A cross-sectional study of contraceptive use and healthcare status among women at different times in the postpartum period / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the use of contraceptive methods， and to evaluate maternal healthcare services utilization among women within 2 years in Pudong New Area of Shanghai. MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire for women at different postpartum periods who visited a community health clinic with their children from June to November 2021. Data were analyzed using χ2 test and binary logistic regression. ResultsAmong the 1 946 postpartum women surveyed， 1 934 were either married or cohabiting， and1 430 had resumed their sexual life. Among women at 4， 6， 12， 18 and 24 months postpartum， the contraceptive prevalence rates （CPR） were 92.34% （193/209）， 92.16% （235/255）， 87.31% （282/323）， 91.95% （297/323） and 90.00% （288/320）， respectively. The modern contraceptive prevalence rates （mCPR） were 87.08% （182/209）， 87.06% （222/255）， 82.04% （265/323）， 83.09% （271/323） and 85.31% （273/320）， respectively， while the unmet contraceptive needs （UMNs） were 7.66% （16/209）， 7.84% （20/255）， 11.46% （37/323）， 6.81% （22/323） and 10.00% （32/320）， respectively. The use rates of long-acting reversible contraceptive （LARC） methods among women at 6， 12， 18 and 24 months postpartum period were 0.39% （1/255）， 2.17% （7/323）， 0.31% （1/323）， and 2.81% （9/320）， respectively. Among all surveyed subjects， 32.17% （626/1 946） had received postpartum contraceptive services only once， while 27.85% （542/1 946） had not received any postpartum contraceptive services. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that the use of contraceptive methods among postpartum women was associated with whether relevant educational services were received after childbirth and during postpartum home visits （all P<0.05）. ConclusionPostpartum women have unmet needs for contraception. Contraceptive guidance at the 42-day postnatal healthcare visit needs to be further strengthened and postpartum contraceptive education could be integrated into the pregnancy care. The quality and effectiveness of contraceptive education during delivery and postpartum home visits， and even at the 42-day postnatal healthcare visit need to be further explored.

Efectos de la modalidad de presentación de un mensaje de educación entretenimiento de prevención del VIH

Introducción: Se presentan los resultados de un estudio experimental para contrastar el efecto de la modalidad de presentación de un mensaje de educación-entretenimiento (escrito versus audiovisual) en los procesos cognitivos de recepción, en función de la necesidad de cognición. Método: Participaron 109 hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH), distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos condiciones experimentales (mensaje escrito versus mensaje audiovisual). Resultados: Se encontró que la necesidad de cognición moderó el efecto de la modalidad del mensaje sobre la elaboración cognitiva (el mensaje escrito incrementaba la elaboración cognitiva en participantes con baja necesidad de cognición) y sobre la contraargumentación (el formato escrito generó menor contraargumentación en participantes con alta necesidad de cognición), pero no sobre la reactancia. Conclusiones: La efectividad de un mensaje de educación-entretenimiento está determinada tanto por las características del mensaje (la modalidad de presentación) como por las diferencias individuales de las personas (la necesidad de cognición). De manera particular, la necesidad de cognición es una variable relevante para comprender los procesos cognitivos de recepción (la elaboración cognitiva y la contraargumentación) que desempeñan un papel fundamental en el estudio de la persuasión narrativa.

Introduction: This article presents the results of an experimental study that sought to contrast the effect of the entertainment education message (written versus audiovisual) on the cognitive processes of reception, as a function of the need for cognition. Method: 109 MSM participated, randomly distributed, in two experimental conditions (written versus audiovisual message). Results: We found that the need for cognition moderated the effect of message modality on cognitive elaboration and in contra-argumentation, but not on reactance. Data shows that written message increased cognitive elaboration in participants with low need for cognition and generated less contra-argumentation in participants with a higher need for cognition. Conclusions: The effectiveness of an entertainment-education message is determined by both the characteristics of the message (the modality of presentation) and the individual differences of people (the need for cognition). In particular, the need for cognition is a relevant variable for understanding the cognitive processes of reception (cognitive elaboration and contra-argumentation) that play a fundamental role in the study of narrative persuasion.

Prevalencia de Anomalías Dentomaxilares y Necesidad de Tratamiento Ortodóncico en Escolares del Pueblo Originario Rapa Nui / Prevalence of Dentomaxillary Anomalies and Need for Orthodontic Treatment in School Children of the Rapa Nui Native People

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de anomalías dentomaxilares y la necesidad de tratamiento ortodóncico en escolares pertenecientes al pueblo originario de Rapa Nui. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal y no probabilístico. Se evaluaron 85 alumnos entre primero básico y primero medio, entre los 6 y 16 años de edad, de dos colegios de Rapa Nui. Se realizó un examen clínico estandarizado, realizado por dos investigadores previamente calibrados, donde se completó una ficha clínica diseñada para el estudio. Para el análisis de las anomalías dentomaxilares se realizó un escaneo digital de la cavidad oral completa para su posterior análisis. De 85 estudiantes evaluados, 75 (88,2 %) se encontraban afectados por algún tipo de anomalía dentomaxilar en el plano sagital, vertical y/o transversal, independiente de su gravedad. Un 87,1 % de los estudiantes necesitan tratamiento ortodóncico según el Índice de Necesidad de Tratamiento Ortodóncico, de los cuales un 57,7, % se clasificó dentro de los rangos de moderado, grave y muy grave. Existe una alta prevalencia de anomalías dentomaxilares en los escolares pertenecientes al pueblo originario Rapa Nui, encontrándose por sobre las cifras nacionales como internacionales, lo cual da como resultado que la mayoría de los alumnos evaluados necesiten de algún tipo tratamiento ortodóncico, ya sea preventivo, interceptivo y/o correctivo.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of dentomaxillary anomalies and the need for orthodontic treatment in schoolchildren belonging to the Rapa Nui native people. A descriptive, observational, cross- sectional and non-probabilistic study was carried out. Eighty- five students between first grade and first middle school, between 6 and 16 years of age, from two schools of Rapa Nui were evaluated. A standardized clinical examination was performed by two previously calibrated investigators, where a clinical record designed for the study was completed. For the analysis of dentomaxillary anomalies, a digital scan of the full mouth was performed for subsequent analysis. Of 85 students evaluated, 75 (88.2 %) were affected by some type of dentomaxillary anomaly in the sagittal, vertical and/or transversal plane, regardless of its severity. Some 87.1 % of the students needed orthodontic treatment according to the Orthodontic Treatment Need Index, of which 57.7 % were classified within the moderate, severe and very severe ranges. There is a high prevalence of dentomaxillary anomalies in schoolchildren belonging to the Rapa Nui native people, which is above the national and international figures, resulting in the majority of the students evaluated needing some type of orthodontic treatment, whether preventive, interceptive and/or corrective.

Perception and Preparedness of Medical Students Towards the Health Care Needs Of LGBTQIA+ Community: A Cross-Sectional Study in Vadodara, Western India

Introduction: The legalization of LGBTQIA+ community will bring a new stream of patients and their specific issues to healthcare community. Despite getting their place in society, they face discrimination and stigma from healthcare professionals, which will roadblock them from accessing healthcare. This study aims to doc-ument the perception of upcoming healthcare providers towards the LGBTQIA+ community and their prepar-edness to address their healthcare needs. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey conducted among 299 final MBBS students and Interns during “Pride month” June, 2022. An investigator-designed, validated, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire using Google forms, documented sexual-orientation of participants and their existing knowledge, attitude and prac-tice towards the healthcare needs of LGBTQIA+ community. Results: Total 299 participants were enrolled, having a Response Rate of 94.9% (315 total participants). Pro-portion of female and male was 44.8% and 54.8% as sex (biological) respectively and 54.5% of participants identified themselves as man and 44.8% as woman as gender. Awareness about LGBTQIA+ community was among 98.33% of the participants. Mean Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Scores were 18.4 +2.7, 80.5 +12.4 and 31.4 +5.9, respectively and were positively correlated to each other. Female participants scored signifi-cantly higher, statistically than male participants in knowledge, attitude and practice domains. Conclusion: Despite of good knowledge and positive attitude toward LGBTQIA+ people, pockets of ignorance and discomfort reside among medical undergraduates and interns.

Psychosocial Predictors of Normative Transgression during the COvID-19 Pandemic in Peruvian Citizens / Predictores psicosociales de transgresión normativa durante la pandemia de COvID-19 en ciudadanos peruanos / Preditores psicossociais de transgressão normativa durante a pandemia de COvID-19 em cidadãos peruanos

This research investigated psychological correlates with norm non-compliance during the National State of Emergency declared in Peru at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it looks at the relationship between Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), perceptions of legitimacy, strength and efficacy of the normative system, and trust in the institutions. It also looks at individual justifications for norm non-compliance and the frequency of transgression. A correlational research design using questionnaires was developed with a sample of 126 participants. Results show that transgression of government-issued norms during the Peruvian National State of Emergency is linked to the ideological compo- nent of SDO and perceptions of a weak and illegitimate normative system. These results are consistent with previous studies on normative transgression in Latin American countries. Additionally, results suggest that the need for subsistence (i.e., generating resources to sustain the household) is fundamental to comprehensively understanding transgressive behavior in contexts of vulnerability such as a global pandemic. The discussion highlights how a precarious socio-political structure ­ one incapable of meeting the basic needs of large sectors of the population­ emerges as a central cause of normative transgression in times of crisis

Esta investigación indaga los correlatos psicológicos con el incumplimiento de normas durante el Estado de Emergencia Nacional declarado en Perú con ocasión de la pandemia del COVID-19. Específicamente, se exa- mina la relación entre la Orientación a la Dominancia Social (ODS), las percepciones de legitimidad, fortaleza y eficacia del sistema normativo y la confianza en las instituciones. También examina las justificaciones individuales del incumplimiento de las normas, así como la frecuencia de la transgresión. Se desarrolló un diseño de investigación correlacional mediante cuestionarios con una muestra de 126 participantes. Los resultados muestran que la transgresión de las normas emitidas por el Gobierno durante el Estado de Emergencia Nacional peruano, están vinculadas al componente ideológico del ODS y a la percepción de un sistema normativo débil e ilegítimo. Estos resultados son consistentes con estudios previos sobre transgresión normativa en países latinoamericanos. Adicionalmente, los resultados sugieren que la necesidad de subsistencia (es decir, la generación de recursos para el sostenimiento del hogar), es fundamental para comprender de manera integral el comportamiento transgresor en contextos de vulnerabilidad como una pandemia global. La discusión destaca cómo una estructura sociopolítica precaria ­incapaz de satisfacer las necesidades básicas de amplios sectores de la población­ emerge como causa central de la transgresión normativa en tiempos de crisis.

Esta pesquisa investiga as correlações psicológicas com o descumprimento de normas durante o Estado Nacional de Emergência declarado no Peru na época da pandemia da COVID-19. Especificamente, ela analisa a relação entre a orientação de dominância social (ODS), as percepções de legitimidade, força e eficácia do sistema normativo e a confiança nas instituições. Também analisa as justificativas individuais para a não conformidade com a norma, bem como a frequência da transgressão. Um projeto de pesquisa correlacional usando questionários foi desenvolvido com uma amostra de 126 participantes. Os resultados mostram que a transgressão das normas emitidas pelo governo durante o Estado de Emergência Nacional do Peru está ligada ao componente ideológico da ODS e às percepções de um sistema normativo fraco e ilegítimo. Esses resultados são consistentes com estudos anteriores sobre transgressão normativa em países latino-americanos. Além disso, os resultados sugerem que a necessidade de subsistência (ou seja, a geração de recursos para sustentar a família) é fundamental para compreender de forma abrangente o comportamento transgressivo em contextos de vulnerabilidade, como uma pandemia global. A discussão destaca como uma estrutura socio- política precária ­incapaz de atender às necessidades básicas de grandes setores da população­ surge como uma causa central da transgressão normativa em tempos de crise.

Necesidades en salud sexual y reproductiva en mujeres migrantes venezolanas

Objetivo . Conocer las necesidades en salud sexual y reproductiva de la población venezolana migrante residente en Lima y Trujillo. Métodos . La muestra estuvo constituida por 1,616 mujeres, de ellas 1,114 mujeres del cono sur de Lima y 502 mujeres de la provincia de Trujillo, a quienes se les aplicó una encuesta para evaluar las siguientes dimensiones: características poblacionales, requerimientos de servicios de salud, salud materna, planificación familiar, prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino y mama e infecciones de transmisión sexual. Resultados . La mayoría de las mujeres venezolanas tenía entre 20 y 34 años. Contaban con cédula de identidad en un 66,8%; sin embargo, en 60% el documento no se encontraba vigente y más del 80% no tenía regularizada su condición migratoria. El estado conviviente correspondía a 46% y soltera a 40,8%. El 56,7% de las encuestadas indicó tener estudios secundarios; el 82,2% tenía un ingreso mensual familiar menor de 900 soles; el 75,1% en Lima y el 94% en Trujillo refirió no contar con algún tipo de seguro. Solo el 48% usaba algún método anticonceptivo, preferentemente los métodos anticonceptivos reversibles de larga duración. Entre 78% y 85,1% no hacía uso de servicios de prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino y más del 90% no lo hacía para prevención de cáncer de mama. Las infecciones de transmisión sexual estuvieron presentes en 2 y 5% de la población encuestada, respectivamente. Conclusión . El perfil de salud sexual y reproductiva (SSR) de la población migrante venezolana de las zonas de estudio tuvieron sus características propias no comparables con la vulnerabilidad de la población peruana, y revela que en ellas existen necesidades en SSR que requieren ser atendidas.

Objective : To determine the sexual and reproductive health needs of the Venezuelan migrant population residing in Lima and Trujillo. Methods : The sample consisted of 1,616 women, including 1,114 women from the southern cone of Lima and 502 women from the province of Trujillo. A survey was applied to evaluate the following dimensions: population characteristics, health service requirements, maternal health, family planning, cervical and breast cancer prevention, and sexually transmitted infections. Results : Most of the Venezuelan women were between 20-34 years old. They had an identity card in 66.8%; however, 60% of them did not have a valid document and more than 80% did not have their migratory status regularized. 46% were cohabiters and 40.8% were single. 56.7% reported having secondary education. 82.2% had a monthly family income of less than 900 soles; 75.1% in Lima and 94% in Trujillo reported not having any type of insurance. Only 48% used any contraceptive method, preferably long-acting reversible contraceptive methods. Between 78%85.1% did not use cervical cancer prevention services and more than 90% did not use breast cancer prevention services. Sexually transmitted infections were present in 2 and 5% of the surveyed population. Conclusion : The sexual and reproductive health (SRH) profile of the Venezuelan migrant population in the study areas had its own characteristics that was not comparable with the vulnerability of the Peruvian population, and reveals that they have SRH needs that require attention.

Dietary preference and nutritional knowledge needs of the elderly at meal service sites in Shanghai / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the dietary preference and nutritional knowledge needs of the elderly people who dined at meal service sites. MethodsUsing the form of stratified and convenience sampling method with self-designed questionnaire was used， in November 2021， to select 700 elderly people who dine at meal service sites in 7 jurisdictions in Shanghai were selected， and a self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the basic information. Results91.64% of the elderly surveyed would eat at relatively fixed meal service sites， and the total Dietary Diversity Score （DDS9） was 3.56±1.46. 41.45% of the elderly with diseases preferred unhealthy cooking methods. Only 8.03% of the surveyed seniors said they were unwilling to accept targeted and personalized nutrition tips and reminders. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the probability reaching the “understanding” level of “Food Guide Pagoda for Chinese Residents” and “Four Principles Recommended by the Core Dietary Guidelines for the Elderly” was different in the elderly with different education levels. The willingness of the elderly to expect to receive different nutrition tips and reminders was related to whether they cared about the corresponding contents. There was a statistically significant difference （P<0.05） among the elderly who were concerned about different health problems in terms of the willingness to receive different nutritional tips. There were significant differences in the proportion of elderly people with different health status for intervention （χ2=5.402， P<0.05）. ConclusionThe elderly who dine at meal service sites are highly dependent on the sites， have a low level of dietary diversification， and do not have a high degree of understanding of nutrition-related knowledge， and have a high demand for targeted nutritional interventions. Nutritional interventions for the sick elderly should be piloted through multiple channels.

Preventive role of community-level social capital in the need for long-term care and impairment in instrumental activities of daily living: a multilevel analysis

BACKGROUND@#Individual-level social capital is an important determinant of older adults' long-term care needs; however, there is scant evidence regarding community-level social capital. Therefore, we investigated the association between community-level social capital and the prevalence of the need for long-term care among older adults.@*METHODS@#Between January and February 2018, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among all older adults (n = 13,558) aged 65 to 74 years in a rural municipality in Japan (total population, n = 72,833). A self-reported questionnaire was used to identify community-level social capital, comprising civic participation, social cohesion, and reciprocity. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratios of the need for long-term care and a decline in social activity competence as assessed by instrumental activities of daily living. For the analysis, the community levels were divided into 76 voting districts and adjusted for daily life, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, health conditions, and the three social capital subscale scores at the individual level.@*RESULTS@#After adjusting for the covariates, we observed a tendency that a higher community level of reciprocity was associated with a lower prevalence of long-term care needs (OR: 0.86, 95% confidence interval: 0.75-1.00), whereas a high community level of social cohesion was associated with a significantly reduced decline in instrumental activities of daily living (OR per standard deviation increase: 0.87, 95% confidence interval: 0.79-0.96). No significant association was found with civic participation. Similarly, individual-level social capital was associated with the need for long-term care and decline in instrumental activities of daily living.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Our findings suggest that good community-level reciprocity or social cohesion as well as good individual social capital status may help prevent the need for long-term care among older adults.

Differences in decisions affected by cognitive biases: examining human values, need for cognition, and numeracy

Abstract A better understanding of factors that can affect preferences and choices may contribute to more accurate decision-making. Several studies have investigated the effects of cognitive biases on decision-making and their relationship with cognitive abilities and thinking dispositions. While studies on behaviour, attitude, personality, and health worries have examined their relationship with human values, research on cognitive bias has not investigated its relationship to individual differences in human values. The purpose of this study was to explore individual differences in biased choices, examining the relationships of the human values self-direction, conformity, power, and universalism with the anchoring effect, the framing effect, the certainty effect, and the outcome bias, as well as the mediation of need for cognition and the moderation of numeracy in these relationships. We measured individual differences and within-participant effects with an online questionnaire completed by 409 Brazilian participants, with an age range from 18 to 80 years, 56.7% female, and 43.3% male. The cognitive biases studied consistently influenced choices and preferences. However, the biases showed distinct relationships with the individual differences investigated, indicating the involvement of diverse psychological mechanisms. For example, people who value more self-direction were less affected only by anchoring. Hence, people more susceptible to one bias were not similarly susceptible to another. This can help in research on how to weaken or strengthen cognitive biases and heuristics.

Pharmacovigilance in patient safety: Challenges and perspectives

Pharmacovigilance is growing as an important discipline, which plays an important role in patient safety concerning with the drug side effects. It is basically to identify the adverse effects related to drugs. Pharmacovigilance is an ongoing activity. This article is an attempt to prioritize the importance of pharmacovigilance, its important facets, challenges, and perspectives and a thought of a pharmacovigilance (dummy-example) system to establish a wider coverage through enhanced networking and thereby a more sound reporting of the adverse effects.

In-hospital severe COVID-19 in a philanthropic tertiary hospital setting: is asthma a concern? A retrospective study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The frequency of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases among asthmatics has been reported to be reduced. However, the findings regarding the association between asthma and the risk of severe COVID-19 have been divergent. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether asthma is associated with a reduced risk of development of severe COVID-19. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective analysis on COVID-19 surveillance databases at two tertiary-level hospitals in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: The medical records of patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 between March and August 2020 were reviewed in accordance with the clinical, laboratorial, radiological and epidemiological criteria for COVID-19, and for comorbidities. RESULTS: Among the adult patients included (> 18 years of age) there were 52 asthmatics and 1,318 non-asthmatics. Their median ages and interquartile ranges (IQR) were, respectively, 54 (41-69) and 60 (44-72) years. At least one comorbidity was seen in 73% of asthmatics and 56% of the non-asthmatics. Among the asthmatics, most presented mild asthma (92%) and the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was high (27%). The asthmatics presented an unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for severe COVID-19 of 0.89 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.5-1.56); and OR 0.88 (95% CI 0.5 -1.68) after multivariable adjustment. Age > 60 years, male sex, hypertension, diabetes, cancer and homelessness were covariates associated with increased odds for severe COVID-19. Kaplan-Meier estimated survival over hospitalization of up to 30 days did not differ between the groups (log-rank P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: The association between asthma and decreased risk of severe COVID-19 or increased survival was statistically non-significant.

Cardiovascular Comorbidity and its Impact on Patients with COVID-19 in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Bangladesh

Background: People with cardiovascular issues have been shown to be at an elevated risk of acquiring the 2019 new corona virus infection, according to studies (COVID-19). This study’s objective was to determine if cardiovascular disease has any effect on the severity of COVID-19.Material & Methods:Between January 2020 and December 2020, 210 comorbid patients aged over 40 years old diagnosed with COVID-19 admitted in BIRDEM hospital in Bangladesh were recruited purposively for a cross sectional study as per inclusion criteria. A baseline study was created for each patient based on their medical history, physical examination, biochemical tests, and the amount of care they needed (intensive care vs. ward-based care). SPSS 26 was used to analyze the data.Results:Among the 210 comorbid individuals, 74 had cardiovascular comorbidities and the remaining 136 had other comorbidities. Among the respondents, 48% were serious cases and required ICU support within 30 days. Cases with up to 2 comorbidities did not require ICU support. The severity of COVID-19 was predicted by factors such as age above 80 years (OR 35.5, 95 percent CIs 18.7,98.5), male gender (OR 3.14, CI 1.16, 3.50), and a high troponin level in the patient’s blood (OR 1.34, CI 0.84,3.54). It was shown that cardiovascular comorbidities (CI=1.8,3.0) were 2.9 times more likely to be linked to severity. The risk factors also included a history of diabetes, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Conclusions:Cardiovascular patients, who were previously grouped together as high risk due to the nature of their ailment, need more tailored counseling and treatment from public health authorities and clinicians.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Family Planning Methods among Women of Reproductive Age Group attending Primary Health Centres in North-East India

Introduction: Warranting access to modern family planning methods constitutes a basic human right and globally around 270 million women of reproductive age group have an unmet need for contraception. Objective : To estimate the knowledge, misconceptions and practices related to family planning methods among women of reproductive age group attending primary health centre. Method: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted in four health centers from January to February 2019 among women of reproductive age group (15-49 years). Data regarding socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude and practices pertaining to family planning methods were collected using a pre-tested interview schedule. Descriptive and analytical statistical analyses like mean, proportions, Chi-square and Multivariable logistic regression were conducted. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In this study 348 women were enrolled, of which 39.4% had adequate knowledge regarding family planning methods. Most participants had a healthy attitude towards the use of family planning methods and considered them beneficial whereas 59% stated their religious faith and cultural beliefs restricted the use of contraceptives. Unmet need of contraceptives was 60.2% while 39.8% used any one of the modern contraceptive methods. Lower age (AOR-1.26), Primi-parous (AOR-2.76) and women having a lower monthly income (AOR-2.51) were more likely to have an unmet need of contraception. Conclusion: Despite easy accessibility and low cost of the contraceptives, their use was limited. The high proportion of unmet needs mandates the scaling up of activities to increase the awareness regarding modern contraceptives. Additionally, behavioral change communication strategies are in great need for implementation to counter the negative attitudes pertaining to family planning practices.

Challenges to Mental Wellbeing, Perceived Resources, and Felt Needs During COVID-19 Among College Youth in India.

COVID-19 has significantly impacted the mental health and well-being of college youth across the world. An online survey using checklists and open-ended questions was shared across various institutions in India to capture information about challenges faced, internal and external resources utilized to deal with the stress, existing support systems and suggestions for additional support for maintaining well-being by college youth. Thematic analysis was conducted to understand the emergent themes. Findings suggested that the most challenging aspect of the pandemic was worry about academics, career, and health of loved ones. The most useful self-management strategies to deal with stress were pursuing hobbies, learning new things, spending time with family, sharing concerns and positive self-talks. The students suggested more robust academic as well as mental health support mechanisms at the university level. At the community level students highlighted the need for community based mental health programs and more support from families. This is one of the very first exploratory studies on the potential mental health impact of the pandemic on Indian university students.

Survey on the training needs of chronic diseases among family health care workers in Beijing / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To survey the training needs for chronic diseases among family health care workers in Beijing.Methods:A questionnaire survey on training needs for chronic disease was conducted from September to November 2018 among 820 family health care workers from 15 community health service centers in Beijing selected by stratified random sampling. The questionnaire consisted of demographic information and training needs related to chronic diseases. The training needs included: the knowledge and skills related to chronic diseases: the types of chronic diseases expected to learn, the basic knowledge of chronic diseases (7 items), preventive health care knowledge (7 items), nursing and rehabilitation skills (9 items); the duration, frequency, method, time and location of training arrangement.Results:The survey showed that chronic disease that family health care workers most wanted to learn was hypertension (90.3%, 717/794); among the basic knowledge of chronic diseases, the highest need was disease risk factor (65.5%, 520/794); among the knowledge of preventive health care, the highest need was home safety protection (87.3%, 693/794); among nursing and rehabilitation skills, the highest need was blood glucose measurement (83.1%, 660/794). The female respondents had higher training need for basic knowledge of chronic diseases than males ( Z=2.51, P=0.012). There were significant differences in the needs for preventive health care knowledge among respondents of different gender ( Z=2.72, P=0.007), occupation ( H=15.02, P=0.001) and educational level ( H=12.01, P=0.002). Respondents with different age ( H=6.49, P=0.039), occupation ( H=52.93, P<0.001) and educational level ( H=9.56, P=0.008)) had different needs for nursing and rehabilitation skills. Among the respondents, 58.2% (462/794) indicated that duration of each course should be 30-59 min, 34.0% (270/794) wanted to participate in the training once a month, 53.1% (422/794) wanted to participate in the training in the form of large class, 39.2% (311/794) were willing to participate in the training on working days and 48.7% (387/794) wanted to be trained in community health service institutions. Conclusions:There are diverse training needs of family health care workers. Attention should be paid to the implementation of need-oriented training. It is crucial to promote the motivation of family health care workers to participate in the training, which can improve the training effect and facilitate their role in family health management.

Family function and fear of missing out among college students: the chain mediating effect of relatedness need-frustration and self-control / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the chain mediating effect of relatedness need-frustration and self-control between family function and fear of missing out (FoMO) in college students.Methods:A sample of 409 college students from five universities in Guangdong province was surveyed with family assessment device (FAD), relatedness need-satisfaction and frustration scale, self-control scale (SCS), and fear of missing out scale.Common method bias test, Pearson correlation analysis and Hierarchical regression analysis were conducted to analyze the data using SPSS 26.0 software, and PROCESS V3.5 macro program was used to test the mediating effect.Results:(1) The total scores of family function, relatedness need-frustration, self-control and FoMO were(166.01±16.08), (9.39±2.51), (37.88±6.27)and(56.38±6.59), respectively. (2) Family function was negatively correlated with relatedness need-frustration ( r =-0.43, P<0.01), positively correlated with self-control( r =0.43, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with FoMO ( r =-0.39, P<0.01). Relatedness need-frustration was negatively correlated with self-control ( r =-0.37, P<0.01), and positively correlated with FoMO( r =0.38, P<0.01). Self-control was negatively correlated with FoMO( r =-0.42, P<0.01). (3)The direct effect of family function on FoMO was -0.17(95% CI =-0.27--0.07). Family function affected FoMO through three paths. The separate mediation effect of relatedness need-frustration was -0.09(95% CI =-0.14--0.05), the separate mediation effect of self-control was -0.09(95% CI =-0.14--0.05), and the chain mediation effect of relatedness need-frustration and self-control was -0.03(95% CI =-0.04--0.01). Conclusion:Family function not only directly affects FoMO, but also indirectly affects FoMO through relatedness need-frustration and self-control.

Based on clinical application research progress of thermosensitive gel in different drug delivery sites / 药学学报

The advantages of local administration are as follow: release drugs directly at the lesion, increase the drug concentration in lesion location and reduce the side effects of systemic administration. Thermosensitive gel is one of typical local administration agents. It exhibits the different physical characteristics with the change of temperature. It is sol-gel at low temperature or storage temperature, while when the temperature rises to the transition temperature or near the body temperature, it is semisolid gel with a certain viscoelasticity, and can recover rapidly. It can enhance the local adhesion, which prolongs the local retention time of drugs. As a result, thermosensitive gel can control and display the release of drugs, which can significantly improve the bioavailability of drugs. This review summarizes the characteristics of thermosensitive gel, thermosensitive materials, and its application in different parts: nasal cavity, eye, vagina, periodontal, skin, tumor and joint cavity, based on clinical needs.

Orthodontic Treatment Need among Nepalese High School Students

Abstract Objective: To assess the need for orthodontic treatment among Nepalese high school students. Material and Methods: This is a quantitative, cross-sectional descriptive study. The sample comprises 938 children (537 males and 401 females) with an age group above 14 years. The subjects were selected voluntarily from seven different schools of Kathmandu valley using a multistage sampling technique. The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need comprises two components: Dental Health Component (DHC) and Aesthetic Component (AC). Two trained and calibrated examiners performed the oral examination. Results: On analysis of the DHC component, it was found that 21% had no need, 18.1% had mild/little need, 24.3% had moderate/borderline need, 35.8% had severe need, and 0.7% had extreme treatment need. Similarly on analysis of AC component, it was found that 33% were AC-1, 30.8% were AC-2, 7.2% were AC-3, 8.2% were AC-4, 2.1% were AC-5, 3.6% were AC-6, 1.8% were AC-7, 7.4% were AC-8, 1.8% were AC-9, and 3.9% were AC-10. Conclusion: The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need can be used as a tool for planning dental health resources and prioritizing the treatment need of different populations (AU).

Factors associated with unmet need for birth spacing among Angolan women

Unmet need for family planning (UNFP) remains a public health concern in Angola. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with UNFP among Angolan women aged 15-49 years in 2015-2016. This was an analytical cross-sectional study. A multiple logistic regression model using data from the Angola Demographic and Health Survey 2015-2016 was performed to determine the associated factors. In total, the study involved 8033 women, 22% of whom were between 25-29 years of age. A large number (65%) lived in urban areas and 39% had primary education. About 1/4 of the women(26%) had UNFP for birth spacing. Associated factors were multiple. Age, credible source of information on family planning were protective factors against UNFP for birth spacing while economic level, the woman's level of education were risk factors for NFP. (Afr J Reprod Health 2022;26[6]:22-26).

Mental health distress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria: Need for psychological intervention

Background: The world began to realise the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in January 2020, and since then the number of people infected has exceeded 1 million globally. In less than 1 month following the first reported case in Nigeria, over 180 people had tested positive to the disease. Studies have shown that such rapidly spreading infectious diseases have the potential to create widespread fear, apprehension, panic and anxiety amongst the general public. Aim: This study aimed at evaluating the impact of information dissemination and public mental healthcare needs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. It also hopes to determine if there is an unmet need for telepsychiatry in Nigeria. Setting: Community-based study covering the North, South and West of Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study using an on-line survey form via the snowballing sampling method. Results: Social media was identified as the main source of information concerning COVID-19, and half of the respondents opined that information dissemination was inadequate. Psychological distress was present in 90.5% of the participants and 61.8% admitted that this distress was worsened by fake news and myths concerning COVID-19. However, 53.8% of the participants were willing to access mental healthcare services, with telepsychiatry being the preferred choice. Conclusion: There is a need to implement a national public mental health service during this emergency. Telepsychiatry has numerous advantages in this context and maybe an opportunity to roll out a novel means of delivering mental healthcare.