RESUMO
RESUMEN Esta revisión presenta una metodología de análisis espacial de las principales interrelaciones entre los componentes ambientales: atmosférico, geosférico, hidrosférico, biosférico y antroposférico y la variabilidad climática de temperatura y precipitación, que se proyectan hasta el 2100, en la cuenca Torca, en Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. Los humedales de la cuenca son de importancia local, nacional e internacional, por los servicios ecosistémicos de soporte de flora y fauna. Para ello, mediante los sistemas de información geográfica (SIG), se establecieron apreciaciones prospectivas con resultados ya establecidos, desde 2011 al 2040, desde 2041 hasta 2070 y desde 2071 al 2100. Se identificaron, relaciones de interconectividad entre los sistemas naturales y humanos, para entender las capacidades de adaptación a las variaciones de temperatura y de precipitación, que se proyectan en la Cuenca. Uno de los resultados más relevantes está asociado a que los análisis prospectivos multitemporales, a escalas regionales, necesitan más detalle, para generar planes de acción concretos en los ecosistemas estratégicos, como lo son los humedales de la Cuenca. Adicionalmente, la Estructura Ecológica Principal, de la cual, hace parte la cuenca Torca, que aun cumple sus funciones de regulación, pero se encuentra en peligro de degradación, debido al acelerado crecimiento de Bogotá y el fenómeno de conurbación con los municipios aledaños, como Chía, Sopó y Cajicá, lo que disminuiría sus capacidades de adaptabilidad a la variabilidad climática proyectada.
ABSTRACT This review presents a methodology for the spatial analysis of the main interrelationships between the environmental components: atmospheric, geospheric, hydrospheric, biospheric and anthropospheric, and the climatic variability of temperature and precipitation that are projected until the year 2100, in the Torca basin in the city from Bogota, Colombia. The wetlands of the basin are of local, national and international importance, due to the ecosystem services that support flora and fauna. Then, through geographic information systems (GIS), prospective appraisals were established with results already established from 2011 to 2040, from 2041 to 2070 and from 2071 to 2100. Interconnectivity relationships between natural and human systems were identified, to understand the capacities to adapt to variations in temperature and precipitation that are projected in the Basin. One of the most relevant results is associated with the fact that multitemporal prospective analyzes at regional scales need more detail to generate concrete plans of action in strategic ecosystems, such as the wetlands of the Basin. Additionally, the Main Ecological Structure, of which the Torca basin is part, which still fulfills its regulatory functions, but is in danger of degradation due to the rapid growth of the city of Bogotá and the phenomenon of conurbation with neighboring municipalities such as Chía, Sopó and Cajicá, which would decrease their adaptability capacities to the projected climate variability.
RESUMO
O Pantanal é um dos ecossistemas mais ricos em biodiversidade do Brasil, estendendo-se pelos territórios de Mato Grosso e de Mato Grosso do Sul, além de pequenas porções da Bolívia e Paraguai. A compreensão desse sistema é muito importante, já que para preservar é necessário conhecer. Assim, através da utilização de imagens MODIS, objetivou-se estimar as diferenças de cobertura do solo do Pantanal entre os anos de 2003 e 2010, avaliando a capacidade dessas imagens na identificação das mudanças na cobertura do solo da região. O limite de Pantanal adotado foi adaptado de limites consagrados na literatura; o método utilizado para a classificação das imagens foi o da classificação automática não supervisionada. Como resultado foi identificada a diminuição da vegetação arbóreo-arbustiva e o aumento das áreas de gramíneas entre os anos de estudo.
The Pantanal is one of the richest Brazilian ecosystems in terms of biodiversity, extending into the territories of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, as well as small portions of Bolivia and Paraguay. Understanding this system is very important because in order to preserve it is necessary to understand. Thus, using MODIS images, the present work aimed to estimate the differences in soil covering the Pantanal region between the years 2003 and 2010, evaluating the capacity of these images to identify changes in land cover. The Pantanal boundary used was adapted from boundary consecrated in the literature. The method used for image classification was the unsupervised automatic classification. As a result we identified a decrease in forest vegetation and an increase in grassland areas during the studied years.