificando 18 especies bacterianas. En el 22,3%(403) de casos se evaluaron y reportaron antibióticos sobre microorganismos naturalmente resistentes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa presentó mayor resistencia, el antibiótico con mayor resistencia fue ácido nalidíxico (66,7%). Conclusión: El estudio mostró que existe un problema en cuanto al manejo, reporte e interpretación de antibiogramas frente a microorganismos naturalmente resistentes, que podría favorecer el desarrollo de multirresistencia en microorganismos sensibles de la flora bacteriana. Una revisión de la bibliografía nacional e internacional, mostró reportes similares; ningún autor menciona resistencias intrínsecas, por lo que los datos de antibiótico resistencia serían sobreevaluados.


Abstract Introduction: Antibiotics are bactericidal/bacteriostatic molecules that control bacterial infections, its misuse favors multidrug or therapeutic failure in the case of naturally resistant bacterial strains, thus generating a health risk. Objective: To analyze the use of antibiotics in urine antibiograms carried out by a clinical laboratory (central-western region, Colombia). Materials and methods: A descriptive-retrospective study was made. Urine and antibiograms data were collected from April 2014 to June 2015 by a clinical laboratory in the central-western region of Colombia. The obtained data was confronted with the protocols described by the National Institute of Health of Colombia. Results: 1815 reports of urine and antibiograms were analyzed, identifying 18 bacterial species. In the 22.3% (403) of cases, antibiotics were evaluated and reported on naturally resistant microorganisms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed greater resistance and the antibiotic with the highest resistance was nalidixic acid (66.7%). Conclusion: The study showed that there is a problem in managing, reporting and interpreting antibiograms against naturally resistant microorganisms, which could favor the development of multidrug in sensitive microorganisms of bacterial flora. A review of national and international bibliography showed similar reports; however, no author mentions intrinsic resistances, so the data of antibiotic resistance would be over evaluated.


Assuntos
Antibacterianos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana
17.
Rev. méd. Urug ; 33(3): 195-206, set. 2017. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-860018

RESUMO

En los últimos diez años, en esta era posantibiótica, la colistina ha resurgido como un último recurso frente a infecciones por patógenos como Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii complex y enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas. Cayó en desuso previamente dados sus efectos adversos potencialmente graves, como la nefro y neurotoxicidad, pero hoy revive como parte fundamental de los planes antibióticos frente a patógenos extremadamente resistentes. El aumento de su uso conlleva a la emergencia de resistencia, encontrándonos frente a una situación potencialmente catastrófica, en particular dada la recientemente descrita presencia de plásmidos transferibles entre especies conteniendo genes que confieren resistencia a colistina (gen mcr-1), mecanismo detectado también en nuestro país. En la presente revisión, basados en los conocimientos actuales sobre la farmacocinética y la farmacodinamia, se describe en detalle la dosificación apropiada con necesidad de realizar dosis carga para alcanzar los niveles terapéuticos adecuados, así como aspectos prácticos de la administración en casos de meningitis/ventriculitis posquirúrgica y del empleo por vía nebulizada para el tratamiento de la neumonía asociada a la ventilación. Se destaca la necesidad de su uso combinado con otro antibiótico activo in vitro, en particular en pacientes críticos y en aquellos con un clearance de creatininemia mayor a 80 ml/min. La biterapia es necesaria en particular si la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) del patógeno es mayor a 1 mg/l, debido al riesgo de subdosificación y emergencia de resistencia intratratamiento. En una segunda sección se aborda la complejidad de la dosificación en función de las distintas presentaciones comercializadas a nivel nacional que han conducido a errores en la posología, con un riesgo mayor de eventual toxicidad. Con el objetivo de mejorar la comprensión referente a la rotulación de la dosis a administrar de colistina se revisaron los insertos y envases primarios de las presentaciones de colistina comercialmente disponibles en Uruguay, a efectos de solicitar formal y documentalmente a las empresas farmacéuticas representantes, se expidan en cuanto a los contenidos de colistina (droga activa) y de su profármaco, el colistimetato sódico (CMS). Finalmente se elaboraron una serie de recomendaciones en cuanto a la información que a entender de los autores debieran exhibir las distintas presentaciones de colistina comercialmente disponibles para no inducir a errores en la prescripción.


In the recent 10 years, in this post-antibiotic era, colisitin has reappeared as the last resource to face infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii complex and carbapenemase-producing enterobacteriaceae. At some point the use of colistin was discontinued given its potentially severe side effects, such as nephro and neurotoxicity , although it reemerges today as an essential part of antibiotic plans when facing extremely resistant pathogens. This increase in the use of colistin has led to an antibiotic resistance emergency and thus today we face a potentially catastrophic situation. This happens in particular in connection with the recently described presence of transferable plasmids among species containing genes that confer resistance to colistin (gen mcr-1), a mechanism also identified in our country. This review describes in detail the right dosing with the need to make load doses to achieve the appropriate therapeutic levels, based on current knowledge on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as practical aspects in the administration of the drug in cases of postsurgical meningitis/ventriculitis and the use by nebulization for the treatment of ventilation associated pneumonia. The study points out the need to use colistin along with another in-vitro active antibiotic, especially in critical patients and those with a creatinine clearance over 80 ml/min. Dual pharmacotherapy is necessary in particular if the pathogen´s minimuminhibitory concentration (MIC) is higher than 1 mg/min, due to intra-treatment risk of sub-dosing and resistance emergency. Likewise, in second section, the study addresses the complex nature of dosing given by the different presentations available in the market at the national level, what has resulted in dosage errors, and thus a higher risk of toxicity. The insets and primary packaging of colistin presentation available in the Uruguayan marketing were reviewed with the purpose of improving understanding in connection with the labeling of the doses to be administered. With that information, the pharmaceutical industries agents will be formally asked in writing to inform the colistin content (active drug) and its prodrug colistimethate sodium. Last, a number of recommendations were prepared as to the Information the authors understand should appear in the different presentations of colistin that is available in the market, to avoid prescription errors.


Nos últimos 10 anos, nesta era pós-antibiótica, a colistina reapareceu como um último recurso para enfrentar infecções por patógenos como Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii complexo e enterobactérias produtoras de carbapenemases. Durante um período não foi utilizada devido a seus efeitos adversos potencialmente graves como a nefro e a neurotoxicidade, porém atualmente é parte fundamental da antibioticoterapia nos casos de patógenos extremadamente resistentes. O aumento de seu uso levou ao aparecimento de resistência e como consequência, de uma situação potencialmente catastrófica, especialmente a recentemente descrita presença de plasmídeos transferíveis entre espécies que contém genes que conferem resistência a colistina (gen mcr-1), mecanismo detectado também no Uruguai. Nesta revisão, baseados nos conhecimentos atuais sobre a farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica, descreve-se detalhadamente a dosagem apropriada com necessidade de realizar doses carga para alcançar os niveles terapêuticos adequados, e os aspectos práticos da administração nos casos de meningite/ventriculite pós-operatória e de seu emprego na nebulização para o tratamento da pneumonia associada à ventilação. Destaca-se a necessidade de seu uso combinado com outro antibiótico ativo in vitro, especialmente em pacientes críticos e naqueles com clearance de creatininemia maior a 80 ml/min. A bi terapia é necessária principalmente se a concentração inibitória mínima do patógeno é maior a 1 mg/l, devido ao risco de subnotificação e o aparecimento de resistência intratratamiento. Na segunda parte, discute-se a complexidade da dosagem em função das diferentes apresentações comercializadas no país que levaram a erros na posologia, com um maior risco de toxicidade. Buscando melhorar a compreensão dos aspectos relacionados a rotulação da dose de colistina revisaram-se as bulas e as embalagens primárias das apresentações de colistina comercialmente disponíveis no Uruguai, para solicitar formal e documentalmente às empresas farmacêuticas representantes, informação sobre a dosagem de colistina (droga ativa) e de seu precursor o colistimetato de sódio (CMS). Finalmente elabora-se uma série de recomendações com relação à informação que os autores consideram que deveria ser oferecida nas diferentes apresentações de colistina comercialmente disponíveis para não induzir a erros na prescrição.


Assuntos
Humanos , Colistina/uso terapêutico , Monitoramento de Medicamentos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla
18.
Tianjin Medical Journal ; (12): 1266-1270,前插3, 2017.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM | ID: wpr-664944

RESUMO

Objective To investigate antibiotics resistance of Proteus mirabilis isolated from stools of patients with acute diarrhea for the prevention and treatment of its infection and the rational use of antibiotics. Methods Stool samples of acute diarrhea patients were collected in the diarrhea outpatient clinic of the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University and Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from 2013 to 2014. Enrichment culture and biochemical identification were used to isolate and identify Proteus mirabilis, which were further performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing and class 1 integron detection. Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) phenotype and ESBLs genes (TEM, OXA and CTX-M) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing were carried on in parts of suspected isolates. ESBLs-positive strains were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results A total of 277 strains of non-repetitive Proteus mirabilis were isolated, and 268 of them were performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing (the remaining 9 strains failed to recover). Relative higher resistant rates were trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (30.2%), ampicillin (25.4%), nalidixic acid (25.7%), streptomycin (21.6%) and chloramphenicol (21.3%). The multiple drug resistance rate was 24.6% (66/268). The positive rate of class 1 integron was 22.8%(61/268). Resistance rates to third-generation cephalosporin, ciprofloxacin and imipenem were less than 10%, but 4 isolates were resistant to imipenem, third-generation cephalosporin, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol simultaneously. Three cefotaxime-resistant strains (1062, 1505 and 1650) were positive for ESBLs phenotype and harbored CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes, among them 2 strains also carried TEM and/or OXA β-lactamase genes. The clustering analysis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) displayed that the similarities between 1505 and 1650 were 85.7%, and the similarity with 1062 was 58.1%. Conclusion Proteus mirabilis isolated from patients with acute diarrhea in our city show significant multidrug resistance, high positive rate of class 1 integron, and emergence of ESBLs-positive strains resistant to imipenem and fluoroquinolones, which pose a threat to public health. Rational use of antibiotics is important in both clinical and nonclinical settings.

19.
Chinese Journal of Laboratory Medicine ; (12): 7-10, 2017.
Artigo em Chinês | WPRIM | ID: wpr-506983

RESUMO

Integron was a novel bacterial resistance gene horizontal transmission element.In recent years, many researchers made a lot of research on the resistance mechanism of pathogen.In this paper, the detection and the novel discovery of the integron gene cassette were summarized , including Enterobacteria, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria , on the basis of the multidrug resistance mechanism mediated by integron.The prospect the research was descixbed and more attention should be paid to the prevention and control of multidrug resistant bacteria.

20.
Rev. saúde pública ; 51: 41, 2017. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS | ID: biblio-845881

RESUMO

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence and factors associated with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Espírito Santo, Brazil. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of cases of tuberculosis tested for first-line drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin) in Espírito Santo between 2002 and 2012. We have used laboratory data and registration of cases of tuberculosis – from the Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação and Sistema para Tratamentos Especiais de Tuberculose. Individuals have been classified as resistant and non-resistant and compared in relation to the sociodemographic, clinical, and epidemiological variables. Some variables have been included in a logistic regression model to establish the factors associated with resistance. RESULTS In the study period, 1,669 individuals underwent anti-tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing. Of these individuals, 10.6% showed resistance to any anti-tuberculosis drug. The rate of multidrug resistance observed, that is, to rifampicin and isoniazid, has been 5%. After multiple analysis, we have identified as independent factors associated with resistant tuberculosis: history of previous treatment of tuberculosis [recurrence (OR = 7.72; 95%CI 4.24–14.05) and re-entry after abandonment (OR = 3.91; 95%CI 1.81–8.43)], smoking (OR = 3.93; 95%CI 1.98–7.79), and positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the time of notification of the case (OR = 3.22; 95%CI 1.15–8.99). CONCLUSIONS The partnership between tuberculosis control programs and health teams working in the network of Primary Health Care needs to be strengthened. This would allow the identification and monitoring of individuals with a history of previous treatment of tuberculosis and smoking. Moreover, the expansion of the offer of the culture of tuberculosis and anti-tuberculosis drug susceptibility testing would provide greater diagnostic capacity for the resistant types in Espírito Santo.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a prevalência e fatores associados à tuberculose resistente no Espírito Santo. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal dos casos de tuberculose testados para fármacos de primeira linha (isoniazida, rifampicina, pirazinamida, etambutol e estreptomicina) no Espírito Santo entre 2002 e 2012. Foram utilizados dados laboratoriais e de registro de casos de tuberculose – Sistema Nacional de Agravos de Notificação e Sistema para Tratamentos Especiais de Tuberculose. Os indivíduos foram classificados em resistentes e não resistentes, e comparados para variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e epidemiológicas. Algumas variáveis foram inclusas em um modelo de regressão logística para estabelecimento de fatores associados à resistência. RESULTADOS No período do estudo, 1.669 indivíduos tiveram o teste de sensibilidade aos fármacos antituberculose realizado. Destes, 10,6% apresentaram resistência a qualquer droga antituberculose. A taxa de multirresistência observada, isto é, à rifampicina e isoniazida, foi de 5%. Após a análise múltipla, foram identificados como fatores associados independentes para tuberculose resistente: história de tratamento prévio para tuberculose [Recidiva (OR = 7,72; IC95% 4,24–14,05) e reingresso após abandono (OR = 3,91; IC95% 1,81–8,43)], tabagismo (OR = 3,93; IC95% 1,98–7,79) e cultura positiva para Mycobacterium tuberculosis no momento da notificação do caso (OR = 3,22; IC95% 1,15–8,99). CONCLUSÕES É necessário o fortalecimento da parceria entre os programas de controle de tuberculose e as equipes de saúde que atuam na rede de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Isso possibilitaria identificar e acompanhar indivíduos com história de tratamento prévio para tuberculose e tabagismo. Além disso, a ampliação da oferta de cultura e Teste de Sensibilidade a fármacos antituberculose proporcionaria maior capacidade diagnóstica para as formas resistentes no Espírito Santo.


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos
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