Effect of Tocotrienol Rich Fraction (TRF) On Muscles Reinnervation After Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury In Rats

@#Introduction: Muscle denervation is a process where muscles lose nerve supply due to neural damage and this may lead to paralysis in human. Muscle denervation is mainly caused by peripheral nerve injuries especially in the lower extremities that resulted in devastating effect on human daily functions and routines. Tocotrienol Rich Fraction (TRF) consist of 75% of tocotrienols have shown potential neuroprotective properties. The objective of this study is to observe motor coordination and histological characteristics on muscles that underwent sciatic nerve crush injury and supplemented with TRF. Methods: A total of 104 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups; normal group (n=8) with no sciatic nerve crush injury, negative control (n=32) with sciatic nerve crush injury at hindlimb without treatment, positive control (n=32) sciatic nerve crush injury treated with 500 µg/kg/day of methylcobalamin, and experimental group (n=32) of rats that underwent sciatic nerve crush injury and treated with 200 mg/kg/day of TRF. Result: Skeletal muscles which located at hind limb; Soleus Muscle and Extenstor Digitorum Longus Muscle (EDL) muscle have shown an increasing in weight when it is supplemented with TRF 200 mg/kg/day and improved myelin layer of nerve. Conclusion: This study showed that TRF has the potency to improve reinnervation rate and neuron supply in hind muscle.

Action of vanillin (Vanilla planifolia) on the morphology of tibialis anterior and soleus muscles after nerve injury / Ação da vanilina (Vanilla planifolia) sobre a morfologia dos músculos tibial anterior e sóleo após lesão nervosa

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the action of vanillin (Vanilla planifolia) on the morphology of tibialis anterior and soleus muscles after peripheral nerve injury. Methods Wistar rats were divided into four groups, with seven animals each: Control Group, Vanillin Group, Injury Group, and Injury + Vanillin Group. The Injury Group and the Injury + Vanillin Group animals were submitted to nerve injury by compression of the sciatic nerve; the Vanillin Group and Injury + Vanillin Group, were treated daily with oral doses of vanillin (150mg/kg) from the 3rd to the 21st day after induction of nerve injury. At the end of the experiment, the tibialis anterior and soleus muscles were dissected and processed for light microscopy and submitted to morphological analysis. Results The nerve compression promoted morphological changes, typical of denervation, and the treatment with vanillin was responsible for different responses in the studied muscles. For the tibialis anterior, there was an increase in the number of satellite cells, central nuclei and fiber atrophy, as well as fascicular disorganization. In the soleus, only increased vascularization was observed, with no exacerbation of the morphological alterations in the fibers. Conclusion The treatment with vanillin promoted increase in intramuscular vascularization for the muscles studied, with pro-inflammatory potential for tibialis anterior, but not for soleus muscle.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a ação da vanilina (Vanilla planifolia) sobre a morfologia dos músculos tibial anterior e sóleo após lesão nervosa periférica. Métodos Ratos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos, com sete animais cada, sendo Grupo Controle, Grupo Vanilina, Grupo Lesão e Grupo Lesão + Vanilina. Os animais dos Grupos Lesão e Grupo Lesão + Vanilina foram submetidos à lesão nervosa por meio da compressão do nervo isquiático, e os Grupos Vanilina e Grupo Lesão + Vanilina foram tratados diariamente com doses orais de vanilina (150mg/kg) do 3o ao 21o dia após a indução da lesão nervosa. Ao término do experimento, os músculos tibial anterior e sóleo foram dissecados e seguiram o processamento de rotina em microscopia de luz, para posterior análise morfológica. Resultados A compressão nervosa promoveu alterações morfológicas características de denervação, sendo que o tratamento com vanilina foi responsável por respostas distintas nos músculos estudados. Para o tibial anterior, houve aumento do número de células satélites, núcleos centrais e atrofia das fibras, bem como desorganização fascicular. Já no sóleo, houve apenas aumento da vascularização, sem exacerbação das alterações morfológicas nas fibras. Conclusão O tratamento com vanilina promoveu o aumento da vascularização intramuscular para os músculos estudados, com potencial pró-inflamatório para o tibial anterior, o que não ocorreu no músculo sóleo.

Electrical stimulation attenuates morphological alterations and prevents atrophy of the denervated cranial tibial muscle / Eletroestimulação atenua alterações morfológicas e previne atrofia do músculo tibial cranial desnervado

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate if electrical stimulation through Russian current is able to maintain morphology of the cranial tibial muscle of experimentally denervated rats. Methods Thirty-six Wistar rats were divided into four groups: the Initial Control Group, Final Control Group, Experimental Denervated and Treated Group, Experimental Denervated Group. The electrostimulation was performed with a protocol of Russian current applied three times per week, for 45 days. At the end, the animals were euthanized and histological and morphometric analyses were performed. Data were submitted to statistical analysis with a significance level of p<0.05. Results The Experimental Denervated Group and the Experimental Denervated and Treated Group had cross-sectional area of smaller fiber compared to the Final Control Group. However, there was significant difference between the Experimental Denervated Group and Experimental Denervated and Treated Group, showing that electrical stimulation minimized muscle atrophy. The Experimental Denervated and Treated Group and Initial Control Group showed similar results. Conclusion Electrical stimulation through Russian current acted favorably in maintaining morphology of the cranial tibial muscle that was experimentally denervated, minimizing muscle atrophy.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar se a estimulação elétrica pela corrente russa é capaz de manter a morfologia do músculo tibial cranial de ratos desnervados experimentalmente. Métodos Foram utilizados 36 ratos Wistar, distribuídos em quatro grupos: Grupo Controle Inicial, Grupo Controle Final, Grupo Experimental Desnervado Tratado, Grupo Experimental Desnervado. A eletroestimulação foi realizada com um protocolo de corrente russa aplicada três vezes por semanas, durante 45 dias. Ao final, os animais foram eutanasiados e, em seguida, foram realizadas as análises histológica e morfométrica. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, com nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados Os Grupos Experimental Desnervado e o Grupo Experimental Desnervado Tratado apresentaram área de secção transversal da fibra menor quando comparados ao Grupo Controle Final. Entretanto, constatou-se diferença significativa entre o Grupo Experimental Desnervado e o Grupo Experimental Desnervado Tratado, mostrando que a estimulação elétrica minimizou atrofia muscular. Ainda, observou-se que o Grupo Experimental Desnervado Tratado apresentou resultados semelhantes ao Grupo Controle Inicial. Conclusão A estimulação elétrica por meio da corrente russa foi favorável na manutenção da morfologia do músculo tibial cranial desnervado experimentalmente, minimizando a atrofia muscular.

Two Cases of Contralateral Depressor Labii Inferioris Resection in Patients with Congenital Unilateral Lower Lip Paralysis / 대한이비인후과학회지

Congenital unilateral lower lip paralysis (CULLP) is a rare condition characterized by inversion and absent depressive movement of the affected lower lip while moving the mouth, which is recognized when the infant cries. CULLP is a variation of facial paralysis caused by abnormal development of marginal mandibular nerve, hypoplasia of the depressor labii inferioris muscle or depressor anguli oris muscle. This report introduces two cases of congenital unilateral lower lip palsy, presenting a balancing technique involving the resection of the depressor labii inferioris on the non-affected side.

Effect of electrical stimulation of the cranial tibial muscle after end-to-side neurorrhaphy of the peroneal nerve in rats

PURPOSE: To investigate the efficiency of electrical stimulation in the muscle maintenance and nerve regeneration after end-to-side neurorrhaphy (ESN). METHODS: Sixty male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into four experimental groups. Control group (Control), Denervated Group (Denervated); Group with End-to-side neurorrhaphy (ESN); Group with End-to-side neurorrhaphy and electrical stimulation (ESN + ES). We perform electrical stimulation in rats after they had undergone muscle reinnervation by ESN. We collected morphometric and functional data. RESULTS: When comparing the mass of the treated side of cranial tibial muscle (CTM) and that of normal side of CTM, the group ESN + ES (26.12%) exhibited lower mass loss than that of group ESN (37.23%). The peroneal functional index showed that group ESN + ES equaled that of the Control group and showed an evolution of 60.5% while group ESN showed an evolution of 9.5%. In measuring maximum strength of CTM, the group ES + ESN outperformed group ESN. The muscle and nerve morphometry showed superiority of group ES+ESN over ESN group in all parameters. CONCLUSION: Electrical stimulation is an effective means of maintaining functional muscle and nerve regeneration after end-to-side neurorrhaphy.

Muscle reinnervation in one or two stages?: experimental study in rats with end-to-side nerve graft / Reinervação muscular em um ou dois estágios?: estudo experimental em ratos com enxerto de nervo término-lateral

PURPOSE: To compare muscle reinnervation in one and two surgical stages using end-to-side neurorrhaphy (ESN) without donor nerve injury. METHODS: The experiment was performed on four groups of 20 rats. Group 1 (G1), one stage, received the graft which was sutured to the tibial nerve, with ESN, and its free stump was sutured end-to-end to the distal stump of the sectioned peroneal nerve (PN), all in the same operation. In Group 2 (G2), two stages, the nerve graft was sutured to the tibial nerve, with ESN. Two months later the PN was sectioned and its distal stump connected to the distal stump of the graft as in G1. Normal control group (Gn) received the graft only sutured to the tibial nerve, with ESN. Denervated control group (Gd), as well received the graft and had the PN sectioned and its two stumps buried in adjacent musculature, with the aim of denervating the cranial tibial muscle (CTM), the target of this study. The parameters used to evaluate CTM reinnervation were muscle mass, muscle fiber's minimum diameter and area. RESULTS: The mean CTM mass, the average of the muscular fibers areas and the average of the muscular fiber minimum diameters was higher (all p<0.0001) in G2 than in G1. Comparing the four groups, these parameters had their maximum expression in Gn and the minimum in Gd, as expected. CONCLUSION: The two stages showed better muscle reinnervation than one stage.

OBJETIVO: Comparar a reinervação muscular com enxerto de nervo em um e dois tempos operatórios, utilizando a neurorrafia término-lateral (NTL) sem lesão do nervo doador. MÉTODOS: Vinte ratos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos. O grupo 1 (G1), um estágio, recebeu o enxerto que foi suturado ao nervo tibial (NT), por meio de NTL, e seu coto livre foi suturado por NTL ao coto distal do nervo peroneal (NP), seccionado a um centímetro do NT, na mesma cirurgia. O grupo 2 (G2), dois estágios, recebeu o enxerto de nervo na primeira cirurgia, como já descrito. Dois meses depois, na segunda cirurgia, o NP foi seccionado e seu coto distal ligado ao coto distal do enxerto como em G1. O grupo controle de normalidade (Gn) recebeu o enxerto da mesma forma, apenas. E o grupo controle de denervação (Gd), além de receber o enxerto, teve o NP seccionado e seus cotos sepultados na musculatura adjacente, com a finalidade de denervar o músculo tibial cranial (MTC), alvo deste estudo. Os parâmetros utilizados para avaliar a reinervação do MTC foram massa muscular, diâmetro mínimo da fibra muscular e área. RESULTADOS: O grupo G2 apresentou superioridade (p<0,0001) em relação ao G1 na massa do MTC, no diâmetro mínimo e na área das fibras musculares. Na comparação entre os quatro grupos, estes mesmos parâmetros tiveram sua expressão máxima em Gn e mínima em Gd, como era esperado. CONCLUSÃO: A reinervação muscular em dois estágios apresenta melhor resultado quando comparada à técnica em um tempo.

Efeito da eletroestimulação no músculo desnervado de animais: revisão sistemática / The effect of electrical stimulation on animals denervated muscle: a systematic review

INTRODUÇÃO: A recuperação funcional após a lesão nervosa periférica está relacionada a fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos ao sistema nervoso periférico, tais como a gravidade da lesão e a condição dos órgãos-alvo. A atrofia constitui uma das principais alterações do músculo após a lesão nervosa e, uma vez instalada, atua como barreira ao crescimento axonal durante a reinervação muscular. O uso da eletroestimulação é rotineiro no campo da fisioterapia e tem o objetivo de minimizar ou impedir a atrofia muscular e, assim, favorecer a recuperação da lesão nervosa periférica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da eletroestimulação sobre as características tróficas do músculo desnervado. MÉTODOS: Artigos publicados entre 1990 e 2010 e indexados aos bancos de dados da PUBMED foram selecionados utilizando os seguintes descritores: "muscle denervation AND electric stimulation" e "muscular atrophy AND electric stimulation". Foram considerados como critério de inclusão os estudos experimentais em animais (ratos) que utilizassem a lesão nervosa periférica como modelo de desnervação e que avaliassem o efeito da eletroestimulação muscular sobre a área de secção transversa e/ou a massa muscular de músculos desnervados. RESULTADOS: Nove artigos foram selecionados para a revisão. CONCLUSÕES: O efeito da eletroestimulação está diretamente relacionado à característica do protocolo de intervenção, que, quando aplicado de maneira adequada, apresenta o efeito de retardar e, em alguns casos, impedir a atrofia do músculo desnervado.

INTRODUCTION: The functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury is related to extrinsic and intrinsic factors of peripheral nervous system, like trauma severity and conditions of the end-organs. The atrophy is a major change of muscles after nerve injury, and once installed, it acts as a barrier to axonal growth during muscle reinnevation. The use of electrical stimulation is routine in the field of physical therapy and aims to minimize or prevent muscle atrophy and facilitate recovery from peripheral nerve injury. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to evaluate the effects of electrical stimulation on tropics characteristics of denervated muscle. METHODS: Articles published between 1990 and 2010 from periodicals indexed in the PUBMED database were selected, using the following keywords: "muscle denervation AND electric stimulation" and "muscular atrophy AND electric stimulation". Were included experimental studies in animals (rats) that had used a peripheral nerve lesion as a model of muscle denervation and that had evaluated the effect of electrical muscle stimulation on cross-sectional area and/or muscle mass weight of denervated muscles. RESULTS: 9 articles were selected for this review. CONCLUSION: The effect of electrical stimulation is directly related to the intervention protocol's characteristics, which when applied properly had the effect of delaying, in some cases, or prevents the atrophy of denervated muscle.

Effects of skeletal muscle denervation on potency of rocuronium.

Background: Rocuronium is an alternative to succinylcholine for rapid tracheal intubation after major thermal injury and other forms of critical illness that cause denervation changes in skeletal muscle. Rocuronium may decrease the potencies of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. Objectives: Examine whether potency of rocuronium changed during the first month after denervation, and investigate the effects of skeletal muscle denervation on potency of rocuronium. Methods: The denervation mouse model was developed to create denervated individual cells from the flexor digitorum brevis of the hindfoot. The skeletal muscle cells were examined at day 0 in the innervated control and days 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 in the denervation group. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the cells were activated with 30 M acetylcholine, alone or in combination with various concentrations of rocuronium. Currents were recorded with a whole-cell patch-clamp technique. Results: Rocuronium reversibly inhibited acetylcholine-activated currents in a dose-dependent fashion at different times after denervation. The inhibition concentration for the half-maximal responses of rocuronium increased 1.2- (p >0.05), 1.8-, 2.8-, 2.3-, 2.1-, and 1.9-fold (p<0.01) at day 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after denervation, respectively, compared to that at day 0 after denervation. Conclusion: Rocuronium dose required to achieve satisfactory clinical effects changed at different durations after skeletal muscle denervation.

Ultra-estrutura do músculo vocal denervado mecanicamente em suínos (sus scrofa domestica) / Ultra structure of the denervated vocal muscle mechanically in hogs (sus scrofa domestica)

Introdução: A literatura não é clara nas manifestações ultra-estruturais das pregas vocais após lesão neural. Objetivo: Verificar as alterações que ocorrem numa prega vocal mecanicamente denervada. Método: Neste estudo prospectivo, foram utilizados 15 suínos de raça comercial (Sus scrofa domestica), com idade de 4 a 12 semanas. Os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos, escolhidos aleatoriamente. Todos foram submetidos à denervação da prega vocal direita, com remoção cirúrgica de um segmento com três centímetros do nervo laríngeo recorrente direito. Após 45, 90 e 180 dias das operações, procedeu-se a biópsia dos músculos vocais, processaram-se as amostras para microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e, para o estudo ultra-estrutural, utilizou-se o microscópio eletrônico de transmissão Philips, modelo EM208S. Resultado: Os grupos biopsiados com 45 e 90 dias após a operação de denervação mecânica, apresentaram desorganização miofibrilar, linhas Z somente vestigiais em muitas amostras, bem como mitocôndrias alteradas apresentando tamanhos reduzidos, e matriz mitocondrial rarefeita com raras cristas mitocondriais presentes. O grupo biopsiado com 180 dias após a operação de denervação, apresentou sarcômeros regulares, mitocôndrias com tamanhos e número regulares com posicionamento correto entre as unidades sarcoméricas. Conclusão: Os achados na ultra-estrutura dos músculos vocais sugerem a reinervação do músculo sendo que as mitocôndrias musculares foram as estruturas mais sensíveis à condição denervada, seguidas pela citoarquitetura das miofibrilas; os achados na ultra-estrutura dos músculos vocais sugere a reinervação do músculo no período de aproximadamente seis meses.

Introduction: The literature is not clear in the ultra-structural manifestations of the vocal wrinkles after neural wound. Objective: To verify the alterations that occur in a vocal fold mechanically denervated. Method: In this prospective study, it were utilized 15 hogs of commercial race (Sus scrofa domesticates), with age of 4 to 12 weeks. The animals were distributed in three groups, chosen at random. Everybody was submitted to the denervation of the right vocal fold, with surgical removal of a segment with three centimeters of the recurring right laryngeal nerve. After 45, 90 and 180 days of the operations, it was proceeded the biopsy of the vocal muscles, it was prosecuted the samples for transmission electron microscopy and, for the ultra-structural study, utilized the transmission electron microscopy Philips, model EM208S. Results: The biopsied groups with 45 and 90 days after operation of mechanical denervation, presented disorganization miofibrilar, only vestigial lines Z in many samples, as well like altered mithochondrions presenting limited sizes, and matrix mithocondrial rarefied with rare mithocondrial cristae present. The biopsied group with 180 days after operation of denervation, presented regular sarcomeres, mithocondrions with sizes and regular number with correct positioning between the sarcomerical units. Conclusion: The finds in the ultra-structure of the vocal muscles suggest to re enervation of the muscle being that the muscular mithochondrions were the most sensible structures to the denervated condition, successions by the cytoarchiteture of the miofibrilas; the finds in the ultra-structure of the vocal muscles suggests to reinervation of the muscle in the period of approximately six months.

The role of Intramuscular nerve microsurgical repair in the recovery of laclacerated musculus rectus femoris / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective:To explore the intramuscular nerve effect on the recovery of lacerated muscle. Methods:thirty (30) healthy New Zealand rabbits were involved in the study and randomly divided into groups A and B.The right musculus rectus femoris of the animal was chosen as the lacerated skeletal muscle model with the contralateral muscle as sham control. Group A underwent muscle laceration with the intramuscular nerve microsurgical repaired and muscle repaired;group B only with muscle repaired. After a postoperative period of 28weeks,measured the muscle wet weight and the muscle strength of musculus rectus femoris by electrical stimulation test and observed the change of morphology by Hematoxyline/eosin stain,Masson stain,NADH-TR stain and mATPase stain. Compared the difference of two groups through t-test and ANOVA to decide the effects of intramuscular nerve effect on muscle injury and repair. Results:At 28 weeks postoperative,Compared with the controls,wet weight and isometric contraction of musculus rectus femoris reduced in the intramuscular neurotmesis group (P

Effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on nerve regeneration of posterior cricoarytenoid muscle in dogs / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To investigate the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF) on nerve regeneration of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles(PCM) in dogs. Methods: After transection of the laryngeal recurrent nerves, the denervated PCM were reinnervated by nerve muscle pedicle implantation in 9 dogs. The animals were divided into 3 groups: bFGF and fibrin glue(FG) group(bFGF+FG), FG group and control group. Functional recovery of PCM was observed laryngoscopically. Electrophysiological acvitity and muscle contract strength were determined. Histochemical studies were demonstrated by Karnovsky and H E stain. Results: Six months after operation, functional recovery and nerve regeneration of the PCA in bFGF+FG group were the best in 3 groups (close to normal), and functional recovery in FG group was better than that in control group. The parameters of electrophysiological acvitity and muscle contract strength were different in bFGF+FG group , FG group, and control group( P