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ntroduction: Memory is a cognitive function essential to everyday life. Alcohol causes damage to the hippocampus. Music (especially Mozart music) has been reported to enhance memory function.Aim: This study investigated the possible role of different genres of Nigerian music (Afro-Hiphop and Fuji) on alcohol-induced hippocampal toxicity.Methodology: Thirty-six (36) Adult Wistar rats (105g-160g) were randomly distributed into 6 groups. Group A were administered 5ml/kg b.wt. of distilled water everyday for 28 days. Group B rats were administered 5ml/kg b.wt. of alcohol (20%) for 2 weeks. However for the first 2 weeks, the rats in Groups C and D were administered 5ml/kg b.wt. of alcohol (20%) and the rats in Groups E and F were exposed to Nigerian Fuji and hip hop music at 75dB-83dB respectively for 4 hours daily. For the last 2 weeks, the rats in C and D were exposed to Nigerian hip hop and fuji music respectively 75dB-83dB, for 4 hours daily and the rats in Group E and F were administered 5ml/kg b.wt of alcohol.Results: Higher memory capacity, oxidative status and normal histo-architecture of the hippocampus in group A rats were recorded. However, Group B rats showed a non-significant (p≥0.05) increase inbody weight, higher and lower memory capacity as shown by Morris water maze test and Y-Maze respectively, significant decrease (p≤0.05) in oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, GSH) and a significant (p≤0.05) increase in MDA and Acetylcholinesterase, structural distortion and neuronal degeneration as evident by a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in number of pyramidal cells when compared to the rats in groups A, C-F. The rats in group C-F had changes in their memory capacity at the 14th and 28th day.Conclusion: Music (AfroHip-Hop and Fuji) improved the histo-architecture of alcohol-distorted hippocampus in rats. However they do not have a definite effect on spatial memory.
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The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of Fluoxetine (FLX) on both learning and memory of psychologically stressed protein malnourished mice as compared to its effect in normally fed ones. Animals were divided into two major groups, a normally fed (NF) mice and a Protein malnourished one (PM). Stress was induced using the learned helplessness (LH) technique. Each animal was exposed for 5 days to the psychological stress session alone or in association with drug administration following completion of 21 days under the diet regimen. Fluoxetine (FLX) was administrated daily in dose of 10mg/kg i.p. before mice exposed to foot shocks. Stress significantly decreased time required to reach platform in normally-fed (NF) mice. FLX significantly increased time required to reach platform as compared to (PM) escape mice. Stress significantly decreased time spent in platform quadrant in both (NF) and (PM) mice. FLX significantly increased time spent in the platform quadrant, as compared to stressed (PM) mice. The results could be concluded that stress enhanced learning in (NF) mice and impaired memory in both (NF) and (PM) mice. FLX abolished psychological stress effect on memory performance under protein malnutrition. Fluoxetine retard learning in (PM) escape mice. Such effects were correlated with significant modifications of brain 5-HT, NE and DA contents.
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Chlorpyrifos, a well known organophosphorus insecticide, and the heavy metal lead, were evaluated for their simultaneous interactive effects on neurobehavioural parameters in Wistar rats after single dose exposure via oral gavaging. The study comprised of functional observation battery and motor activity tests. The study was designed using two different dose levels of chlorpyrifos and lead acetate and grouped into seven groups; control (group 1), chlorpyrifos-5mg/kg (group 2), lead acetate- 100mg/kg (group 3), chlorpyrifos-5mg/kg + lead acetate- 100mg/kg (group 4), chlorpyrifos-50mg/kg (group 5), lead acetate-1000mg/kg (group 6) and chlorpyrifos-50mg/kg + lead acetate-1000mg/kg (group 7). Excitotoxicity and motor activity changes were evident in groups 5 and 7 animals. The animals treated with chlorpyrifos at 50mg/kg exhibited behavioural changes after 2–3 hours of oral gavaging and waned over 2 days. At 50mg/kg chlorpyrifos + 1000mg/kg lead acetate, severe cholinergic signs were noticed approximately 24 hours of exposure and symptoms regressed over 4 days. The incidence and severity of cholinergic behavioural changes were more pronounced in group 7 animals. Chlorpyrifos in the presence of lead delays the cholinergic effects which might be due to its chelating properties with metals and predominant behavioural changes suggest potentiating role of lead on excitotoxicity of chlopyrifos. The present study will be potentially relevant for physicians/scientists to decipher more about variability of action that could arise from accidental poisoning by these agents.