Study on retinal neurodegeneration and microvascular lesions in diabetic patients / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective:To observe the changes in the structure and function of the retina in diabetic patients, and preliminarily explore the changes in the characteristics of neuropathy and microvascular damage in different degrees of diabetic retinopathy (DR).Methods:A prospective controlled study. From May to December 2020, 63 eyes of 63 patients with type 2 diabetes who were recruited from the Department of Ophthalmology of Shandong Provincial Hospital and 40 healthy volunteers with age and sex matching in the same period (control group) were included in the study. All subjects underwent optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and portable non-mydriatic visual electrophysiological diagnosis system RETeval. OCTA was used to measure the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) around the optic disc, the blood flow density of theradial peripapillary capillary (RPC) around the optic disc, and the thickness of the macular ganglion cell complex (GCC). The "DR evaluation plan" mode of the RETeval device was used to perform flash electroretinogram examination, and the "DR evaluation score" measured by the system was recorded. According to the DR grading standard established in the early treatment of DR research, DR was classified. Diabetic patients were divided into non-DR (non-DR) group, mild to moderate non-proliferative DR (mNPDR) group, and severe non-proliferative DR (sNPDR) group, Proliferative DR (PDR) group, with 12, 16, 18, and 17 eyes respectively. The comparison of pRNFL thickness, GCC thickness, RPC blood flow density and "DR assessment score" between groups was performed by one-way analysis of variance; the correlation between pRNFL thickness and RPC blood flow density was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis.Results:Compared with the control group, the overall, upper and lower thickness of the macular GCC of the affected eyes in different degrees of DR groups were significantly thinner, and the difference was statistically significant ( F=13.560, 15.840, 5.480; P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the overall pRNFL ( F=6.120), upper part ( F=6.310), lower part ( F=5.330), upper nose ( F=7.350), lower nose ( F=2.690), the upper nasal side ( F=4.780), the upper temporal side ( F=3.710), and the lower temporal side ( F=3.750) became thinner, the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Correlation analysis results showed that the whole optic disc, upper part, lower part, upper nose, upper nasal side, lower nasal side, and lower temporal RPC blood flow density were positively correlated with pRNFL thickness ( r=0.260, 0.256, 0.275, 0.489, 0.444, 0.542, 0.261; P<0.01). The "DR evaluation scores" of the eyes in the control group, non-DR group, mNPDR group, sNPDR group, and PDR group were 12.71±5.62, 22.18±3.77, 24.68±2.41, 24.98±2.78, 29.17±7.98 points; the DR lesions were more severe, the evaluation score were higher, and the difference was statistically significant ( F=1.535, P<0.01). Conclusion:Compared with the control group, the macular GCC, pRNFL thickness and RPC blood flow density of diabetic patients are significantly reduced; the "DR evaluation score" is increased, and it is related to the severity of DR.

Quantification of neural elements in posterior cruciate ligament: comparison between healthy knees and with primary osteoarthrosis / Quantificação dos elementos neurais no ligamento cruzado posterior: comparação entre joelhos hígidos e com osteoartrose primária

ABSTRACT Objective: To quantify the neural elements in the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in healthy knees and with primary osteoarthrosis (OA). Methods: In two groups with OA, one of cadavers and another of individuals, the area of neural elements identified in histological sections of PCL with anti-S100 immunohistochemistry was quantified. Results: The overall mean area of the neural elements was 0.96% ± 0.67%, with the value in the cadaver group of 1.02% ± 0.67% and in the OA group of 0.80% ± 0.64%, with a significant statistically difference (p = 0.001). No correlation was observed between neural element quantification and the age of the individuals (p > 0.05). There was no difference in the quantification of neural elements between the sexes in the cadaver group (p = 0.766), but in the OA group there was a statistically significant reduction in males (p = 0.003). Also, in the osteoarthrosis group there was no difference in the quantification of neural elements in the knees with varus or valgus alignment (p = 0.847). Conclusion: There was a decrease in neural element quantification in PCL of individuals affected by OA in relation to non-arthritic individuals, with this quantification not related to age or with the axis of the lower limb. However, this quantification is not related to age or the axis of the lower limb. Level of Evidence III, Case control study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Quantificar os elementos neurais no ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) em joelhos hígidos e com osteoartrose primária (OA). Métodos: Em um grupo de cadáveres e outro de indivíduos com ao, foi realizada a quantificação da área dos elementos neurais identificados em cortes histológicos do LCP com imunohistoquímica anti-S100. Resultados: A média geral da área dos elementos neurais foi 0,96% ± 0,67%, com o valor no grupo cadáver de 1,02% ± 0,67% e no grupo OA de 0,80% ± 0,64%, havendo uma diferença estatisticamente significante (p = 0,001). Não se observou correlação entre a quantificação dos elementos neurais e a idade dos indivíduos (p > 0,05). Não se observou diferença na quantificação dos elementos neurais entre os sexos no grupo cadáver (p = 0,766), mas no grupo OA se observou redução estatisticamente significante no sexo masculino (p = 0,003). No grupo OA não houve diferença na quantificação dos elementos neurais nos joelhos com alinhamento varo ou valgo (p = 0,847). Conclusão: Foi demonstrada uma redução na quantificação dos elementos neurais no LCP de indivíduos acometidos por OA em relação aos indivíduos não artrósicos, com essa quantificação não tendo relação com idade nem com o eixo do membro inferior. Nível de evidência III, Estudo de caso controle.

Atypical oral features of patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: case report / Características orais atípicas de paciente com neurofibromatose tipo 1: relato de caso

RESUMEN El propósito de este artículo es ayudar a los dentistas clínicos a identificar la neurofibromatosis tipo 1 y sus variantes. Presentamos un caso raro de un hombre de 68 años, afectado desde la infancia por la presencia de nódulos generalizados en todo el cuerpo, provocando deformaciones estéticas. Curiosamente, el impacto en la cavidad oral no fue significativo, con nódulos solo en la encía, un área de manifestación raro. La radiografía panorámica mostró un ligero agrandamiento del canal mandibular. Tras un año de seguimiento, el paciente falleció por complicaciones cardiovasculares provocadas por el síndrome.

Ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block for zoster-associated pain: A meta-analysis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Current studies have shown that ultrasound-guided paravertebrospinai nerve block widely used has a significant effect in the clinical treatment of thoracolumbar zoster-associated pain. OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block in the treatment of thoracolumbar zoster-associated pain and to provide reference for clinical treatment. METHODS: We searched relevant literature in PubMed, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang Data, China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP) and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM). The limit of searching time was from inception until January 1, 2019. Randomized controlled trials addressing ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block (experimental group) versus drug therapy (control group) for the treatment of acute zoster-associated pain or postherpetic neuralgia were collected according to the criteria for inclusion and exclusion. Literature quality was assessed according to Cochrane Handbook 5.1.0 bias risk assessment tool. The literature data were analyzed using Revman 5.3 software through a Meta-analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A total of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 916 patients met the inclusion criteria. The results of Meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, the ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block group had better analgesic effect and the optimal analgesic effect appeared within 1-4 weeks. A random effects model was then used [1st week: Mean difference (MD)=-0.91, 95% confidence interval (Cl) (-1.22, -0.61), P < 0.000 01; 2nd week: MD=-1.11, 95%C/(-1.52, -0.70), P < 0.000 01; 3rd week: MD=-1.26, 95%C/(-1.79, -0.74), P < 0.000 01; 4th week: MD=-0.90, 95%C/(-1.57, -0.24), P=0.007], At the same time, the quality of sleep and the effective rate of treatment were improved, and a fixed effects model was used [odds ratio=3.63, 95%C/(2.38, 5.53), P < 0.000 01]. The statistical results showed significant difference. There was no increase in post-treatment adverse reactions. Therefore, ultrasound-guided paravertebral nerve block is safe and effective for the treatment of zoster-associated pain in the thoracolumbar region.

A green route for the fabrication of thermo-sensitive chitosan nerve conduits and their property evaluation / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To explore a green route for the fabrication of thermo-sensitive chitosan nerve conduits, improve the mechanical properties and decrease the degradation rate of the chitosan nerve conduits. Methods: Taking advantage of the ionic specific effect of the thermo-sensitive chitosan, the strengthened chitosan nerve conduits were obtained by immersing the gel-casted conduits in salt solution for ion-induced phase transition, and rinsing, lyophilization, and 60Co sterilization afterwards. The nerve conduits after immersing in NaCl solutions for 0, 4, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours were obtained and characterized the general observation, diameters and mechanical properties. According to the above results, the optimal sample was chosen and characterized the microstructure, degradation properties, and cytocompatibility. The left sciatic nerve defect 15 mm in length was made in 20 male Sprague Dawley rats. The autologous nerves (control group, n=10) and the nerve conduits (experimental group, n=10) were used to repair the defects. At 8 weeks after operation, the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) was measured. The regenerated nerves were investigated by gross observation and toluidine blue staining. The gastrocnemius muscle was observed by HE staining. Results: With the increased ionic phase transition time, the color of the conduit was gradually deepened and the diameter was gradually decreased, which showed no difference during 12 hours. The tensile strength of the nerve conduit was increased gradually. The ultimate tensile strength showed significant difference between the 48 hours and 12, 24, and 36 hours groups ( P0.05). As a result, the nerve conduit after ion-induced phase transition for 48 hours was chosen for further study. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the nerve conduit had a uniform porous structure. The degradation rate of the the nerve conduit after ion-induced phase transition for 48 hours was significantly decreased as compared with that of the conduit without ion-induced phase transition. The nerve conduit could support the attachment and proliferation of rat Schwann cells on the inner surface. The animal experiments showed that at 8 weeks after operation, the CMAPs of the experimental and control groups were (3.5±0.9) and (4.3±1.1) m/V, respectively, which showed no significant difference between the two groups ( P0.05］. The nerve conduit of the experimental group could repair the nerve defect. There was no significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of the histomorphology of the regenerated nerve fibers and the gastrocnemius muscle. Conclusion: The green route for the fabrication of thermo-sensitive chitosan nerve conduits is free of any toxic reagents, and has simple steps, which is beneficial to the industrial transformation of the chitosan nerve conduit products. The prepared chitosan nerve conduit can be applied to rat peripheral nerve defect repair and nerve tissue engineering.

Hypermethylation in the promoter region inhibits LRRN3 expression and promotes proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer / 中国医师杂志

Objective To study the role of leucine rich repeat neuronal 3 (LRRN3) in the prolif-eration of non-small cell lung cancer and its possible mechanism of expression regulation. Methods The expression of LRRN3 in non-small cell lung cancer was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction ( qPCR) , immunohistochemistry and bioinformatics retrieval;A lung cancer cell line A549-LRRN3 with stable over-expression of LRRN3 was established by lentivirus over-expression technology;The effect of LRRN3 on the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium ( MTT) assay;Bioinformatics search for changes in methylation of LRRN3 promoter region and treatment of lung cancer cells by methyltransferase inhibitors to detect the effect of methylation on the regulation of LR-RN3 expression; Finally, bioinformatics search analyzes the correlation between LRRN3 and lung cancer prognosis. Results The mRNA expression of LRRN3 in clinical tissues of non-small cell lung cancer (n=12) was significantly lower than that of adjacent normal tissues (n=12) (P=0. 0014). The results of immunohistochemistry showed that the protein expression level of LRRN3 in non-small cell lung adenocar-cinoma was lower than that in normal tissues (P=0. 001), and the expression in non-small cell lung squa-mous cell carcinoma was also lower than that in normal tissues (P=0. 003). Overexpression of LRRN3 in-hibited the proliferation of tumor cells (P<0. 01), and the hypermethylation of LRRN3 in the promoter re-gion inhibited its transcriptional expression. LRRN3 was positively correlated with the survival prognosis of lung adenocarcinoma (P=5. 2e-09;HR=0. 48). Conclusions Hypermethylation in the promoter region of LRRN3 inhibits its transcriptional expression, thereby promoting the proliferation of lung cancer cells.

Peripheral nerve tumor, a differential diagnosis with primary neural leprosy: five case reports / Tumor de nervo periférico, diagnóstico diferencial com hanseníase neural primária: relato de cinco casos

From December 1999 to May 2015, five patients with nerve tumors were sent to Lauro de Souza Lima Institute. It was suspected that they suffered from primary neural leprosy towards the tuberculoid clinical form, a prevalence of 4.5:10000 among the new patients assessed during the study period. All of the patients had similar clinical conditions characterized by mononeuropathy with nerve tumor associated with pain, absence of skin lesions and positive Mitsuda reaction. The authors report the main clinical characteristics and complementary tests: immunologic investigation of Mitsuda's reaction and the antigen Phenolic GlicoLipid-1 test (PGL-1), bacilloscopic index, neurophysiologic study and image procedures. All patients were submitted to tumor resection and anatomopathological study. Four out of the five patients were diagnosed with peripheral nerve tumor (one of them with malignant schwannoma, two of them with benign schwannomas and the other with neural fibrolipoma), whereas the fifth patient was diagnosed with tuberculoid leprosy.

No período de dezembro de 1999 a maio de 2015, foram encaminhados ao Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima (ILSL) cinco pacientes com tumoração em nervos suspeitos de hanseníase neural primária (HPN) da forma clinica tuberculoide, uma prevalência de 4,5/10000 entre os casos novos atendidos nesse período. Todos os pacientes apresentavam quadro clínico semelhante caracterizado por mononeuropatia com tumoração do nervo associada à dor, ausência de lesões de pele e reação de Mitsuda positiva. Os autores relatam as principais características clinicas e os exames complementares: investigação imunológica da reação de Mitsuda e o teste do antigeno Glicolipídeo-Fenólico-1, índice baciloscópico, avaliação neurofisiológica e estudos de imagem. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a ressecção cirúrgica do tumor e estudo anatomopatológico. Dentre os cinco pacientes, quatro foram diagnosticados como tumor de nervo periférico (um Schwannoma maligno, dois Schwannomas benignos e um fibrolipoma neural) e um como hanseníase tuberculoide.

Research progress of graphene and its derivatives in repair of peripheral nerve defect / 中国修复重建外科杂志

Objective: To review the research progress of graphene and its derivatives in repair of peripheral nerve defect. Methods: The related literature of graphene and its derivatives in repair of peripheral nerve defect in recent years was extensively reviewed. Results: It is confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments that graphene and its derivatives can promote cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and neurite growth effectively. They have good electrical conductivity, excellent mechanical properties, larger specific surface area, and other advantages when compared with traditional materials. The three-dimensional scaffold can improve the effect of nerve repair. Conclusion: The metabolic pathways and long-term reaction of graphene and its derivatives in the body are unclear. How to regulate their biodegradation and explain the electric coupling reaction mechanism between cells and materials also need to be further explored.

Effects of Exercise on Neuropathy in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of early regular exercise and to assess the electrophysiological and histopathological findings of the rat tail nerve in relation to the timing of exercise training for swimming exercise in rats with diabetic neuropathy. METHODS: We used 70 Sprague-Dawley male rats, and the experimental group comprised 60 rats, and the control group comprised 10 rats. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Blood glucose concentrations were measured in tail vein blood samples. The experimental group was divided into 6 subgroups according to insulin treatment and swimming exercise: group 1, diabetic control; group 2, insulin treated; group 3, insulin untreated with early swimming exercise; group 4, insulin treated and early swimming exercise; group 5, insulin treated and late swimming exercise; and group 6, insulin untreated with late swimming exercise. Sensory and motor nerve conduction studies were performed weekly up to the 13th week using rat tail nerves. The effect on structural diabetic neuropathy was assessed by morphometry and ultrastructural examination of the rat tail nerve fiber at the 14th week. RESULTS: An exercise effect was observed in the insulin treated groups, but it was not observed in the insulin untreated groups. The sensory nerve conduction study in the rat tail revealed significantly prolonged latency and decreased amplitude in groups 1 and 6, and a further delay was observed in group 5 when compared to group 4. Decreased thickness of myelin was found in groups 1 and 6 through morphometry. CONCLUSION: Early regular exercise programs in addition to conventional insulin treatment may retard the progression of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Optimal timing of antenatal taurine supplementation for improvement of neuron and neural stem cell proliferation in fetal rats with intrauterine growth restriction / 中华围产医学杂志

ObjectiveTo determine the optimal timing of antenatal taurine supplementation to improve neuron and neural stem cell proliferation in fetal rats with intrauterine growth restriction.Methods Twenty-five pregnant SD rats were randomly divided into five groups (five rats in each group): group A was the control group, group B to E were the fetal growth restriction (FGR) model groups with low-protein diet during the experiment, group C, D, and E were supplemented with taurine [300 mg/(kg·d)] at day 9, 11 and 15, respectively. The birth weight of newborn rats was measured after natural delivery. The rats with body weight two standard deviations lower than the average weight in group A were diagnosed as FGR. There were five litters of newborn rats in each group, and two were randomly selected from each litter, resulting in ten newborn rats in each group. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7) positive cell expression in newborn rat brain tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. Single factor analysis of variance, LSD tests were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe average birth weight of newborn rats in group A, B, C, D and E were (6.61±0.45), (4.65±0.23), (5.37±0.17), (5.74±0.21), and (5.00±0.24) g, respectively. Average birth weight was lower in group B than in group A (t=2.447), higher in group D and E than in group B (t=2.306 and 2.306), higher in group D than in group C and E (t=2.306 and 2.306), and the differences were statistically significant (allP0.05). The IOD in group D was higher than that in group E, and the difference was statistically significant (t=4.182,P<0.05).ConclusionsAntenatal taurine supplementation can promote neuron and neural stem cell proliferation in rats with FGR. The effect is most obvious on the 11th day of pregnancy, and may lead to the promotion of brain development.

Protective effect of antioxidant N-acetylcysteine on the retinal nerve tissue of early diabetic rats / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

ABSTRACT:Objective To explore the protective effect of the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) on the retinal nerve tissue of early diabetic rats .Methods We randomly divided 60 healthy adult Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats weighing between 180 g and 220 g into 2 groups:normal control (CON , n=20) and diabetic (DM , n=40) .By intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) ,the model of diabetic rats was established .The rats were considered diabetic only when they had hyperglycemia (set at ≥16 .7 mmol/L) (32) .The CON group was injected with the same amount of citric acid and sodium citrate buffer solution .After successful model establishment ,the diabetic rats were randomly divided into 1‐month diabetes group and 2‐month diabetes group ,with 16 rats in each group .The left eye of each experimental diabetic rat was set for diabetes control group (D) while the right eye was set as NAC treatment group (NAC) .At 2 weeks of diabetes ,4μL (1 .6μg/μL) of NAC was injected into the vitreous chamber of NAC group and 4μL (0 .01 mmol/L) of PBS was injected into the vitreous chamber of the other diabetic rats .The thickness changes of outer nuclear layer retina was observed by HE ,ultrastructural changes of retinal ganglion cells were observed under the transmission electron microscope ,and the number of retinal ganglion cells was detected by immunofluorescence method .Results At different time points ,retina outer nuclear layer in NAC group was thicker than in D group (P0 .05) .Under the transmission electron microscope ,NAC group had more retinal ganglion cell organelles ,higher electron density of the cytoplasm ,and milder mitochondria swelling than D group .The NAC group did not differ from CON group in the ultrastructure of retinal ganglion cells . NAC group had an increased number of retinal ganglion cells at different time points compared with the D group (P 0 .05) .Conclusion The antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine has a protective effect on the retinal nerve tissue of early diabetic rats .

Effect of etomidate post-conditioning on mPTP in rat cortical neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and restoration: the relationship with Robo receptors / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the role of etomidate post-conditioning on mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) in the rat cortical neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation and restoration (OGD/R) and the relationship with Robo receptors.Methods The cortical neurons obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats (＜ 24 h after birth) were cultured in vitro and seeded in 6-well plates (2 ml/well).The neurons were divided into 4 groups (n=24 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),OGD/R group,etomidate post-conditioning group (group E),and etomidate post-conditioning + Robo receptor blocker group (group ER).The neurons were subjected to O2-glucose deprivation for 90 min followed by restoration of O2-glucose supply for 24 h.In E and ER groups,etomidate was added to the culture medium with the final concentration of 6 μmol/L immediately after onset of O2-glucose supply.In group ER,Robo blocker RoboN was added to the culture medium with the final concentration of 1 μg/ml at 6 h before O2-glucose deprivation.The neuronal apoptosis was detected using Hoechst/PI double staining,the viability of neurons was measured by MTT assay,and the amount of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) released was measured using colorimetric method.The mitochondria were extracted,and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening was detected.Results Compared with group C,the apoptosis rate,amount of LDH released,and mPTP opening were significantly increased,and the cell survival rate was decreased in OGD/R,E and ER groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group OGD/R,the apoptosis rate,amount of LDH released,and mPTP opening were significantly decreased,and the cell survival rate was increased in group E,and the apoptosis and amount of LDH released were significantly decreased,and the cell survival rate was increased in group ER (P＜0.05).Compared with group E,the apoptosis rate,amount of LDH released,and mPTP opening were significantly increased,and the cell survival rate was decreased in group ER (P＜0.05).Conclusion Etomidate post-conditioning mitigates OGD/R-induced damage to the cortical neurons through activating Robo receptors and inhibiting mPTP opening in rats.

Effects of minocycline on the cognition and expression of BDNF, Bcl-2 and Bax in hippocampus of Alzheimer’s disease model rats / 天津医药

Objective To investigate the effect of minocycline on the cognition and expressions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), apoptosis related factor Bcl-2 and Bax in hippocampus of rats with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods The rat model was established by microinjection of Aβ25-35 into lateral ventricle. Thirty healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups:control group, model group and minocycline treatment group. Normal saline 1 mL/(kg·d) was intraperitoneally injected in control group and model group. The minocycline treatment group was intraperitoneally injected with minocycline 50 mg/(kg · d) for 14 days. Morris water maze was used to detect the behaviors of animals. The expressions of BDNF, Bcl-2 and Bax in hippocampus were measured by Western blotting and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The apoptosis of neurons was detected by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Results Minocycline greatly improved the behaviors of AD rats, up-regulated the expressions of BDNF and Bcl-2, and down-regulated the expression of Bax in hippocampus, and reduced cell apoptosis. Conclusion Minocycline plays a protective role in neural function by promoting the growth of neurons and inhibiting the neuronal apoptosis.

Endurance training induces structural and morphoquantitative changes in rat vagus nerve / Treinamento de endurance induz alterações estruturais e morfoquantitativas no nervo vago de ratos / Entrenamiento de endurance induce a alteraciones estructurales y morfocuantitativas en el nervio vago de ratones

ABSTRACTIntroduction:Many nervous system tissues and cells suffers positive changes when faced to exercise training. However, data on vagus nerve adaptation from exercise-induced study is absent.Objective:To analyze the effect of an endurance training on the vagus nerve morphology of rats.Methods:Wistar rats (6 months of age) were divided into two groups: control group (CG, n=8), and aerobic trained group (AT, n=8). AT was submitted to a treadmill training program of five times per week during 12 weeks. The maximum speed stipulated in the training protocol corresponded to 60% of the mean maximum intensity achieved by the group in the test of maximum effort.Results:Twelve weeks of treadmill training resulted in left ventricular hypertrophy in the AT group com-pared to CG. There was a significant increase in the area of both the myelinated and unmyelinated axons, and in the area of myelin sheath with training. The number of neurotubules and neurofilaments in myelinated fibers of aerobic trained group was significantly greater than CG (p≤0.05).Conclusion:Endurance training promoted significant increase in morphometric parameters of the vagus nerve in the same way it affect somatic nerves.

RESUMOIntrodução:Muitos tecidos e células do sistema nervoso sofrem alterações positivas quando se defrontam com o treinamento físico. Entretanto, dados sobre a adaptação do nervo vago decorrente de estudos com exercício físico são ausentes.Objetivo:Analisar o efeito do treinamento de endurance sobre a morfologia do nervo vago de ratos.Métodos:Ratos Wistar (6 meses de idade) foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (GC, n=8), e grupo com treinamento aeróbico (TA, n=8). O grupo TA foi submetido a um programa de treinamento em esteira rolante, cinco vezes por semana durante 12 semanas. A velocidade máxima estipulada no protocolo de treinamento correspondeu a 60% da intensidade média alcançada pelo grupo no teste de esforço máximo.Resultados:Doze semanas de treinamento em esteira rolante resultou em hipertrofia ventricular no grupo TA em comparação ao GC. Foi verificado um aumento significativo na área de ambos axônios mielinizados e não mielinizados, e na área da bainha de mielina com treinamento. O número de neurotúbulos e neurofilamentos das fibras mielinizadas foi significativamente maior no grupo com treinamento aeróbico em comparação ao GC (p≤0,05).Conclusão:O treinamento de endurance promoveu aumento significativo nos parâmetros morfométricos do nervo vago da mesma forma que isto afeta os nervos somáticos.

RESUMENIntroducción:Muchos tejidos del sistema nervioso y células sufren cambios positivos cuando se enfrentan con el entrenamiento físico. Sin embargo, los datos sobre la adaptación del nervio vago que resulta de los estudios con el ejercicio son ausentes.Objetivo:Analizar el efecto del entrenamiento de endurance en la morfología del nervio vago de ratones.Método:Ratones Wistar (6 meses de edad) se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo control (GC, n= 8) y grupo con entrenamiento aeróbico (TA, n=8). El grupo TA se sometió a un programa de entrenamiento sobre una cinta de correr cinco veces por semana durante 12 semanas. La velocidad máxima estipulada en el protocolo de entrenamiento correspondió al 60% de la intensidad media máxima alcanzada por el grupo en la prueba de ejercicio máximo.Resultados:Doce semanas de entrenamiento en una cinta resultaron en la hipertrofia ventricular en el grupo TA en comparación con GC. Se obtuvo un aumento significativo en el área de ambos axones mielinizados y no mielinizados, y en el área de la vaina de mielina con entrenamiento. El número de neurotúbulos y neurofilamen-tos de fibras mielinizadas fue significativamente mayor en el grupo con entrenamiento aeróbico en comparación con GC (p = 0,05).Conclusión:El entrenamiento de endurance causó un aumento significativo en los parámetros morfométricos del nervio vago en la misma forma en que afecta a los nervios somáticos.

Regenerative capacity and histomorphometric changes in rat sciatic nerve following experimental neurotmesis / Capacidad regenerativa y cambios histomorfométricos en el nervio ciático de ratas luego de una neurotmesis experimental

Through a wide range of cellular and molecular events, the peripheral nervous system is endowed with great regenerative capacity, responding immediately to injuries that occur along the length of the nerve. The aim of this study was to histomorphometrically assess the degree of maturity of the nervous tissue and possible microscopic changes in newly formed nerve segments 60 days after experimental neurotmesis of the sciatic nerve in rats. Control Group (CG) and an Injury Group (IG) were used. IG underwent neurotmesis of the sciatic nerve of the right foot, with immediate surgical repair using the tubulization technique. 60 days following experimental surgery, animals from both groups had their sciatic nerves collected for histomorphometric analysis. Statistical analysis was performed, using the Student t-test for independent samples, expressed as mean ± standard deviation, with 5% significance. In the event of injury, peripheral nerve tissue is mobilized in an intrinsic self-healing process. 60 days following of nerve regeneration in neurotmesis injury, the peripheral nerve presents a segment joining the newly formed neural stump. The new stump has a number of regenerated axons compatible with an intact nerve, but which still show great immaturity in the axonal structural layers of the nerve.

Mediante diversos procesos celulares y moleculares, el sistema nervioso periférico tiene una gran capacidad regenerativa, respondiendo inmediatamente a las lesiones ocurridas a lo largo de su extensión. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar histomorfométricamente el grado de madurez del tejido nervioso y los posibles cambios microscópicos en los segmentos nerviosos recién formados 60 días después de la neurotmesis experimental en el nervio ciático de ratas. Se utilizaron 9 ratas (Wistar) separadas en grupo control (GC, n= 4) y Grupo lesión (GL, n= 5). A los 60 días de vida, el grupo GL fue sometido a neurotmesis del nervio ciático de la miembro posterior derecho, con inmediata corección quirúrgica con la técnica de tubolización. Completados 60 días luego de la cirugía experimental, los animales de ambos grupos fueron anestesiados y sus nervios ciáticos seccionados para el análisis histomorfométrico. Se realizó un análisis estadístico utilizando la prueba t de Student para muestras independientes, expresado como media ± desviación estándar, con un 5% de significancia. A los 60 días de la lesión por neurotmesis, el nervio ciático del GL presentó alteraciones histomorfométricas significativas para las variables: número de vasa nevorum, densidad de fibras mielínicas, diámetro axonal y de fibras mielínicas, espesor de la vaina de mielina y razón G, con similitud solamente para los números absolutos de fibras mielínicas regeneradas. El nervio periférico durante su proceso regenerativo, pasa por grandes alteraciones estructurales, siguiendo una secuencia coordinada de acciones, que dependiendo de las condiciones del microambiente donde ocurre esta regeneración, podrá ser clave para el nivel de regenerecion nerviosa periférica.

Isolated Schwannoma of the Olfactory Groove: A Case Report

Introduction Schwannoma of the olfactory groove is an extremely rare tumor that can share a differential diagnosis with meningioma or neuroblastoma. Objectives The authors present a case of giant schwannoma involving the anterior cranial fossa and ethmoid sinuses. Case Report The patient presented with a 30-month history of left nasal obstruction, anosmia, and sporadic ipsilateral bleeding. Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses revealed expansive lesion on the left nasal cavity extending to nasopharynx up to ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses bilaterally with intraorbital and parasellar extension to the skull base. Magnetic resonance imaging scan confirmed the expansive tumor without dural penetration. Biopsy revealed no evidence of malignancy and probable neural cell. Bifrontal craniotomy was performed combined with lateral rhinotomy (Weber-Ferguson approach), and the lesion was totally removed. The tumor measured 8.0 4.3 3.7 cm and microscopically appeared as a schwannoma composed of interwoven bundles of elongated cells (Antoni A regions)mixed with less cellular regions (Antoni B). Immunohistochemical study stained intensively for vimentin and S-100. Conclusion Schwannomas of the olfactory groove are extremely rare, and the findings of origin of this tumor is still uncertain but recent studies point most probably to the meningeal branches of trigeminal nerve or anterior ethmoidal nerves. .

Relationship study of the expressions of Slit2 and Nogo-A in rats with cerebral hemorrhage / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the expressions of Slit2 and Nogo-A in the ipsilateral hippocampus after cerebral hemorrhage in rats.Methods A total of 64 adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was randomly divided into control and model groups.Collagenase Ⅶ was used to induce cerebral hemorrhage model.Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of Slit2 and Nogo-A in hippocampus at the cerebral hemorrhage side at the time points (24 h,7 d,14 d,and 21 d).Results Compared to the control group,the expressions of Slit2 and Nogo-A were significantly enhanced in model group (P ＜0.01),with the highest level at the 7 d.Conclutions Cerebral hemorrhage can significantly enhance expressions of Slit2 and Nogo-A with a positive correlation of Slit2 and Nogo-A,which might have an important effect on the recovery of brain injury.

The study of correlation between high-risk types HPV load and expression of nestin in different cervical lesions / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the association between high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) load and the expression of nestin in different cervical lesions.Methods The hybridization capture Ⅱ (HC-Ⅱ) assay was used to test the HR-HPV load from 60 patients who were the first time to do the cervical cancer screening in Xiangya Hospital,and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of nestin in those biopsy tissue samples.Results (1) The lgHPV level (logarithm of HR-HPV load) in the high level lesion group was higher than the low level one (P ＜0.05),and HR-HPV load was positively associated with the degree of cervical lesions (rs =0.269,P =0.037).(2) The expression of nestin in A group was weaker than groups B and C (H =7.271,22.843,P ＜0.01),and the expression of nestin in C group was stronger than B group (H =7.270,P ＜0.01),and the expression of nestin was positively associated with the degree of cervical lesion (rs =0.646,P =0.000).(3) The HR-HPV load was positively associated with the expression of nestin (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions The HR-HPV load and the expression of nestin are closely related to the cervical lesions,and the joint detection has a referential value for early prevention of cervical lesions and prediction of progress of cervical precancerous lesion.It might guide the early prevention and treatment of cervical cancers.

Mechanisms of perineural invasion and its effect on early cervical cancer / 国际肿瘤学杂志

Mechanisms of perineural invasion may include the effect of microenvironment, the interaction of cancer cell and nerve, the action of stromal cell and cancer cell, signal transduction between the cancer cell and nerve by the involvement of the neurotrophin and its receptor, chemokines and its receptor.Its impacts on early cervical cancer include surgery, adjuvant therapy, prognosis and so on.

Therapeutic effects of transplantation of lentivirus-mediated artemin gene modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the rat model of Parkinson's disease / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To investigate the potential therapeutic efficacy of lentivirus-mediated artemin (ARTN) gene modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation on the rat model of Parkinson' s disease (PD) and the effects on expression of brain-related proteins.Methods MSCs were isolated and cultured in vitro,transfected by recombinant lentiviral vectors carrying ARTN gene.The PD rat model established by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was randomly divided into 5 groups:Sham group,PD group,MSCs group,MSCs transfected with empty lentiviral vectors transplanted (LV-MSCs)group and MSCs transfected with recombinant lentiviral vectors carrying ARTN gene transplanted (LVARTN-MSCs) group.The MSCs,LV-MSCs and LV-ARTN-MSCs groups were transplanted into the left striatum of each rat model of PD and ethology tests in every group were made with intraperitoneal injection of apomorphine (APO) 2,4,6,8 weeks after transplantation.The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein in substantia nigra (SN) was measured by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry,and immunofluorescence showed ARTN gene modified MSCs expression in rat brain tissue.The levels of dopamine (DA),dihydroxy-phenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid in striatum of each group were detected by high performance liquid chromatography.Results After injection of APO,rotation frequency decreased in LV-ARTN-MSCs group,i.e.(179.33 ± 10.74) circles/30 min vs (235.83 ± 18.95),(203.67 ±11.50) and (206.33 ± 11.86) circles/30 min in PD,MSCs and LV-MSCs groups (q =8.828,P ＜ 0.01;q =3.802,P ＜ 0.05;q =4.219,P ＜ 0.05).The percentage of TH-positive cells in SN after cell transplantation was increased significantly in LV-ARTN-MSCs group (64.05％ ± 5.49％) when compared with PD group (34.18％ ±3.35％),MSCs group (52.59％ ±4.48％) and LV-MSCs group (50.57％ ± 4.41％),respectively (q =13.280,5.135,6.028,all P ＜0.01).At the same time,TH protein in SN after cell transplantation was also increased obviously in LV-ARTN-MSCs group.ARTN gene modified MSCs can survive for at least 6 weeks in the rat brain of PD,mainly concentrated in the transplantation side of striatum.Eight weeks later,the levels of DA in striatum after cell transplantation were elevated significantly in MSCs group (2.34 ± 0.54),LV-MSCs group (2.28 ± 0.45) and LV-ARTN-MSCs group (2.28 ± 0.45)when compared with PD group (0.87 ± 0.07) (q =5.233,P ＜ 0.05;q =5.020,P ＜ 0.01;q =20.190,P ＜ 0.01),and LV-ARTN-MSCs group showed the most significant improvement.Conclusion ARTN gene modified bone marrow MSCs transplanted into the striatum of brain may have therapeutic effects on rat models of PD.