Aspectos histológicos, genéticos y moleculares de las lesiones preneoplásicas de la mucosa gástrica / Histological, genetic and molecular aspects of preneoplastic lesions of the gastric mucosa

Siendo el cáncer gástrico la 3ª causa de muerte por cáncer en Chile, y existiendo estrategias de tamizaje consistentes en pesquisa de lesiones preneoplásicas de la mucosa gástrica, es relevante conocer los aspectos genéticos y moleculares que puedan ser aplicados, en la optimización de dichas estrategias a grupos de mayor riesgo. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue revisar la evidencia actual en los aspectos señalados, y de la inmunohistoquímica de 4 marcadores (p53, CDX2, MUC2 y S100A9) en la mucosa gástrica normal y en las lesiones preneoplásicas de la misma.

SUMMARY: Since gastric cancer is the 3rd leading cause of death from cancer in Chile, and there are screening strategies consisting of screening for preneoplastic lesions of the gastric mucosa, it is important to know certain genetic and molecular aspects that can be applied in optimizing these strategies for higher risk groups. The aim of this manuscript was to review the current evidence on the aforementioned aspects, and on the immunohistochemistry of 4 markers (p53, CDX2, MUC2 and S100A9) in normal gastric mucosa and in its preneoplastic lesions.

Papel da imagem na indicação da eletroporação irreversível no manejo terapêutico do adenocarcinoma de pâncreas / Role of imaging in the applicability of irreversible electroporation for the management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Resumo O adenocarcinoma ductal de pâncreas é uma das neoplasias malignas mais agressivas, com taxas de sobrevivência anuais inferiores a 20%. Os métodos axiais (tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética) têm papel fundamental no diagnóstico e estadiamento da doença, por fornecerem adequada resolução anatômica na avaliação de estruturas-chave, principalmente vasculares. O adenocarcinoma ductal de pâncreas é frequentemente descoberto em estágios avançados e sem viabilidade de ressecção cirúrgica, e nesse cenário o desenvolvimento de alternativas terapêuticas minimamente invasivas tem sido ainda mais importante para a mudança de sua história natural. A eletroporação irreversível, procedimento intervencionista que minimiza efeitos deletérios nos tecidos adjacentes, vem se destacando no tratamento de lesões tradicionalmente consideradas irressecáveis. Essa técnica, apesar de ganhar cada vez mais espaço no manejo terapêutico do adenocarcinoma ductal de pâncreas, ainda é pouco familiar aos radiologistas. Neste estudo, buscamos expor, de forma sucinta e didática, os fundamentos da técnica, as principais características de imagem e os critérios de elegibilidade que devem ser considerados para indicação da eletroporação irreversível nessa doença.

Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive malignant neoplasms, with a one-year survival rate below 20%. Axial methods (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) play a fundamental role in the diagnosis and staging of the disease, because they provide adequate anatomical resolution in the assessment of key structures, mainly vascular structures. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is most often discovered in advanced stages, when surgical resection is no longer feasible. In that scenario, minimally invasive treatment alternatives have been developed in attempts to change the natural history of the disease. Irreversible electroporation, an interventional procedure that minimizes deleterious effects on adjacent tissues, has proven useful for the treatment of tumors traditionally considered unresectable. Despite the growing acknowledgment of this technique as a tool for the management of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, it is still relatively unknown among radiologists. In this study, we sought to provide an overview of the main characteristics and eligibility criteria that must be considered for the indication of irreversible electroporation in cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Fibroma no osificante / Non-ossifying fibroma

RESUMEN Fundamento: el fibroma no osificante es una tumoración ósea benigna que afecta a adolescentes y jóvenes, la presentación clínica varía de una forma asintomática hasta la presencia de fractura patológica. En la literatura nacional no existe mucha información sobre esta lesión ósea. Objetivo: actualizar los conocimientos en relación a esta afección ósea. Métodos: la búsqueda y análisis de la información se realizó en un periodo de cuatro meses (primero de junio 2020 al 30 de septiembre de 2020) y se emplearon las siguientes palabras: nonossifyng fibroma, y fibrous cortical defect. A partir de la información obtenida se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 247 artículos publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline mediante el gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias EndNote, de ellos se utilizaron 40 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, de ellas 38 de los últimos cinco años, además se consultaron cuatro libros. Resultados: se menciona la localización más frecuente, así como las formas de presentación clínica. Se describen los estudios imagenológicos y la interpretación de sus resultados. Con relación al diagnóstico diferencial se comparan una serie de enfermedades con características clínicas e imagenológicas muy similares. Se hace referencia a las características macro y microscópicas, además del tipo de tratamiento y complicaciones. Conclusiones: el fibroma no osificante es una enfermedad que se presenta con relativa frecuencia. Las características imagenológicas son típicas y resalta entre ellas la excentricidad de la lesión. El tratamiento depende de cada lesión y transita desde la simple observación a la intervención quirúrgica.

ABSTRACT Background: non-ossifying fibroma is a benign tumor that affects adolescents and young people, the clinical presentation varies asymptomatically until the presence of a pathological fracture. In the national literature there is not much information about this bone lesion. Objective: to update knowledge in relation to this bone lesion. Methods: the search and analysis of the information was performed over a period of four months (June 1st, 2020 to September 30th, 2020) and the following words were used: non-ossifying fibroma, and fibrous cortical defect. From the information obtained, a bibliographic review of a total of 247 articles published in the PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases was carried out using the search manager and EndNote reference manager, of which 40 selected citations were used to perform the review, 38 of them of the last five year, four books were consulted. Results: the most frequent location is mentioned, as well as the clinical presentation forms. Imaging studies and the interpretation of their results are described. In relation to the differential diagnosis, a series of entities with very similar clinical and imaging characteristics are compared. Reference is made to the macro and microscopic characteristics, in addition to the type of treatment and complications. Conclusions: the non-ossifying fibroma is an entity that presents itself with relative frequency. The imaging characteristics are typical and eccentricity of the lesion stands out among them. The treatment depends on the lesion and goes from the simple observation to the surgical one.

Cáncer de mama invasivo según subtipos moleculares en la provincia Pinar del Río / Invasive breast cancer according to molecular subtypes in the Pinar del Río province

RESUMEN Introducción: el cáncer de mama es una de las enfermedades más frecuente en las féminas de varios países. Objetivo: caracterizar el cáncer de mama invasivo según subtipos moleculares en Pinar del Río, en el periodo 2013-2015. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal, desarrollado en el Hospital Oncológico III Congreso de la provincia Pinar del Río, entre 2013 y 2015. De un universo de 452 pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama, fue seleccionada intencionalmente una muestra de 198, se cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. El análisis de historias clínicas permitió la obtención de información que dio salida a las variables estudiadas, se recurrió a la estadística descriptiva para el análisis de los resultados. Se respetó la ética médica. Resultados: los tumores se localizaron en la mama izquierda en 67 % de los casos, con predominio de tumores de menos de 2 centímetros en el 51,5 % de estos. En el 25,8 % de los pacientes ocurrió metástasis a cadenas ganglionares, con predominio de invasión numérica del subtipo receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico humano (HER2) en 38,1 %, este subtipo molecular fue también el de mayor grado de diferenciación histológica (grado III) con 91,7 % del total. Conclusiones: la adecuada localización, determinación del tamaño tumoral, invasión hacia cadenas ganglionares axilares del cáncer de mama, así como la determinación del grado de diferenciación histológica, apoyado en estudios inmunohistoquímicos, permiten el correcto accionar médico al dirigir la terapéutica a seguir en dependencia de las características mostradas por estos estudios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the research responds to the need to broaden and diversify the psychological counseling offered to the population of Pinar del Río through television, with emphasis on families that are in situations of immigration. Objective: to design the television program Conversemos (Let's Talk), as a proposal of psychological counseling directed to families in situations of immigration, in order to contribute to family satisfactory functioning. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out that combined descriptive and explanatory elements, with the application of historical-logical methods, modeling, structural-systemic, interview, survey and documentary analysis. A diagnosis was developed in the telecenter of Pinar del Río province, Cuba. Results: it was corroborated that the motivation of those involved on the subject of family in situations of immigration was satisfactory, but not the satisfaction with its current treatment, which was low. Knowledge level of the specialists was high, but the level of knowledge of the directors and the audience was limited. The TV-program Let's Talk was designed to offer to Pinar del Río audience a space for counseling that would develop skills and resources to cope successfully with the immigration problem. Conclusion: the psychological counseling offered by Pinar del Río telecenter to the family in situations of immigration was insufficient. There was a high level of motivation towards the subject on the part of the audience and the specialists, who had adequate knowledge on the subject, but limited level of knowledge on the part of the audience and the directors of the telecenter, which determined low levels of satisfaction in all people involved.

Rates of success and failure of biopsies of hollow abdominal organs: descriptive analysis / Taxas de sucesso e insucesso em biópsias percutâneas ecoguiadas de lesões em órgãos abdominais não sólidos: análise descritiva

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the rates of success and failure of ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy of lesions in hollow abdominal organs, as well as the influence of contrast enhancement on those rates. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, single-center study evaluating patients submitted to ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy of abdominal lesions in hollow organs between January 2017 and June 2018. Patient records were reviewed using a standardized data collection form. Results: We included 49 procedures performed in 48 patients, of whom 18 (38%) had a prior diagnosis of cancer. Malignancy was suspected in 44 cases (90%). Among those 44 cases, the suspicion was of a new neoplasm in 28 (64%), of relapse in 11 (25%), and of a metastatic lesion in 5 (11%). The histopathological findings were sufficient to make the diagnosis in all 44 of those cases, 33 (75%) of which were found to be malignant. The diagnosis was consistent with the clinical suspicion in 33 (75%) of the cases in which there was a definitive histological result. There were no complications resulting from the procedure. Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy is a safe procedure that demonstrates high efficacy in providing a sufficient sample for the diagnosis. The main reason to perform such a biopsy is suspicion of a new neoplasm, followed by suspicion of a metastatic lesion. The histopathological results were concordant with the suspicion in the majority of the cases evaluated here.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar as taxas de sucesso e insucesso das biópsias percutâneas ecoguiadas de lesões em órgãos abdominais não sólidos e a influência da realização de contraste nessa técnica. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo que avaliou doentes submetidos a biópsias percutâneas ecoguiadas de lesões em órgãos abdominais não sólidos, entre janeiro de 2017 e junho de 2018. Os dados clínicos dos doentes foram revistos usando um método padronizado de colheita de dados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 49 procedimentos realizados em 48 doentes, dos quais 18 (38%) tinham diagnóstico prévio de câncer. Em 44 (90%) suspeitava-se de malignidade: 28 (64%) de suspeita de diagnósticos de novo de neoplasia, 11 (25%) de recidiva neoplásica e 5 (11%) de lesões metastáticas. Os resultados histopatológicos permitiram fazer o diagnóstico em 44 casos (90%), sendo 33 (67%) malignos. O diagnóstico foi concordante com a suspeita clínica em 33 (75%) dos casos com resultado histológico definitivo. Não ocorreram complicações resultantes das biópsias. Conclusão: A realização de biópsias ecoguiadas é segura e capaz de fornecer amostra suficiente para permitir o diagnóstico definitivo. O principal motivo para realizar biópsias ecoguiadas é a suspeita de neoplasia de novo, seguida da suspeita de metástases. Os resultados histopatológicos foram concordantes com a suspeita clínica na maioria dos casos.

Localización con semilla radioactiva (LSR) de lesiones no palpables de la mama: Desarrollo e implementación del programa en la República Argentina / Radioactive Seed Localization for Nonpalpable Breast Lesions: Program Development & Implementation in Argentina

El intervencionismo en mama se inició con la localización preoperatoria de lesiones no palpables. En una segunda etapa, el desarrollo de técnicas de biopsias en las tres modalidades (mamografía, ultrasonido y resonancia magnética), reforzaron las indicaciones de localización de lesiones con histología ya confirmada. La técnica de localización en Argentina se basó casi exclusivamente en la inserción de alambres con arpones e inyección de carbón. A partir del año 2001, se ofreció como alternativa a las localizaciones con arpones la inserción de semilla de Iodo-125, considerando las ventajas para la paciente, el cirujano y el sistema hospitalario al desacoplar los turnos de quirófano y servicios de imágenes, otorgando acceso a cualquier cuadrante con incisiones cosméticas. La provisión del isótopo es la clave para instalar y atender la demanda de los usuarios, una vez que han conocido los méritos del procedimiento. En todos los ámbitos y distintos países, se verificó una lenta incorporación a la rutina de localización de lesiones con material radioactivo, primariamente por las regulaciones fundamentales y justificadas para la adquisición del isótopo. En nuestro medio y en una labor conjunta con la Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear (ARN), logramos finalmente, en el año 2017, el reconocimiento de la práctica. Revisamos la bibliografía, describimos la técnica y la logística para lograr autorización de aquellos centros interesados en aplicar un procedimiento universalmente adoptado por sus ventajas respecto a los métodos tradicionales.

Diagnostic intervention in breast disease started with preoperative localization of non- palpable lesions. Later, with the histological diagnosis obtained through biopsy techniques in mammography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, the localization of lesions has become a must. Traditionally, in Argentina, the localization technique was exclusively based on the insertion of harpoon-shaped guided wires and carbon suspension. Since 2001, the iodine-125 radioactive seed localization has emerged as a reliable and advantageous alternative for the patient, the surgeon and the hospital system, reducing scheduling conflicts between the breast imaging department and the surgical department, and allowing access to any quadrant with cosmetic incisions. The isotope provision is the key to satisfying the users demand, once they have known the merits of the procedure. The implementation of radioactive material for the localization of lesions has been tardy in all fields and in different countries, mainly due to justified regulations related to the acquisition of the isotope. As a result of joint efforts with the Autoridad Regulatoria Nuclear (Nuclear Regulatory Authority), the practice finally gained its deserved recognition in 2017. We conducted a review of the existing literature and described the technique and the logistics to obtain the approval of the sites that were interested in the deployment of a widely used procedure that has proved to be more advantageous than traditional methods.

Comportamiento de los pólipos de colon y recto en pacientes sometidos a colonoscopia terapéutica / Behavior of colon and rectum polyps in patients undergoing therapeutic colonoscopy

RESUMEN Fundamento: el intestino grueso se extiende desde el ciego hasta el orificio del ano. La mucosa contiene en su espesor, numerosas glándulas tubulares, en ella se pueden encontrar lesiones, son los pólipos las más frecuentes. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de los pólipos de colon y recto en pacientes sometidos a colonoscopia terapéutica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal. El universo fue 179 pacientes, con diagnóstico al menos de un pólipo. La muestra no probabilística quedó formada por los 166 pacientes que cumplieron, criterios de inclusión y exclusión, de ellos se analizaron 207 pólipos. La información se extrajo de las historias clínicas, registro de procederes e informes de estudio histológico. Resultados: la edad que predominó fue entre 60-69 años, prevaleció el sexo femenino. Imperó el sangramiento digestivo bajo macroscópico como manifestación clínica . Se acentuaron las localizaciones en el hemicolon izquierdo. Las lesiones de tamaño mediano sobresalieron y las lesiones sésiles fueron las que se destacaron. Los pólipos adenomatosos constituyeron los de mayor observación. Conclusiones: predominaron el grupo de edades entre 60-69 años, del sexo femenino. El sangramiento digestivo bajo macroscópico fue la manifestación clínica más observada. Los pólipos localizados en colon sigmoides, tamaño mediano, sésiles y adenomatosos resultaron los más frecuentes.

ABSTRACT Background: the large intestine extends from the cecum to the orifice of the anus. The mucosa contains in its thickness, numerous tubular glands, in it you can find lesions, polyps are the most frequent. Objective: to determine the behavior of colon and rectum polyps in patients undergoing therapeutic colonoscopy. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out. The universe was 179 patients, with at least one polyp diagnosed. The non-probabilistic sample was formed by the 166 patients who met, inclusion and exclusion criteria, of which 207 polyps were analyzed. The information was extracted from the medical charts, record of procedures and histological study reports. Results: the age that predominated was between 60-69 years, the female sex prevailed. The digestive bleeding under macroscopic was the most frequent clinical manifestation. The locations in the left semicolon were accentuated. The lesions of medium size stood out. The sessile lesions were those that highlighted. The adenomatous polyps constituted the most observed ones. Conclusions: the group of ages between 60-69 years, of the female sex, predominated. The digestive bleeding under macroscopic was the most observed clinical manifestation. The polyps located in sigmoid colon, medium size, sessile and adenomatous were the most frequent.

Hormone receptor-negative as a predictive factor for pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant therapy in breast cancer / Receptor hormonal negativo como fator preditivo para resposta patológica completa ao tratamento neoadjuvante de câncer de mama

ABSTRACT Objective To define a predictive factor for pathologic complete response, compare the oncologic outcomes associated with the degree of pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and to analyze pathologic complete response as a prognostic factor for overall survival and progression-free survival. Methods A retrospective study of patients admitted to Hospital Estadual Mário Covas and Hospital Anchieta from 2008 to 2012, with locally advanced breast cancer. Hormone receptor status, HER2 status, histologic and nuclear grade, age upon diagnosis and histological type of the tumor were analyzed. Pathologic evaluation of the tumor was subdivided into pathologic complete response, defined by the absence of tumor; intermediate response, considered as a favorable stage; and poor response, considering low-responder patients. Data obtained were submitted to statistical analysis. Results The study included 243 patients. There was an association of pathologic complete response with HER-2 negative, histological grade 3, stage III, hormone receptor negative, positive lymph node, older age and more advanced tumors. However, after multivariate analysis the only predictor of pathologic complete response was the presence of negative hormone receptor. By analyzing the prognostic factors, hormone receptor negative was considered as an independent risk factor, and pathologic complete response was considered as an independent protective factor. Conclusion Hormone receptor negative is predictive of pathologic complete response and is an isolated risk factor for lower progression-free survival and overall survival. Pathologic complete response is a protective factor for these same survival analyses.

RESUMO Objetivo Definir um fator preditivo para resposta patológica completa, comparar os resultados oncológicos associados com o grau de resposta patológica, após quimioterapia neoadjuvante, e analisar a resposta patológica completa como fator prognóstico para sobrevivência global e livre de progressão de doença. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de pacientes admitidas no Hospital Estadual Mário Covas e Hospital Anchieta, no período de 2008 a 2012, com câncer de mama localmente avançado. Foram utilizados status dos receptores hormonais, proteína HER2, grau histológico e nuclear, idade do paciente ao diagnóstico e tipo histológico do tumor. A avaliação patológica do tumor foi subdividida em resposta patológica completa, definida com ausência de tumor; resposta intermediária, considerada como um estádio favorável; e resposta ruim, considerando os pacientes pouco respondedores. As informações obtidas foram submetidas à análise estatística. Resultados Foram incluídas 243 pacientes. Verificou-se associação de resposta patológica completa entre HER-2 negativo, grau histológico 3, estadiamento III, receptor hormonal negativo, linfonodo positivo, maior idade e tumores mais avançados. Porém, após análise multivariada, o único fator preditivo de resposta patológica completa foi presença de receptor hormonal negativo. Ao analisar fatores prognósticos, receptor hormonal negativo permaneceu como variável independente de risco, e resposta patológica completa, como variável independente de proteção. Conclusão O receptor hormonal negativo é fator preditivo isolado de resposta patológica completa e fator de risco para menor sobrevida livre de doença e sobrevida global. Já a resposta patológica completa é fator protetor para estas mesmas análises de sobrevivência.

Quiste de Baker / Baker's cyst

RESUMEN Fundamento: el quiste de Baker es el tumor de partes blandas más frecuente de la fosa poplítea, su tratamiento puede ser conservador o quirúrgico, este último tanto por vía artroscópica o abierta. Objetivo: profundizar los conocimientos en relación al quiste de Baker en la articulación de la rodilla. Métodos: la búsqueda de la información se realizó en un periodo de tres meses (primero de octubre de 2017 al 31 de diciembre de 2017) y se emplearon las siguientes palabras: popliteal cyst y Baker's cyst, a partir de la información obtenida se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 316 artículos publicados en las bases de datos PubMed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline mediante el gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias EndNote, de ellos se utilizaron 50 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, 45 de ellas de los últimos cinco años, donde se incluyeron cuatro libros. Resultados: se abordan la forma de presentación clínica de esta enfermedad y los estudios de tipo imaginológicos. Se hace referencia al diagnóstico diferencial entre el niño y el adulto; y entre el quiste de Baker y aneurisma de la arteria poplítea. Se describen las modalidades de tratamiento tanto conservador como quirúrgico, en relación a este último se plasman las indicaciones y variedades. Conclusiones: el quiste de Baker es el tumor de partes blandas más frecuente en la fosa poplítea, su presencia ocurre tanto en niños como en adultos y existen diferencias entre estos grupos. En el adulto se debe prestar especial interés con respecto al diagnóstico diferencial con el aneurisma de la arteria poplítea. El tratamiento en el paciente adulto por lo general es quirúrgico, tanto por vía abierta o artroscópica con muy buenos resultados.

ABSTRACT Background: Baker's cyst is the most common soft tissue popliteal tumor; treatment may be conservative or surgical by arthroscopy or open ways. Objective: to deep the knowledge about Baker's cyst in the knee joint. Methods: the search of the information was carried out in a period of three months (from October 1st, 2017 to December 31, 2017) and the following words were used: popliteal cyst and Baker's cyst, from the obtained information it was carried out a bibliographical review of a whole of 316 articles published in the databases PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline by means of the information locator EndNote, of them 50 citations were selected to do the review, 45 of them of last five years, where four books were included. Development: important aspects related to clinical picture and imaging investigations were pointed out. Differential diagnosis between Baker's cyst in children and adults, and Baker's cyst and popliteal aneurysm were described. Treatment modalities were stated as well as surgical indications. Conclusions: Baker's cyst is the most common soft tissue popliteal tumor affecting children and adults with cardinal differences. Popliteal aneurysm should be always ruled out. Surgical treatment is usually needed in adults by open procedures or arthroscopy, both methods have good results.

Novas entidades em neoplasias renais / New entities in renal neoplasms

Introdução: As últimas classificações das neoplasias renais da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), incluindo a mais recente de 2016, adicionaram algumas entidades diagnósticas às neoplasias primárias renais, além das tradicionalmente mais conhecidas. A presente revisão aborda seis das mais frequentes destas neoplasias mais recentemente descritas. Métodos: Revisão bibliográfica enfatizando os aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos, imuno-histoquímicos e moleculares das neoplasias recentemente adicionadas à classificação de neoplasias renais da OMS. Resultados: Dentre as novas entidades diagnósticas, destacam-se: neoplasia renal cística multilocular de baixo potencial de malignidade, carcinoma de células renais de translocação associada ao fator de transcrição da microftalmia (MIT), carcinoma de células renais deficiente de succinato-desidrogenase (SDH), carcinoma fusocelular e tubular mucinoso, carcinoma de células renais papilar de células claras e carcinoma de células renais não classificado. Conclusão: A adequada classificação das neoplasias renais é de extrema importância para a definição de condutas terapêuticas e para a avaliação prognóstica. Ressalta-se o necessário conhecimento de neoplasias recentemente descritas, particularmente em seus aspectos clínico, histopatológico imuno-histoquímico e molecular.

Introduction: The last edition of World Health Organization (WHO) on kidney neoplasms, including the 2016 version has added new diagnostic entities to the list of primary kidney tumors. This review sough to describe the more frequent recently described histopathologic entities. Methods: Literature review emphasizing clinicopathologic characteristics, immunohistochemistry, and molecular profile of recently added kidney neoplasms included in the 2016 WHO classification. Results: Among the new diagnostic entities, the six highlighted are: multilocular cystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential, translocation renal cell carcinoma associated with the transcription factor of microphthalmia (MIT), succinate dehydrogenase-deficient renal cell carcinoma, tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma, clear cell papillary renal cell carcinoma, and unclassified renal cell carcinoma. Conclusion: The proper classification of the tumors of the kidney is critical for management of patients and prognosis evaluation. It is necessary to emphasize the importance of the knowledge of the newly described neoplasms, especially clinical aspects, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular pathology.

Diffusion-weighted imaging of suspicious (BI-RADS 4) breast lesions: stratification based on histopathology / Estudo de lesões mamárias suspeitas (BI-RADS 4) por sequência ponderada em difusão: estratificação baseada na histopatologia

Abstract Objective: To test the use of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in stratifying suspicious breast lesions (BI-RADS 4), correlating them with histopathology. We also investigated the performance of DWI related to the main enhancement patterns (mass and non-mass) and tested its reproducibility. Materials and Methods: Seventy-six patients presented 92 lesions during the sampling period. Two independent examiners reviewed magnetic resonance imaging studies, described the lesions, and determined the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. Differences among benign, indeterminate- to high-risk, and malignant findings, in terms of the ADCs, were assessed by analysis of variance. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, we compared the performance of ADC values in masses and non-mass lesions, and tested the reproducibility of measurements by determining the coefficient of variation and smallest real difference. Results: Among the 92 lesions evaluated, the histopathology showed that 37 were benign, 11 were indeterminate- to high-risk, and 44 were malignant. The mean ADC differed significantly among those histopathological groups, the value obtained for the malignant lesions (1.10 × 10-3 mm2/s) being significantly lower than that obtained for the other groups (p < 0.001). ROC curves demonstrated that DWI performed better when applied to masses than when applied to non-mass lesions (area under the curve, 0.88 vs. 0.67). Reproducibility was good (coefficient of variation, 7.03%; and smallest real difference, ± 0.242 × 10-3 mm2/s). Conclusion: DWI can differentiate between malignant and nonmalignant (benign or indeterminate- to high-risk) lesions, showing better performance for masses. Nevertheless, stratification based on histopathological criteria that are more refined has yet to be achieved.

Resumo Objetivo: Testar a sequência ponderada em difusão (SPD) para estratificação de lesões suspeitas (BI-RADS 4) por ressonância magnética em correlação com a histopatologia. Também investigamos o desempenho da SPD relacionada a padrões de realce (nódulo e não nódulo) e testamos sua reprodutibilidade. Materiais e Métodos: Setenta e seis pacientes apresentaram 92 lesões durante o período amostral. Dois examinadores independentes revisaram os estudos, descreveram as lesões e mediram os coeficientes de difusão aparente (CDAs). Diferenças de CDA entre achados benignos, indeterminados/de alto risco e malignos foram avaliadas por análise de variância. Comparamos o desempenho dos CDAs em nódulos e não nódulos por curvas receiver operating characteristic (ROC) e testamos a reprodutibilidade das mensurações pelo coeficiente de variação e menor diferença real. Resultados: Obtivemos 37 lesões benignas, 11 indeterminadas/de alto-risco e 44 cânceres. As médias dos CDAs desses grupos histopatológicos foram significativamente diferentes (p < 0,001), devido aos valores mais baixos em achados malignos (1,10 × 10-3 mm2/s). Curvas ROC demonstraram melhor desempenho da SPD aplicada a nódulos (área sob a curva de 0,88 contra 0,67 para não nódulos). A reprodutibilidade foi boa (coeficiente de variação de 7,03% e menor diferença real de ± 0,242 × 10-3 mm2/s). Conclusão: A SPD pode diferenciar achados malignos de não malignos, com melhor desempenho para nódulos. Entretanto, a estratificação baseada em critérios histopatológicos mais refinados ainda não foi alcançada.

Imaging and Pathologic Characterization of the Skin Thickening or Enhancement under the Breast MRI

The purpose of this paper is to show the radiologic features of various lesions appearing as skin thickening or enhancement under the breast MRI. And histopathologic results of the skin lesions were correlated. Radiologist must be familiar with normal appearance of the breast skin under the MRI and a wide variety of conditions may affect the skin of the breast.

Conjunctival tumors in children: histopathologic diagnosis in 165 cases / Tumores conjuntival em crianças: diagnóstico histopatológico em 165 casos

ABSTRACT Purpose: Conjunctival tissue tumors have a varied presentation, and few series studies on pediatric patients have been published. The objective of this paper is to report the histopathologic diagnoses (spanning over 1988-2013) of conjunctival tumors in children younger than 14 years. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, descriptive, and observational study by reviewing the database of all children in whom a conjunctival tumor was surgically removed at Hospital de Ojos y Oídos "Dr. Rodolfo Robles V.," Benemérito Comité Pro Ciegos y Sordos de Guatemala. The data pertaining to gender, age, and histopathologic diagnosis of all cases was collected. The same ocular pathologist made all diagnoses. Results: One hundred sixty-five cases were found, with a mean age of 7.88 years, being 91 (55.15%) male subjects. Melanocytic lesions were the most common tumors found (30.91% of cases), with only one case (0.60%) being malignant. Conclusions: Melanocytic lesions were the most common tumors found, and of all the cases, only one was malignant; this was in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum. These findings are consistent with those reported in other studies regarding the frequencies of the histopathology of conjunctival tumors in the pediatric population.

RESUMO Objetivo: Tumores do tecido conjuntival tem uma apresentação variada. Poucas séries de pacientes pediátricos foram publicadas. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar os diagnósticos histopatológicos de tumores conjuntivais em crianças com menos de 14 anos de idade, obtidas durante um período de 25 anos. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo e observacional foi realizado. Nós revisamos o banco de dados de todas as crianças em quem um tumor conjuntival foi removido cirurgicamente no Hospital de Ojos y oidos "Dr. Rodolfo Robles V.," Benemérito Comité Pro Ciegos y Sordos de Guatemala. Sexo, idade e diagnóstico histopatológico de todos os casos foram compilados. O mesmo patologista ocular fez todos os diagnósticos. Resultados: Cento e sessenta e cinco casos foram encontrados, com média de 7,88 anos, sendo 91 (55,15%) do sexo masculino. Lesões melanocíticas foram as mais frequentes (30,91% dos casos). Apenas um caso (0,60%) era maligno. Conclusões: Lesões melanocíticas foram as mais frequentes. Do total, apenas uma lesão era maligna, o que correspondeu a um paciente com xeroderma pigmentoso. Estes resultados são consistentes com o relatado em outros estudos quanto à frequência de diagnóstico histopatológico de tumores da conjuntiva na população pediátrica.

Criteria for prediction of metastatic axillary lymph nodes in early-stage breast cancer / Critérios para predição de metástases axilares em câncer de mama em estádio clínico inicial

PURPOSE: To estimate the likelihood of axillary lymph node involvement for patients with early-stage breast cancer, based on a variety of clinical and pathological factors. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was done in hospital databases from 1999 to 2007. Two hundred thirty-nine patients were diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer. Predictive factors, such as patient age, tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, histological grade and immunohistochemical subtype were analyzed to identify variables that may be associated with axillary lymph node metastasis. RESULTS: Patients with tumors that are negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 had approximately a 90% lower chance of developing lymph node metastasis than those with luminal A tumors (e.g., ER+ and/or PR+ and HER2-) - Odds Ratio: 0.11; 95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.88; p=0.01. Furthermore, the risk for lymph node metastasis of luminal A tumors seemed to decrease as patient age increased, and it was directly correlated with tumor size. CONCLUSION: The molecular classification of early-stage breast cancer using immunohistochemistry may help predicting the probability of developing axillary lymph node metastasis. Further studies are needed to optimize predictions for nodal involvement, with the aim of aiding the decision-making process for breast cancer treatment. .

OBJETIVO: Estimar a probabilidade de acometimento linfonodal em pacientes com câncer de mama inicial, baseado em fatores clínicos e patológicos. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de 1999 a 2007 dos bancos de dados do hospital. Um total de 239 pacientes foram diagnosticados com câncer de mama em estádio inicial. Fatores preditivos como idade, tamanho do tumor, presença de invasão linfovascular, grau histológico e subtipo imunoistoquímico foram analisados para identificar possíveis variáveis associadas com a presença de metástases axilares. RESULTADOS: Pacientes com tumores negativos para receptor de estrogênio, receptor de progesterona e HER2 tiveram aproximadamente 90% menos chance de terem metástases axilares do que pacientes com tumores luminais A (por exemplo, ER+ e/ou PR+ e HER2-) - Odds Ratio: 0,11; intervalo de confiança de 95%: 0,01-0,88; p=0,013. Além disso, o risco de metástases axilares para tumores luminais A diminuiu com o aumento da idade e se correlacionou diretamente com o tamanho do tumor. CONCLUSÃO: A classificação molecular do câncer de mama em estádio inicial utilizando a imunoistoquímica pode ajudar a predizer a probabilidade de encontrar metástases axilares. Novos estudos são necessários para otimizar essa predição, auxiliando no processo de decisão do tratamento relacionado ao câncer de mama. .

Establishment of mouse model of orbital diffuse large B cell lymphoma / 中华实验眼科杂志

Background Recently, the morbidity of orbital lymphoma increased gradually, and we have made deeper research in pathology,therapy and pathogenesis of the disease.There were few reports of mice model of orbital lymphoma up to now for its lower morbidity and culture difficulty.Objective This study was to establish a mouse model of orbital diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) by injection of systemic DLBCL cell line pfeiffer.Methods Ten SPF BALB/c mice and 5 nod-SCID mice were radiated firstly using 137Cs,with the absorption dose 3.5 Gy in the BALB/c mice and 2.6 Gy in the nod-SCID mice,and then pfeiffer cells were intraobitally injected in 4eyes of BALB/c mice (orbital injection group) and suncutaneously injectied in 4 eyes of BALB/c mice and 4 eyes of nod-SCID mice (subcutaneous injection group) at the concentration of 1.5×l08/ml.The developing status of tumors were examined once per day and the growth curve was drawn.The tumors and nearby lymph nodes were obtained 54 days after injection for the preparation of 4 μm thickness of serial sections.Hemotoxylin-eosin staining was used to examine the histopathology of the tumors, and immunochemistry was employed to detect the expressions of CD20,CD79α and CD45RO proteins.The tumors were typed based on the expressions of CD10, BCL-6 and mum-1 in the specimens,and the expressions of Ki-67 and survivin were assyed to assess the prognosis of the tumor.All the results were compared with 3 diagnosed human orbital DLBCL sections.The use and care of the mice complied with Chinese Administration Rule of Laboratory Animal.Results The tumor formation rates were 100％ in both the orbital injection group and subcutaneous injection group, and the tumors grew much faster in nod-SCID mice than BALB/c mice.Infiltration of tumor cells in lymph nodes were found in the subcutaneous injection group rather than the orbital injection group.The pathological features were accordant among the orbital injection group, subcutaneous injection group and human orbital DLBCL sections.The number of ＜50％ and ≥50％ CD20+ specimens was 3 and 5,CD79αwas 2 and 6,CD45RO was 8 and 0 in the BALB/c mice;while that in the nod-SCID mice was 1 and 3 in CD20,0 and 4 in CD79α,4 and 0 in CD45RO;the number of human orbital DLBCL specimens was 1 and 2 in CD20,1 and 2 in CD79α,2 and 1 in CD45RO,without significant differences among them (all at P=1.00).No significant differences were seen in Ki-67+ number and survivin+ number among the BALB/c mice, nod-SCID mice and human orbital DLBCL specimens (all at P=1.00).The detection of CD10,BCL-6 and mum-1 expressions indicated that the tumors of BALB/c mice,nod-SCID mice and human orbital DLBCL specimens all were the non-germinal center B cell-like types.Conclusions The orbital and subcutaneous DLBCL mouse models are successfully established by injection of pfeiffer cell line.There are the same findings and features in biological behavior, pathology and immunohistochemistry in orbital,subcutaneous models with human orbitl DLBCL.Nod-SCID mice appear to be more suitable for the growth of lymphoma cells.

Understanding intraocular neoplasms from the perspective of ocular pathology / 中华实验眼科杂志

Ocular pathology is an important branch of histopathology,which plays a key role in understanding and revealing ocular diseases.In ophthalmology, retinoblastoma (RB) and uveal melanoma (UM) are common primary malignant intraocular neoplasms,which seriously endanger patients' lives.About two thirds of RB patients are caused by sporadic somatic mutations in the Rb1 gene,and the other one third of RB patients are caused by germline mutations in the Rb1 gene,which occur in the early age,are usually bilateral and transmissible to offsprings.High-risk histopathologic factors of RB mainly include the retrolaminar optic nerve invasion and/or massive choroidal invasion,and these are main indications for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.At present, due to lack of effective systemic therapy, about half of UM patients succumb to distant metastasis, most of which are hepatic metastases.Poor prognostic indicators of intraocular neoplasms include large tumor, ciliary body involvement, epithelioid cell type, extraocular diffusion,etc.Monosomy 3 and class 2 gene expression profile are currently accurate and objective prognostic indicators.

Clinical significance analysis of lymph node metastasis on the middle and lower segment of 186 cases of Ⅱ and Ⅲ stage of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate lymph node metastasis on the middle and lower segment of lⅡ and Ⅲ stage of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas,understand the factors influencing the lymph node metastasis,and provide the basis for the key areas of lymph node cleaning.Methods A retrospective study was made on the specimens of 186 patients who were middle and lower segment of Ⅱ and Ⅲ stage of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas,who had underwent radical operation through left thoracic,thoraco abdominal two field lymph node cleaning.All the cases were patients from April 2010 to December 2013 at the Inner Mongolia Medical University Clinical Medical College of Chifeng.Results A percentage (67.9％) of patients (126/186) was found with lymph node metastasis.A total of 4259 lymph node was dissected,with an averaged cleaning of (22.9 ± 8.1) lymph nodes for each case.A total of 622 lymph nodes (14.6％ =622/4 259) existed metastasis.The rate of mediastinum metastasis for middle and lower segment of esophageal cancer was 56.1％ and 16.5％,respectively.The rate of metastasis to the lower mediastinal lymph nodes was 34.6％ and 54.4％,respectively.The rate of metastasis to the celiac lymph nodes was 23.4％ and 46.8％,respectively.A significant difference was found in the metastasis locations of middle and lower segment of esophageal carcinomas (P ＜ 0.05).The top three locations of lymph node metastasis in the middle segment of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas were the lymph nodes of left artery paraesophageal,carina,and gastric bypass.The top three locations of lymph node metastasis in the lower segment of esophageal squamous cell carcinomas were paraesophageal,cardia,and gastric lymph nodes.The depths of tumor invasion,differentiation,intravascular cancer embolus were statistically significant effect on lymph node metastasis rate (P ＜ 0.05).Tumor location,and lesion length had no significant effect on the lymph node metastasis rate (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The lower segment of Ⅱ,Ⅲ stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with lymph node metastasis occurs in the lower mediastinal and abdominal lymph nodes.The middle segment Ⅱ,Ⅲ stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with lymph node metastasis occurs in the thoracic and abdominal lymph nodes with Jump transfer characteristics.The lymph node cleaning of the mid-dle segment includes the left artery near the stomach,paraesophageal,and carina lymph node.The lymph node cleaning of the lower segment includes paraesophageal,cardia,and gastric lymph nodes.The metastasis rate of vascular tumor thrombus is related to the depth of tumor invasion and differentiation degree.

Acurácia do exame clínico no diagnóstico de lesões palpebrais / Accuracy of clinical examination in the diagnosis of eyelid lesions

Objetivo: Analisar a acurácia do exame clínico no diagnóstico de lesões palpebrais. Métodos: A partir da observação de trinta e cinco fotos de tumores palpebrais benignos e malignos que foram apresentadas a médicos oftalmologistas, para cada foto foram feitas 3 perguntas: 1) lesão maligna ou não? 2) se considerado maligno, o provável tipo histológico; e 3) tumor agressivo ou não? Os médicos foram agrupados em 9 grupos, de acordo com a formação profissional (tempo de formação e especialização ou não em Oculoplástica). As respostas foram comparadas com o resultado do exame histopatológico da peça retirada cirurgicamente. Resultados: No total, cento e seis médicos oftalmologistas participaram do estudo. A experiência do profissional influenciou no diagnóstico de malignidade do tumor, já que o grupo 1 (residentes de primeiro ano) apresentou a menor acurácia (64,5%), com menor concordância estimada (Kappa = 0,13), e o grupo 5 (formados há 5 anos e especializados em Oculoplástica) a maior acurácia (77,3%), com melhor concordância (Kappa = 0,45), além de apresentar as melhores medidas para os demais itens avaliados. Para diagnóstico do tipo histológico, a acurácia foi menor no grupo 1 que obteve o pior desempenho, com 51,1% de acurácia, enquanto o melhor foi o grupo 6 (formados há mais de 5 anos e especializados em Oculoplástica, 77,2%). Já para o critério de agressividade do tumor os resultados foram mais próximos entre as diferentes categorias. Os oftalmologistas formados há mais tempo e sem especialização em Oculoplástica também demonstraram baixa acurácia diagnóstica no diagnóstico de malignidade e na determinação do tipo histológico do tumor. Conclusão: A baixa acurácia no diagnóstico clínico de tumores palpebrais nos grupos acima referidos reforça a necessidade de melhorar o conhecimento em oncologia palpebral nesses grupos. .

Objective: To analyze the accuracy of the clinical examination in the diagnosis of eyelid lesions. Methods: From the observation of thirtyfive photos of benign and malignant eyelid tumors were presented to ophthalmologists, for each picture, it was asked 3 questions: 1) the lesion is malignant or not; 2) if considered malignant, the probably histological type; and 3) the tumor is aggressive or not. The phisicians were divided into 9 groups, according to academic degree (time since graduation and Oculoplastics specialty or not). Answers were compared with the results of the histopathologic study of the surgically resected tumor. Results: In total, one hundred and six ophthalmologists were interviewed. The professional experience influenced the diagnosis of malignancy of the tumor, as the Group 1 (first year residents) had the lowest accuracy (64.5%), with lower estimated agreement (kappa = 0.13), and Group 5 (graduated 5 years ago and with expertise in Oculoplastics) the highest accuracy (77.3%), with better agreement (Kappa = 0.45), and presented the best parameters for other analyzed items. For the histological type diagnosis, accuracy was lower: group 1 had the worst performance, with 51.1% accuracy, while the best was for group 6 (graduated over 5 years and with expertise in Oculoplastics, 77.2% ). As for the criterion of tumor aggressiveness, the results were closer among the different categories. Ophthalmologists trained longer and without expertise in Oculoplastics also showed a low diagnostic accuracy for malignancy and to determine the histological type of tumor. Conclusions: The low accuracy of clinical diagnosis of eyelid tumors in the groups above reinforces the need to improve ophthalmic oncology knowledge in these groups. .