RESUMO
RESUMEN En la industria avícola, las infecciones por Salmonella son un problema, debido a los efectos sobre la producción y los riesgos a la salud pública. En las aves infectadas puede ocurrir una diseminación sistémica de las bacterias, que afecta los órganos y favorece, tanto la transmisión entre las aves como la contaminación de los productos avícolas, tales como las carnes, durante el proceso de sacrificio de los animales. Se decidió evaluar el efecto que diferentes combinaciones de glucosa oxidasa (GOX) y glucosa tienen sobre el crecimiento de diversos serotipos de Salmonella aislados de aves en crecimiento y de engorde, y determinar su potencial como antibacteriano. Se tomaron muestras de corazón y de ciego de aves de 7 y 42 días de edad y se aislaron e identificaron S. typhimurium y S. enteritidis. Estas bacterias fueron cultivadas en medio Luria-Bertani (LB) en presencia de GOX (0,5; 1 y 2U/mL) y glucosa (0,5, 1 y 2%), en combinaciones bajo un diseño factorial 32. El crecimiento fue monitoreado por el cambio de absorbancia a 600 nm, durante 6 horas de incubación. Se observó una reducción significativa del crecimiento de ambos serotipos al utilizar 2U/mL de GOX y diferentes concentraciones de glucosa, lo cual, demostró la capacidad antibacteriana que posee el sistema GOX/glucosa sobre este género, por lo que se podría emplear como un aditivo para la conservación de carnes de aves y productos derivados, a fin de alargar su vida de anaquel y minimizar riesgos a la salud.
SUMMARY In the poultry industry, Salmonella infections are a problem due to the effects on production and risks to public health. In infected birds, a systemic spread of bacteria can occur, which affects the organs and favors both the transmission between birds and the contamination of poultry products, such as meat, during the animal´s slaughter process. It was evaluated the effect that different combinations of glucose oxidase (GOX) and glucose have on the growth of different Salmonella serotypes isolated from broilers, and thus determine their potential as antibacterial. Heart and caecal samples were taken from birds 7 and 42 days old. S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis were isolated and identified. These bacteria were cultured in Luria-Bertani medium (LB) in the presence of GOX (0.5, 1 and 2U/mL) and glucose (0.5, 1 and 2%) in combinations under a factorial design 32. Growth was monitored by absorbance change at 600nm for 6 hours of incubation. A significant reduction of the growth of both serotypes was observed when using 2 U/mL of GOX and different concentrations of glucose. This demonstrated the antibacterial capacity that the GOX/glucose system has on this genus, so it could be used as an additive for the preservation of poultry meats and derived products, in order to lengthen its storage time and minimize health risks.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT: The waste in the fruit production chain, including the juice and pulp industries, produces large quantities of leftover husks, seeds and bagasse. This volume of waste generates huge environmental and economic impact. The objective of this research was to determine the potential of using residues from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) and apple (Malus domestica) varieties in the production of functional flours. Passion fruit flour showed greater reduction of DPPH (EC50%: 50.4μg/mL) radicals, showing antioxidant potential, as well as a more efficient inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus (71.3±1.2μg/mL), with a modest; however efficient, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (10%). All Apple flours were good antioxidants and the fuji apple flour stood out inhibiting Pseudomonas aeruginosa (78.6±3.1μg/mL). All the residues showed potential for use as a functional product either as a source of antioxidants, a natural (antimicrobial) preservative for dry foods or supplementary use by patients with Alzheimer's disease.
RESUMO: O desperdício na cadeia produtiva de frutos, incluindo as indústrias de suco e polpa, produz grandes quantidades de resíduos, como cascas, sementes e bagaços. Esse volume de resíduos gera impacto ambiental e econômico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o potencial de aproveitamento de resíduos de maracujá (Passiflora edulis) e de variedades de maçã (Malus domestica) na produção de farinhas funcionais. A farinha de maracujá apresentou maior redução de radicais DPPH (EC50%: 50,4μg/mL), demonstrando potencial antioxidante, maior inibição de Staphylococcus aureus (71,3±1,2μg/mL) e da acetilcolinesterase (10%). Todas as farinhas de maçã foram boas antioxidantes e a fuji destacou-se inibindo Pseudomonas aeruginosa (78,6±3,1μg/mL). Todos os resíduos mostraram potencial para aproveitamento como produto funcional, seja como fonte de antioxidantes, conservante natural (antimicrobiano) para alimentos secos ou uso suplementar no tratamento de Alzheimer.
RESUMO
Os produtos cosméticos e farmacêuticos contendo componentes de origem natural têm aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos. Com o objetivo de utilizar esses componentes como conservante em formulações cosméticas, determinou-se a atividade antimicrobiana do extrato bruto de folhas de Rubus rosaefolius Sm. e suas frações. Aquele de melhor desempenho foi avaliado quanto à toxicidade in vitro e seu comportamento em formulações cosméticas (creme, gel e xampu), relacionado à estabilidade, eficácia do sistema conservante e compatibilidade epidérmica. A atividade antimicrobiana foi determinada pelo método de microdiluição e a concentração de 0,2% (p/v) do extrato bruto apresentou melhor desempenho. O teste de toxicidade do extrato bruto foi realizado por meio do método colorimétrico Cell Titer 96®, MTS, em cultura de queratinócitos humanos, constatando-se índice de citotoxicidade (IC50) de 1,0 mg/mL. As formulações cosméticas contendo o extrato foram analisadas quanto à estabilidade e as de melhor desempenho foram submetidas ao teste de eficácia do sistema conservante, de acordo com os procedimentos descritos na CTFA. O sistema conservante mostrou-se efetivo frente à Escherichia coli IAL 2393 (ATCC 10536), a Pseudomonas aeruginosa IAL 1874 (ATCC 9027), ao Staphylococcus aureus IAL 1875 (ATCC 6548), a Burkholderia cepacia IAL 1834 ATCC (17759) e a Candida albicans IAL 1611 (ATCC 10231). Avaliouse a compatibilidade epidérmica das formulações em equivalentes dermo-epidérmicos, sistema tridimensional cultivados na superfície ar-líquido. Os resultados mostraram que houve diferenças na compatibilidade epidérmica dependendo das características dos componentes das formulações. Concluiu-se que o extrato bruto de folhas de Rubus rosaefolius Sm. a 0,2% (p/v) pode ser utilizado como candidato a conservante em formulações cosméticas, sendo estável e apresentar compatibilidade epidérmica.
Cosmetic and pharmaceuticals products contained natural compounds have increased in the last few years. To verify the use of these compounds as preservative in formulations, the antimicrobial activity from the raw extract of the Rubus rosaefolius Sm. leaves and its fractions was determined. The toxicity in vitro and the behavior in cosmetic formulations (gel, emulsion and shampoo), regarding to the stability, effectiveness of the preservative system, and epidermal compatibility were evaluated in the extract, which had the best preservative action. The antimicrobial activity was determined by the micro dilution method, and the 0.2% concentration (w/v) of the raw extract had the best performance. The toxicity of the extract was analyzed by Cell Titer 96® colorimetric; MTS method in human keratinocytes culture, and the index of cytotoxicity (IC 50) found was 1.0 mg/mL. The cosmetic formulations with the raw extract were analyzed regarding to the stability and the best formulations were submitted to preservative challenge test, according to CTFA procedures. The preservative system was effective against Escherichia coli IAL 2393 (ATCC 10536), Pseudomonas aeruginosa IAL 1874 (ATCC 9027), Staphylococcus aureus IAL 1875 (ATCC 6548), Burkholderia cepacia IAL 1834 ATCC (17759), and Candida albicans IAL 1611 (ATCC 10231). The epidermal compatibility of the formulations was verified by skin (dermo-epidermal) equivalent, three-dimensional system, cultivated in the air-liquid surface. The results showed there were differences in the epidermal compatibility depended on the ingredient of formulation. In conclusion, the raw extract from the Rubus rosaefolius Sm leaves 0.2% (w/v) can be used as preservative candidate in the cosmetic formulations analyzed due to stability and it presented epidermal compatibility.