Sintomatología depresiva y trastornos neurocognitivos en pacientes con VIH adherentes y no adherentes a TARAA: estudio transversal analítico / Depressive symptomatology and neurocognitive disorders in haart-adherent and non-adherent hiv patients: a cross-sectional analytical study

Introducción: Las personas portadoras del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) presentan mayor comorbilidad de trastornos neurocognitivos y del ánimo que la población general. La introducción de los antirretrovirales ha disminuido significativamente la demencia asociada a VIH, relacionado a la adherencia a la terapia antirretroviral altamente activa (TARAA). Diversos estudios han demostrado la coexistencia de otros factores para explicar dicho trastorno cognitivo, tales como enfermedad neurológica previa, enfermedad psiquiátrica, consumo de drogas, nivel educativo, reserva cognitiva, entre otras. Objetivo: Determinar el grado de sintomatología depresiva, deterioro cognitivo y su relación con la adherencia a TARAA y otros factores de curso clínico en pacientes portadores de VIH en control ambulatorio. Métodos: Estudio transversal. Se incluyeron pacientes que viven con VIH adscritos al programa de infectología del Hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke, Viña del mar, Chile. Se utilizaron datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y se aplicaron las escalas Depression in the Medicaly III Questionary, Montreal Cognitive Assesment y Morysky Green Levin Test. Resultados: Se incluyeron 29 participantes, en su mayoría hombres (86,2%) y con escolaridad técnica o profesional (86.2%). No hubo diferencias entre variables biodemográficas, depresivas ni subdimensiones cognitivos. Entre pacientes adherentes y no adherentes se encontró diferencias significativas respecto a la presencia de algún deterioro cognitivo. Conclusiones: Los resultados deben ser interpretados con cautela, dado su alcance limitado. Futuros estudios traslacionales debieran incorporar mediciones más certeras del nivel de adherencia al TARAA.

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) carriers present more neurocognitive and mood disorders than the general population. The introduction of antiretrovirals has significantly lowered the incidence of HIV associated dementia, and this is related to adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Several studies have shown the coexistence of other factors that could explain the cognitive disorder, such as a pre-existing neurological disease, psychiatric disease, drug consumption, level of education, cognitive reserve, and others. Objective: To determine the degree of depressive symptomatology and cognitive impairment and their relation to adherence to HAART and other factors of the clinical course of HIV carriers in outpatient supervision. Methods: Cross-sectional study. We included HIV patients in the infectious diseases program, Dr Gustavo Fricke Hospital, Viña del Mar, Chile. We used sociodemographic and clinical data and we applied the Depression in the Medically Ill questionnaire, Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the Morysky Green Levin Test. Results: 29 patients participated, mainly men (86.2%) with technical or professional education (86.2%). There were no significant differences in sociodemographic, depressive, or cognitive subdomain variables. There were significant differences in cognitive impairment between adherents and non-adherents. Conclusions: Care should be taken with interpreting the results, given their limited scope. Future cross-sectional studies should incorporate more accurate measurements of HAART adherence.

Quality of life of children and adults following cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease: A Mexican cohort / Calidad de vida en niños y adultos después de cirugía para cardiopatías congénitas: primera cohorte mexicana

Abstract Objective: The real burden of (congenital heart defects [CHD]) and the improvement after surgical correction or palliation is both reflected in the quality of life (QoL). There are few studies in Latin-America that evaluate QoL in the CHD population. The purpose of this study was to measure the QoL after corrective or palliative surgery for CHD. Materials and methods: An observational, cross-sectional, and comparative study was carried out at the Miguel Hidalgo Centennial Hospital. Patients from 8 to 18 years old who underwent surgery for CHD were included during a period of 8 months. A total of 40 patients were included, together with a group of 80 healthy controls. From all participants, a KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire was taken. A comparative analysis of the results was performed. Results: Overall, patients with cardiac surgery had better QoL indexes than healthy controls (p < 0.0001). The difference was greatest in moods and emotions, autonomy, and parent relations. Conclusions: Self-perception of QoL in post-operative patients for congenital heart disease is similar and in certain dimensions higher than the healthy population, possibly due to socioeconomic differences, parental care, and styles of coping with their disease. Higher complexity studies that include psychosocial variables and parental perception are required, and a better understanding of the QoL determinants will improve the attention provided to the patient and their families.

Resumen Objetivo: Los efectos de las cardiopatías congénitas en los pacientes, así como la mejoría después de la paliación o la corrección quirúrgica, se reflejan en la calidad de vida (CV). Hay pocos estudios en Latinoamérica que evalúen la CV en esta población. El objetivo de este artículo es notificar la CV posterior a la operación paliativa o correctiva para defectos cardíacos congénitos. Material y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional, transversal y comparativo en el Centenario Hospital Miguel Hidalgo. Durante un período de ocho meses se incluyó a pacientes de 8 a 18 años sometidos a una intervención para cardiopatías congénitas. Se reunió a dos grupos de 40 pacientes y 80 controles sanos, pareados por edad y sexo. A cada participante se le aplicó el cuestionario KIDSCREEN-52 y se realizó un análisis comparativo de los resultados. Resultados: Los pacientes sometidos a operación cardíaca tuvieron mejores índices de CV que los controles sanos (p < 0.0001). La mayor diferencia se obtuvo en los aspectos de estado de ánimo y emociones, autonomía y relación con los padres. Conclusiones: La autopercepción de la CV después de una intervención para cardiopatías congénitas es similar y, en ciertas dimensiones, mejor que la de la población sana, tal vez por diferencias socioeconómicas, atención de los padres y modelos de adaptación a la enfermedad. Se requieren estudios más extensos que incluyan variables psicosociales y percepción parental. Una mayor comprensión de los determinantes de la CV podría mejorar la atención ofrecida al paciente y su familia.

Cannabinoids for major neurocognitive disorder: case report and literature review / Uso de cannabinoides en trastorno neurocognitivo mayor: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura

ABSTRACT Introduction: Major neurocognitive disorder (MNCD) affects millions of people worldwide. However, the pharmacological options for its management are limited, ineffective and frequently associated with severe adverse reactions. Case report: An 85-year-old man with history of multiple chronic brain injuries (alcohol-use disorder, haemorrhagic stroke, brain trauma, chronic use of benzodiazepines) developed an MNCD, reaching 7 points on the Reisberg Global Deterioration Scale. He had minimal response to antidepressants, antipsychotics and anticholinergic medications. After the use of mother tincture of Indian hemp (cannabis), a significant improvement was found in his cognitive function, ability to carry out activities of daily living and independence. Discussion: The endocannabinoid system seems to be implicated in age-related cognitive decline. In addition, the evidence derived from in-vitro and animal models suggest that this system could play an important role in the management of MNCD of different causes. Conclusions: Cannabinoid treatment for MNCD emerges as a promising therapeutic approach that may benefit a growing number of patients who do not have other treatment options. It is therefore necessary to encourage more research efforts that will help to remove political and scientific barriers to its clinical use.

RESUMEN Introducción: El trastorno neurocognitivo mayor (TNM) afecta a millones de personas a nivel mundial. Sin embargo, las opciones farmacológicas para su manejo son limitadas, poco efectivas y se asocian a importantes reacciones adversas. Caso clínico: Se presenta el caso clínico de un hombre de 85 años, con antecedente de múltiples lesiones cerebrales crónicas (abuso de alcohol, enfermedad cerebrovascular, traumatismo cerebral, uso crónico de benzodiacepinas), quien desarrolló un TNM clasificado con 7 puntos en la Reisberg Global Deterioration Scale. Tuvo poca respuesta al manejo con antidepresivos, antipsicóticos y anticolinérgicos. Tras el uso de tintura madre de cáüamo índico (cannabis), se evidenció una mejoría en la función cognitiva, la capacidad de cuidado para las actividades de la vida diaria y la independencia. Discusión: El sistema endocanabinoide parece estar relacionado con los procesos de deterioro cognitivo asociados con la edad. Además, la evidencia derivada de modelos in vitro y animales sugiere que podría tener un papel importante en el manejo del TNM de diferentes etiologías. Conclusiones: El uso de cannabinoides en el TNM se presenta como una pista terapéutica prometedora. Por lo tanto, es necesario promover procesos de investigación que contribuyan a eliminar las barreras políticas y científicas para su uso clínico, beneficiando a un número creciente de pacientes que no poseen opciones terapéuticas eficaces.

High prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in São Paulo City, Brazil / Alta prevalência de desordem neurocognitiva associada ao HIV (HAND) na Cidade de São Paulo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are the subject of many studies, some of them reporting a prevalence of up to 50 percent. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence and factors associated with HIV neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients in São Paulo city, Brazil. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive cross-sectional study including 106 HIV-1-infected patients, employing direct interview and neuropsychological tests, applied by trained neuro-psychologists with expertise in the tests. Other, similar assessment tools we used were Brief Neurocognitive Questionnaire, International HIV Dementia Scale, Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Social Support Scale for People with HIV/Aids, Assessment of Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy Questionnaire, and a complex neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS: We included 106 patients from May 2015 to April 2018. We found a high prevalence of HAND in our patients (45%), with 27.5% presenting asymptomatic neurological impairment (ANI) and 17.5% mild neurological dysfunction (MND); only one patient presented HIV-associated dementia (HAD) (0.9%). Women were more likely to have MND (52.9%) and the only case of HAD was also female. The high prevalence of neurocognitive disorders was independent of the immunological status, use of efavirenz, or virological control. CONCLUSIONS: This study may mirror the national and international scenarios, showing a high prevalence of HAND (45%) and the prevalence of some risk factors, in special among women

INTRODUÇÃO: As doenças neurocognitivas associadas ao HIV (HAND), são o assunto de muitos estudos, alguns deles relatando uma prevalência de até 50 por cento. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a prevalência e os fatores associados aos distúrbios neurocognitivos do HIV (HAND) em uma coorte de pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1 na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal descritivo incluindo 106 pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1, utilizando entrevista direta e testes neuropsicológicos, aplicados por neuropsicólogos treinados com experiência nos testes. Foram utilizados também: Questionário Neurocognitivo Breve, Escala Internacional de Demência do HIV, Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária de Lawton, Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão, Escala de Apoio Social para Pessoas com HIV / Aids, Avaliação da Adesão à Terapia Antiretroviral Questionário e uma bateria de avaliação neuropsicológica complexa. RESULTADOS: Foram avalaidos 106 pacientes de maio de 2015 a abril de 2018. Foi observado uma alta prevalência de HAND em nossos pacientes (45%), com 27,5% apresentando comprometimento neurológico assintomático (ANI) e 17,5% comprometimento cognitive leve (MND); apenas um paciente apresentou demência associada ao HIV (DAH) (0,9%). As mulheres eram mais propensas a ter MND (52,9%) e o único caso de HAD também era do sexo feminino. A alta prevalência de distúrbios neurocognitivos foi independente do estado imunológico, uso de efavirenz ou controle virológico. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo pode espelhar o cenário nacional e internacional, mostrando uma alta prevalência de HAND (45%) e a prevalência de alguns fatores de risco, em especial entre as mulheres

Trastorno neurocognitivo debido a neurosífilis: informe de un caso / Neurocognitive disorder due to neurosyphilis: a case report

RESUMEN Introducción: La neurosífilis es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica ocasionada por Treponema pallidum y puede producir una gran variedad de signos y síntomas neuropsiquiátricos, lo que complica su diagnóstico. Descripción del caso: Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 40 años que consultó al servicio de urgencias por una convulsión de novo, junto con un cuadro crónico de deterioro cognitivo y psicosis. Se le realizaron los estudios pertinentes para el diagnóstico de neurosífilis y se inició el tratamiento recomendado. El paciente presentó mejoría clínica y fue dado de alta. Discusión: Con resultados de serología VDRL positivos y hallazgos imagenológicos de atrofia cortical marcada, se consideró una neurosífilis parenquimatosa de tipo tardío, junto con franco deterioro cognoscitivo y psicosis. Se le dejó tratamiento con penicilina cristalina, que disminuyó la intensidad de los síntomas del paciente; sin embargo, el poco interés de este en asistir a sus controles disminuye sus probabilidades de una recuperación adecuada. Conclusiones: La neurosífilis se debe sospechar en pacientes con síntomas neurológicos o psiquiátricos clínicamente evidentes. El análisis de la serología de VDRL y los estudios de neuroimagen son importantes como evaluación inicial del paciente, que debe complementarse con pruebas cognitivas o examen mental para determinar el estado de deterioro cognitivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Neurosyphilis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum that can cause a great variety of neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms, which complicates its diagnosis. Case description: This case occurred in a 40-year-old man who consulted the Emergency Department because of a convulsion (de novo) which was related to a chronic condition of cognitive impairment and psychosis. The appropriate studies were performed for the diagnosis of neurosyphilis and the recommended treatment was initiated. The patient presented clinical improvement and was discharged. Discussion: Positive VDRL serology results and imaging findings of marked cortical atrophy conducted to consider a late-stage parenchymatous neurosyphilis with serious cognitive impairment and associated psychosis. Treatment with crystalline penicillin was formulated, which reduced the intensity of the patient's symptoms; however, the patient's lack of interest to attend the check-ups significantly reduces his chances of an adequate recovery. Conclusions: Neurosyphilis must be suspected in patients with clinically evident neurological or psychiatric symptoms. Analysis of VDRL serology and neuroimaging studies are important as an initial evaluation of the patient and must be complemented with cognitive tests or mental examination to determine the state of cognitive impairment.

Aplicação do modelo da dupla rota no diagnóstico da dislexia: revisão sistemática / Application of the double-route model in the diagnosis of dyslexia systematic review

A dislexia é um transtorno de aprendizagem da leitura que pode afetar a escrita, entretanto, a identificação desse transtorno ainda é muito imprecisa. O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar a aplicação do modelo neurocognitivo da dupla rota nos estudos sobre diagnóstico, através de revisão sistemática da literatura. Os descritores utilizados: dislexia, leitura, dupla rota; avaliação da dislexia; diagnóstico da dislexia, nas bases de dados Medline, SciELO e Google Acadêmico (2013-2018). A amostra foi constituída de 52 estudos e 40 aplicaram o modelo da dupla rota no diagnóstico. Os resultados mostraram que os instrumentos mais utilizados foram Tarefa da Consciência Fonológica (20%), Tarefa de Leitura de Palavras e pseudopalavras (15%); as funções cognitivas mais investigadas foram a leitura (30%), e consciência fonológica (25%). Os estudos mostraram evidências empíricas do uso do modelo, demonstrando que déficits nos componentes do processamento fonológico e lexical explicam a presença da dislexia, contribuindo para o diagnóstico.

Dyslexia is a learning disorder of reading that can affect writing, however, the identification of this disorder is still very imprecise. The objective of this study was to verify the application of the neurocognitive double-route model in the diagnostic studies, through a systematic review of the literature. The descriptors used: dyslexia, reading, double-route; evaluation of dyslexia; diagnosis of dyslexia, in the Medline, SciELO and Google Academic databases (2013-2018). The sample consisted of 52 studies and 40 applied the double-route model in the diagnosis. The results showed that the most used instruments were Phonological Awareness Task (20%), Word Reading Task and pseudowords (15%); the most investigated cognitive functions were reading (30%) and phonological awareness (25%). The studies showed empirical evidence of the use of the model, demonstrating that deficits in the components of phonological and lexical processing explain the presence of dyslexia, contributing to the diagnosis.

Neurological Soft Signs and cognitive processes in Mexican schoolchildren aged 6 to 11 years / Sinais Neurológicos Sutis e processos cognitivos em crianças escolares mexicanas de 6 a 11 anos / Signos Neurológicos Blandos y procesos cognitivos en niños escolares mexicanos de 6-11 años

Abstract Neurological Soft Signs (NSS) are indicative of generalized disruptions in neurological networks of cortico-subcortical areas. Their presence leads to problems in children's cognitive development with future academic repercussions. The presence of NSS was assessed and compared in 144 children aged 6 to 11 years of low-medium socioeconomic status from Mexico City and the metropolitan area through the Infant Neuropsychological Maturity Questionnaire (CUMANIN, for its Spanish acronym) and the School Neuropsychological Maturity Questionnaire (CUMANES, for its Spanish acronym). Results indicate significant differences by sex. Girls showed better performance in word articulation. In groups by age, significant differences were found in leximetric-comprehension, visual perception and executive function-errors. Participants showed the presence of developmental NSS which include: language (articulation disorders, oral and written language disturbances, difficulty finding words), psychomotricity, visual perception and other cognitive functions. There are several factors related to those impairments such as age, socioeconomic context and critical stages in child's development. Identification and early diagnosis can reduce the risk of school failure.

Resumo Os Sinais Neurológico Sutis (SNS) são indicadores de interrupções generalizadas nas redes de trabalho neural de áreas córtico-subcorticais, cuja presença leva a problemas no desenvolvimento neurocognitivo da criança que representam repercussões acadêmicas negativas. Na presente pesquisa, foi avaliada e comparada a presença de SNS com os processos cognitivos de 144 participantes mexicanos de estrato socioeconómico médio-baixo com idades entre 6 e 11 anos, sem antecedentes neurológicos ou psiquiátricos, por meio dos Cuestionarios de Madurez Neuropsicológica (CUMANIN) e Madurez Neuropsicológica Escolar (CUMANES). Os resultados indicaram diferenças significativas por gênero, já que as meninas apresentaram melhor desempenho na articulação de palavras. Nos grupos por idade, as diferenças significativas foram encontradas na velocidade de leitura e compreensão, visuopercepção e função executiva e erros. Em geral, os participantes mostraram presença de SNS de desenvolvimento, que incluem interferências na linguagem (problemas articulatórios, alterações da linguagem oral e escrita, dificuldade para encontrar palavras), psicomotricidade, visuopercepção e outras funções cognitivas. Ao final, conclui-se que a identificação e o diagnóstico precoce dos SNS permite diminuir o risco de fracasso escolar.

Resumen Los Signos Neurológicos Blandos (SNB) son indicativos de interrupciones generalizadas en las redes de trabajo neuronal de áreas cortico-subcorticales, cuya presencia conlleva a problemas en el desarrollo neurocognitivo del niño que representan repercusiones académicas negativas. En la presente investigación se evaluó y comparó la presencia de SNB con los procesos cognitivos de 144 participantes mexicanos de estrato socioeconómico medio-bajo con edades entre los 6 y 11 años sin antecedentes neurológicos o psiquiátricos por medio de los Cuestionarios de Madurez Neuropsicológica (CUMANIN) y Madurez Neuropsicológica Escolar (CUMANES). Los resultados indicaron diferencias significativas por sexo, ya que las niñas presentaron mejor desempeño en la articulación de palabras. En los grupos por edad, las diferencias significativas se encontraron en leximetría-comprensión, visopercepción y función ejecutiva-errores; y, en general, los participantes mostraron presencia de SNB de desarrollo, que incluyen afectaciones en: lenguaje (problemas articulatorios, alteraciones del lenguaje oral y escrito, dificultad para encontrar palabras), psicomotricidad, visopercepción y otras funciones cognitivas. Al final, se concluye que la identificación y diagnóstico temprano de los SNB permite disminuir el riesgo de fracaso escolar.

Spanish validation and cultural adaptation of the Five-Word Test for the detection of the neurocognitive disorder in older adults / Adaptación cultural y validación al español de la Prueba de Cinco Palabras para detectar el trastorno neurocognitivo en adultos mayores

Abstract Introduction "Episodic" memory problems are common in people with cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Dubois et al. developed the Five-Word Test (5WT) to evaluate episodic memory, which has proved to be an easy and valid test for identifying cognitive disorders. However, its validation and cultural adaptation from French to Spanish has not been undertaken and its usefulness in Mexican population is unknown. Objective Validation and cultural adaptation of the 5WT for screening minor and major neurocognitive disorder (ND) in Mexican older adults with probable Alzheimer's disease. Method Two hundred and fifteen participants (70 cognitively healthy subjects, 73 with minor ND and 72 with major ND were included). The cognitive status (gold standard) was determined using current clinical criteria and neuropsychological evaluation. The Spearman coefficient, ROC curve, and multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine the concurrent validity of the 5WT. Results The correlation between the 5WT and the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) was .58, whereas for the clock face test it was -.37 (p < .001). The area under the 5WT curve was .97 (95% CI [.94, .99]), with a cut-off point of ≤ 16/20 for the diagnosis of major ND (89% sensitivity, 98% specificity) and .77 (95% CI [.70, .85]) for minor ND with a cut-off point of ≤ 18/20 (66% sensitivity, 77% specificity). Discussion and conclusion Since the 5WT is a simple, valid instrument for the identification of neurocognitive disorders like Alzheimer's disease, it could be a practical screening test.

Resumen Introducción Los problemas de la memoria "episódica" son comunes en las personas con deterioro cognitivo tipo Alzheimer. Dubois et al. desarrollaron la Prueba de Cinco Palabras (P5P) para evaluar la memoria episódica, la cual ha demostrado ser sencilla y válida para identificar trastornos cognitivos. Sin embargo, su validación y adaptación cultural del francés al español no se ha realizado y se desconoce su utilidad en población mexicana. Objetivo Validación y adaptación cultural de la P5P para el tamizaje del trastorno neurocognitivo (TNC) menor y mayor en adultos mayores mexicanos con probable enfermedad de Alzheimer. Método Participaron 215 participantes (70 cognitivamente sanos, 73 con TNC menor y 72 con TNC mayor. El estado cognitivo (estándar de oro) se determinó mediante los criterios clínicos vigentes y de evaluación neuropsicológica. El coeficiente de Spearman, la curva ROC y modelos de regresión logística multinomial se utilizaron para determinar la validez concurrente de la P5P. Resultados La correlación entre la P5P y el MMSE fue de .58, mientras que para la prueba de reloj fue de -.37 (p < .001). El área bajo la curva de la P5P fue .97 (IC 95% [.94, .99]), con un punto de corte ≤ 16/20 para el diagnóstico del TNC mayor (sensibilidad: 89%, especificidad: 98%) y de .77 (IC 95% [.70, .85]) para el TNC menor con un punto de corte ≤ 18/20 (sensibilidad: 66%, especificidad: 77%). Discusión y conclusión La P5P es un instrumento válido y simple para identificar de trastornos neurocognitivos de tipo Alzheimer por lo que podría ser una prueba práctica para uso en el tamizaje.

Revisión Bibliográfica: Trastornos Neurocognitivos en Pacientes Infectados con el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana / Literature Review: Neurocognitive Disorders in Patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

El Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) tiene un carácter neurotrópico, es decir afecta tanto el sistema inmunológico como el sistema nervioso de los pacientes, generando déficits conocidos como trastorno neurocognitivo asociado con el VIH (HAND por sus siglas en inglés). Los HAND se evidencian en el deterioro de las funciones ejecutivas y las funciones cognitivas de los pacientes y pueden ser clasificados en tres tipos: 1. Deterioro neurocognitivo asintomático asociado con el VIH, 2. Trastorno neurocognitivo leve asociado con el VIH, y 3. Demencia asociada al VIH. Los HAND tienen efectos perjudiciales en la calidad de vida y en las actividades cotidianas de los pacientes, pues intervienen en el rendimiento de tareas laborales, la adherencia al tratamiento o ingesta de medicamentos, conducción de vehículos y continuidad de la independencia. Para detener o prevenir la aparición de un HAND se ha estudiado la terapia antiretroviral, sin embargo, esta acción no es definitiva, por ello deben tomarse medidas adicionales como intervenciones psicológicas y neuropsicológicas pertinentes. En muchos casos la agudeza de los trastornos neurocognitivos dificulta su identificación, siendo la detección temprana de déficits en las diferentes habilidades cognitivas un factor esencial en el diagnóstico del VIH, pues al ser una afección crónica se puede esperar un mayor deterioro a futuro en caso de no ser intervenido.(AU)

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has a neurotropic character, so it affects both the immune system and the nervous system of the patients, producing deficits known as HIV associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). HANDs are evidenced with the deterioration of executive and cognitive functions, and can be classified into three types: 1. Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment associated with HIV, 2. Mild neurocognitive disorder associated with HIV and 3. HIV associated dementia. HANDs have detrimental effects on the quality of life and the daily activities of the patient, as they interfere in work performance, adherence to treatment or ingestion of drugs, operation of vehicles and continuity of independence. To stop or prevent the onset of a HAND, antiretroviral therapy has been studied, however, this action is not definitive, therefore additional measures as timely psychological and neuropsychological interventions should be taken. In many cases, the acuity of neurocognitive disorders makes identification difficult. Early detection of cognitive deficits is an essential factor in the diagnosis of HIV, because it is a chronic condition, further deterioration can be expected in the future if intervention is not applied on time. regarding endothelial glycocalyx damage and ischemia-reperfusion injury.(AU)

Memory impairment: an intermediate clinical syndrome symptom in HTLV-1-infected patients? / Comprometimento da memória: um sintoma de síndrome clínica intermediária em pacientes infectados pelo HTLV-1?

Background Although classical human T-cell lymphocyte virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis syndrome is the most frequent HTLV-1-associated neurological disorder, some "minor" neurological disorders can be seen in "asymptomatic" carriers. These disorders, including cognitive alterations already described in clinical cases and studies, may constitute an intermediate syndrome (IMS) between the asymptomatic state and myelopathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of cognitive deficits in patients with HTLV-1 virus, who usually are diagnosed as asymptomatic. Methods A total of 54 HTLV-1-infected patients were evaluated, 35 asymptomatic and 19 with minor neurological alterations (evaluated by a neurologist); 25 HTLV-1-seronegative individuals served as controls. The instruments used were: Beck's Depression Inventory, Lawton's Daily Life Activity Scale, and a complete neuropsychological battery. The application of these evaluation instruments was performed blindly, with the evaluator neuropsychologist not knowing the clinical condition of the patient. Results Most of the participants in this cohort, including seronegative controls, were female (n = 57, 72.21%), their mean age was 52.34 years (SD = 14.29) and their average schooling was 9.70 years (SD = 4.11). Discussion Participants classified with IMS had lower gross scores when compared with both the patients classified as asymptomatic and with the control group, and when tested for auditory episodic memory of immediate (p < 0.01), and late (p = 0.01), recall. Conclusion Patients with IMS presented with memory impairment when compared with asymptomatic patients and seronegative individuals; this is one of the symptoms that aids in the classification of the syndrome.

RESUMO Apesar da síndrome de HAM / TSP clássica ser a perturbação neurológica mais atribuída, alguns distúrbios neurológicos denominados "menores" são vistos em portadores "assintomáticos" de HTLV-1. Esses distúrbios, incluindo alterações cognitivas já observadas em descrições de casos clínicos e estudos, podendo constituir uma verdadeira síndrome clínica intermediária (SI) entre o estado assintomático e mielopatia. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença de déficits cognitivos em pacientes portadores do vírus HTLV-1 diagnosticados classicamente como assintomáticos. Métodos Foram avaliadas 54 pessoas, sendo 35 assintomáticos, 19 com alterações neurológicas menores (avaliados por um neurologista) e 25 HTLV-1 negativo. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Inventário Beck de Depressão, Escala de Atividades de Vida Diária de Lawton e uma completa bateria neuropsicológica. A aplicação destes instrumentos de avaliação foi realizada de forma cega, ou seja, a avaliadora não sabia a condição clinica do paciente. Resultados A maioria dos participantes era do sexo feminino (n = 57, 72,21%), com idade média de 52.34 anos (DP = 14,29) e escolaridade média de 9.70 anos (DP = 4,11). Discussão Avaliando o desempenho cognitivo nos três grupos, foi possível observar que os participantes classificados com SI, apresentaram menores escores brutos, quando comparados, com os pacientes com classificação assintomática e grupo controle e, em relação à memória episódica auditiva de evocação imediata (p < 0,01) (p = 0,01) e tardia. Conclusão Diante dos resultados foi possível concluir que os pacientes com SI apresentam comprometimento de memória quando comparado com os outros grupos, sendo possível, ser este um dos sintomas para auxiliar na classificação da síndrome.

Neurocognitive study of school performance among Moroccan high school students: The role of working memory / Estudo neurocognitivo do desempenho escolar em estudantes do ensino médio marroquino: o papel da memória de trabalho

ABSTRACT. The Moroccan school system suffers from recurring dysfunctions as reported by the National Evaluation Body (NEB). These results lead to the degradation of learning and academic performance, in which several factors come into play. In Morocco, studies focusing on the neurocognitive profile of students and its influence on school performance are very limited or rare. In this context, the present study aims to study the role of working memory in school performance among Moroccan high school students. Methods: our sample contains 146 high school students. A total of 78 boys and 68 girls participated in this study and the numerical version of The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test (ROCF) was used to assess working memory. Moreover, school performance is represented in this study by the mean obtained during the first semester. Results: the results of multiple linear regression revealed that working memory significantly explains variation in school performance. Conclusion: neuropsychological abilities, particularly working memory, significantly explain the deterioration in school performance of students reported by the National Evaluation Body.

RESUMO. O sistema escolar marroquino sofre de disfunções recorrentes, conforme relatado pelo National Evaluation Body (NEB). Esses resultados levam à degradação da aprendizagem e do desempenho acadêmico, que vários fatores entram em jogo. No Marrocos, pesquisas focadas no perfil neurocognitivo dos estudantes e sua influência no desempenho escolar são muito limitadas a raras. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa objetiva estudar o papel da memória de trabalho no desempenho escolar de estudantes do ensino médio marroquino. Métodos: nossa amostra contém 146 estudantes do ensino médio. Entre eles, 78 meninos e 68 meninas participaram deste estudo e utilizamos a versão numérica do teste de Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) para avaliar a memória de trabalho. Além disso, o desempenho escolar representado neste estudo pela média obtida no primeiro semestre. Resultados: os resultados da regressão linear múltipla revelaram que a memória de trabalho explica significativamente a variação no desempenho escolar. Conclusão: as habilidades neuropsicológicas, particularmente a memória de trabalho, explicam significativamente a deterioração do desempenho escolar do estudante relatado pelo Órgão Nacional de Avaliação.

La depresión y su influencia en los cambios neuropsicológicos del adulto mayor con trastorno neurocognitivo leve debido a la enfermedad de Alzheimer / Depression and its Influence on Neuropsychological Changes in the Elderly with Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's Disease

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar las alteraciones neuropsicológicas asociadas a la depresión en adultos mayores con trastorno neurocognitivo (TNC) leve debido a la enfermedad de Alzheimer, de la Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS). Cuadro teórico: Los hallazgos han demostrado que los cambios neurocognitivos son más evidentes cuando existe depresión en el adulto mayor. Metodología: Participaron en esta investigación un total de 785 adultos mayores con Alzheimer, divididos en dos grupos: El experimental, en el que participaron mayores con diagnóstico clínico de depresión, y el de Control, cuyos participantes no presentaban depresión. Todos fueron evaluados a través del Inventario de Depresión de Beck II (BDI-II) y la Batería Neuropsicológica NEUROPSI. Resultados: Existen correlaciones significativas entre la depresión y las funciones neuropsicológicas y, además, la depresión presenta una influencia significativa en la orientación, atención y concentración, memoria, lenguaje y funciones ejecutivas. Conclusiones: Los procesos neuropsicológicos en adultos mayores con TNC leve debido a la enfermedad de Alzheimer, presentan deterioro funcional negativo y reducido, de modo que el nivel de disminución está relacionado con el nivel de depresión.

Abstract Objective: Identifying the neuropsychological alterations associated with depression on the elderly with mild neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, of the High Specialty Medical Unit (UMAE) at the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS). Theoretical: The findings have also shown that all neurocognitive changes are more evident when depression emerges in the elderly. Methodology: 785 elderly people with Alzheimer's disease participated in the research, divided in two groups: the experimental group, where elderly had a clinical diagnosis of depression and the control group, whose participants do not suffer from depression. Participants were evaluated with the administration of the Beck II Depression Inventory (BDI-II), and the NEUROPSI Neuropsychological Battery. Results: Statistically meaningful effects were found between depression and neuropsychological mechanisms; in addition, depression has a significant influence in orientation, attention and concentration, memory, language and executive functions. Conclusions: Considering the results, it can be verified that the neuropsychological processes have a negative and reduced functioning impairments, considering that the level of decrease is related to depression level.

Trastorno neurocognitivo leve en el climaterio con Evaluación Cognitiva Montreal / Mild neurocognitive disorder in the climacteric with Montreal Cognitive Assessment

Las mujeres en climaterio o transición menopáusica frecuentemente reportan quejas de memoria. El Estudio Esmeralda busca relacionar los Síntomas del Climaterio (SC) femenino en sus diferentes etapas: premenopausia (etapa -2, temprana de la transición menopáusica), perimenopausia (etapas -1 y +1ª, tardía de la transición menopáusica y temprana de postmenopausia) y postmenopausia (etapas +1b, +1c y +2, temprana de postmenopausia con tardía de postmenopausia), con posible deterioro del funcionamiento intelectual, que pudiera llevar a sospechar de Trastorno Neurocognitivo leve (TNCl). La muestra final quedó conformada por 100 mujeres con alto nivel de escolaridad entre 40 y 60 años de edad. Se realizó un estudio no experimental transversal con muestreo no probabilístico, utilizando la Evaluación Cognitiva Montreal (MoCA). Se obtuvieron resultados normativos en 43.27% de la muestra y Deterioro Cognitivo Leve (DCL) en 56.73%, encontrando diferencia de medias significativas al nivel 0.05 en las tres etapas de climaterio, resultando la mayor incidencia en perimenopausia, etapa de mayor disminución de estrógenos. Se concluye que cambios en la función intelectual, pueden estar asociados a variación hormonal. Se puede determinar TNCl en forma temprana, en busca de una atención primaria y puesta en marcha de reactivación de funciones intelectuales.

Women in the climacteric stage or menopausal transition, frequently report complaint in memory. Emerald Study search relate feminine climacteric syndrome in their different steps: premenopause (stage -2 early menopausal transition), perimenopause (stages -1 and +1a late menopausal transition and early postmenopause) and postmenopause (stages +1b, +1 c and +2 early postmenopause with late postmenopause), with a possible mild cognitive impairment, that carry on suspect of Mild Neurocognitve Disorder (mNCD). The final sample were 100 women with high schooling level between 40 and 60 years old. A nonexperimental, non-probability cross-sectional study was conducted through the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Normative results were obtained in 43.27% and mNCD in 56.73%, finding difference of significant means at the 0.05 level in the three stages of climacteric, resulting in the highest incidence in perimenopause, stage of greatest decrease in estrogen. It is concluded that changes in intellectual function may be associated with hormonal variation. mNCD can be determined early, in search of primary care and start-up of reactivation of intellectual functions.

Validation of the Clock Drawing Test Scoring Method in older adults with neurocognitive disorder / Validación del método de calificación del Test del Dibujo del Reloj en adultos mayores con trastorno neurocognitivo

Abstract: Introduction: The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a widely used instrument for identifying neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) in older adults. However, there is insufficient evidence to determine the best scoring method, since current quantitative methods involve the assignment of numerical values, while qualitative ones do not allow for objectivity in the diagnosis. Parsey & Schmitter-Edgecombe (2011) proposed a scoring scheme which, in addition to providing a score of the patient's performance, permits error analysis, thereby making it possible to identify potential underlying cognitive difficulties. Objective: The purpose of this study was to validate the CDT scoring scheme proposed by Parsey & Schmitter-Edgecombe (2011) for screening for NCDs in Mexican older adults. Method: There were 167 participants: 58 cognitively healthy subjects (CH), 52 with mild neurocognitive disorder (mild-NCD), and 57 with major neurocognitive disorder (major-NCD).The CDT scoring method was compared with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in Spanish (MoCA-S). Inter- and intra-observer reliability and construct validity were determined and the sensitivity and specificity of this method were calculated. Results: The X - age was 75 years (SD ± 8 years) and the X - educational attainment was 10.7 years (SD ± 5.2 years). Internal reliability was .750, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of .774. The cut-off point for the CDT in mild-NCD was 14 points (sensitivity: 40%, specificity: 70%) and 12 points for major-NCD (sensitivity: 90%, specificity: 95%).The most frequent errors in the CDT were: graphic, conceptual, spatial, and/or planning difficulties. Discussion and conclusion: This method makes it possibly to quickly and easily explore the cognitive status of the patient. It contains ideal psychometric properties for the detection of patients with major-NCD, in addition to offering the possibility of analyzing performance errors and underlying cognitive difficulties.

Resumen: Introducción: El Test del Dibujo del Reloj (TDR) es un instrumento ampliamente utilizado para identificar trastornos neurocognitivos (TNC) en adultos mayores. Sin embargo, no existe suficiente evidencia para determinar el mejor método para calificarlo, ya que los métodos cuantitativos actuales se abocan a la asignación de valores numéricos, mientras que los cualitativos no permiten objetividad en el diagnóstico. Parsey y Schmitter-Edgecombe (2011) propusieron un método de calificación que, además de proporcionar un puntaje de la ejecución del paciente, permite el análisis de los errores y, con ello, la identificación de las potenciales dificultades cognitivas subyacentes. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue validar el método de calificación del TDR propuesto por Parsey y Schmitter-Edgecombe (2011) para el tamizaje del TNC en adultos mayores mexicanos. Método: Se contó con 167 participantes: 58 cognitivamente sanos (CS), 52 con trastorno neurocognitivo leve (TNC-leve) y 57 con trastorno neurocognitivo mayor (TNC-mayor). El método de calificación del TDR se comparó con el Examen Mínimo del Estado Mental (MMSE) y la Evaluación Cognitiva de Montreal en español (MoCA-E). Se determinó la confiabilidad inter e intra-observador y la validez de constructo, y se calcularon la sensibilidad y la especificidad de este método. Resultados: La X - de edad fue de 75 años (DE ± 8 años) y la X - de escolaridad fue de 10.7 años (DE ± 5.2 años). La confiabilidad interna fue de .750, con un coeficiente de correlación intraclase de .774. El punto de corte para el TDR en TNC-leve fue de 14 puntos (sensibilidad: 40%, especificidad: 70%) y 12 puntos para TNC-mayor (sensibilidad: 90%, especificidad: 95%). Los errores más frecuentes en el TDR fueron: dificultades gráficas, conceptuales y espaciales, y/o de planeación. Discusión y conclusión: Este método permite explorar breve y ágilmente el estado cognitivo del paciente y posee propiedades psicométricas ideales para la detección de pacientes con TNC-mayor, además de ofrecer la posibilidad de analizar los errores que presentan en el desempeño y las dificultades cognitivas subyacentes.

Síntomas psicológicos en la transición menopáusica / Psychological symptoms in the menopausal transition

RESUMEN OBJETIVO: Conocer los síntomas en la Transición Menopáusica, mediante el autoinforme de la mujer, clasificado en tres grupos: 1er. Temprana de la Transición Menopáusica (etapa −2), 2°. Tardía de la Transición Menopáusica y Temprana de Postmenopausia (etapas −1 y +1a) y 3er. grupo Temprana de Postmenopausia con Tardía de Postmenopausia (etapas +1b, +1c y +2), analizando síntomas psicológicos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Estudio no experimental transversal muestreo no probabilístico. Participantes 116 mujeres en un rango de edad entre 40 y 60 años con alto nivel de escolaridad, mediante la Escala de Clasificación en la Menopausia MRS, el Inventario de Ansiedad y Depresión de Beck. RESULTADOS: La muestra quedó conformada por un total de 100 mujeres con al menos un síntoma, con alto nivel de escolaridad y en el rango de edad de 40 a 60 años, agrupadas por etapa de Transición Menopáusica: 1er. grupo 36 mujeres, 2°. grupo 16 y 3er. grupo con 48 personas. Los síntomas psicológicos medidos con MRS son los más frecuentes en 41.60%; reportan queja subjetiva de pérdida de memoria 57% de las mujeres. Alfa Cronbach de .74 en MRS. CONCLUSIONES: Los síntomas psicológicos están presentes como un continuo a lo largo de la Transición Menopáusica, posiblemente debidos a la disminución de concentración de estrógenos, lo que conlleva en algunos casos al diagnóstico de Trastorno Neurocognitivo Leve.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To know the symptoms in the Menopausal Transition, through the self-report of the women, classified into three groups: 1st. Early Menopausal Transition (stage −2), 2nd. Late Menopausal Transition and Early Postmenopause (stages −1 and +1a) and 3rd. group Early Postmenopause with Late Postmenopause (stages +1b, +1 c and +2), analyzing psycological symptoms. MATERIAL & METHOD: Non-experimental transversal study, non-probabilistic sampling. The participants were 116 women between 40 and 60 years old with high schooling level, through The Menopause Rating Scale MRS, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Depression Inventory. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 100 women with at least one symptom, with a high schooling level in the range of 40 to 60 years, grouped by Menopausal Transition stage: 1st. 36 women, 2nd. Group 16 and 3rd. group with 48. The psycological symptoms measured with MRS were the most frequently in 41.60%; report subjective complaint of memory loss 57% of women. Alfa Cronbach of .74 in MRS. CONCLUSION: Psychological symptoms are present as a continuum throughout the Menopausal Transition, possibly due to the decreased concentration of estrogen, which in some cases leads the diagnosis of Mild Neurocognitive Disorder.

El neonato libre de rutinas. Una propuesta que prevalece a través del tiempo / The newborn free of routines. A proposal that prevails over time

"¿Dónde estoy? ¿Qué me está pasando? ¿Por qué hace tanto frío? ¡Qué hambre y que sed tengo! ¡Eso que me haces me duele! ¿En serio me tengo que despertar para bañarme?" Están deben ser algunas de las sensaciones que un recién nacido tiene una vez abandona la protección y la estabilidad del útero de su madre. Lo peor… nadie le preguntó su opinión sobre abandonar, incluso antes de tiempo (en el caso de los prematuros), su comodidad y confort. Si sumamos a este escenario una de las primeras y más frecuentes intervenciones de la rutina de atención del recién nacido, la separación del neonato del regazo de su madre, entendemos porque puede trastocarse, en un gran número de bebés, la transición fisiológica a la vida extrauterina. La consecuencia es la pérdida de la homeostasis y con ello la aparición de patologías evidentes o, quizás incluso con resultados más deletéreos a largo plazo, cambios sutiles a nivel del comportamiento o de su metabolismo. ¿Qué podemos hacer para minimizar el impacto negativo de la atención rutinaria de los recién nacidos?.

"¿Where I am?¿ What is happening to me? ¿Why is it so cold? How hungry and how thirsty I am! What you make me hurts! Do I really have to wake up to bathe? " There must be some of the sensations that a newborn has once abandons the protection and stability of his mother's uterus. The worst ... no one asked him his opinion about abandoning, even before time (in the case of premature babies), his comfort and comfort. If we add to this scenario one of the first and most frequent interventions of the newborn care routine, the separation of the newborn from the lap of his mother, we understand why the physiological transition to life can be disrupted in a large number of babies. extrauterine. The consequence is the loss of homeostasis and with it the appearance of obvious pathologies or, perhaps even with more deleterious results in the long term, subtle changes at the level of behavior or metabolism. What can we do to minimize the negative impact of routine care of newborns?

Experiência de terapeutas ocupacionais na atuação com idosos com comprometimento cognitivo leve / Experience of occupational therapists intervening with elderly people with mild cognitive impairment

[{"text": "Introdução: O Transtorno Neurocognitivo leve (TNC leve), mais comumente conhecido como\r\nComprometimento Cognitivo Leve (CCL), é uma das condições em que o déficit clínico primário reside na função cognitiva, trazendo repercussões para atividades de vida diária que requerem mais fortemente habilidades cognitivas para seu desempenho. O terapeuta ocupacional (TO) é um profissional que pode se voltar à reabilitação cognitiva, direcionando seus esforços para ajudar pacientes a desempenhar papéis ocupacionais com a mínima interferência das limitações cognitivas. Objetivo: Conhecer as intervenções realizadas por TO junto a pessoas idosas com CCL. Método: Estudo qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo, realizado com 10 TO atuantes em São Paulo, na área de Gerontologia, junto a idosos com CCL. Os participantes foram recrutados utilizando-se a técnica bola de neve. Foram realizadas entrevistas individuais com roteiro de questões semiestruturado e os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: Os TO referiram realizar atendimentos individuais e grupais a indivíduos com CCL, objetivando prevenção de declínio cognitivo, melhora cognitiva e funcional, manutenção da autonomia, melhora da qualidade de vida e oferecimento de suporte emocional. Conclusão: Verificou-se que o TO\r\né um profissional que vem sendo gradativamente reconhecido para atuar junto a idosos com CCL, especialmente no que se refere à adoção de recursos que visam melhorar ou reduzir dificuldades no desempenho de atividades cotidianas que envolvem mais diretamente os aspectos cognitivos.", "_i": "pt"}, {"text": "Introduction: The Minor Neurocognitive Disorder, commonly known as Mild Cognitive Impairment\r\n(MCI), is one of the condition in which the primary clinic deficit is in the cognitive function and it brings\r\nrepercussions on daily activities, especially to those who demands mostly cognitive abilities to its performance. The occupational therapist (OT) is a professional who can work with cognitive rehabilitation, directing their efforts to help patients perform occupational roles with a minimum interference of the cognitive limitations. Objective: To know the interventions performed by OT with elderly people with MCI. Method: A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study with 10 OT active in São Paulo, in the areas of geriatrics and gerontology, with elderly with MCI. Participants were recruited using the technique snow-ball. Individual interviews were conducted with a semi-structured questionnaire, and the data were analyzed through thematic content analysis. Results: The OT reported performing individual and group calls to people with MCI, aiming to prevent cognitive decline, cognitive and functional improvement, maintenance of autonomy, improved quality of life and offering emotional support. Conclusion: It was found that the OT is a professional who has been increasingly recognized to work with the\r\nelderly with MCI, especially regarding to the adoption of features that improve or reduce difficulties in performing daily activities that involve more directly cognitive aspects.", "_i": "en"}]

La persistencia de delirium a los 3 meses del egreso de los pacientes ancianos hospitalizados en una clínica universitaria / Persistent Delirium in Elderly patients Three Months After Hospital Discharge from a University Clinic

RESUMEN Objetivos: El delirium es muy prevalente entre los pacientes ancianos con enfermedad general. Si no se revierte en el momento del alta hospitalaria, se lo considera «delirium persistente¼ (DP). El propósito del estudio es describir la prevalencia y las características de los pacientes con DP 3 meses después del egreso hospitalario de la Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana (CUB). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal para evaluar la prevalencia y las características de los pacientes de 65 o más arios del servicio de hospitalización de la CUB que cumplieran criterios de delirium del DSM-5 al ingreso, el egreso y 3 meses después. Se determinaron las variables sociodemográficas y se aplicaron las escalas CGI-S y DRS-R98. Resultados: Se evaluó a 30 pacientes con diagnóstico de delirium con interconsulta por psiquiatría de enlace entre abril y octubre de 2013, y se excluyó a 6 por no cumplir los criterios de inclusión. Se incluyó en el estudio a 24 pacientes, de los que 9 fallecieron durante la hospitalización (37,5%). De los 15 sobrevivientes, 5 (el 20,8% de la muestra) presentaron remisión del delirium al egreso y 10 (41,6%) continuaron con síntomas y conformaron el grupo de DP. Del grupo de DP, 5 (20,8%) presentaron DP completo y los otros 5 (20,8%), DP subsindrómico (DPSS). A los 3 meses del egreso, solo 2 pacientes (8,3%) continuaron con DP completo y otros 2 (8,3%), con DPSS. En el grupo de pacientes con DP, la prevalencia fue del 30% (diagnóstico de delirium al ingreso) y una incidencia del 70% (aparición del delirium durante la hospitalización). Conclusiones: Un grupo importante de pacientes con delirium continúan sintomáticos 3 meses después del alta. El 40% de los pacientes con síntomas persistentes en el seguimiento a 3 meses indica una trayectoria de mejoría gradual del delirium, lo cual tiene implicaciones en la práctica clínica.

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of patients with persistent delirium (PD) at three months after hospital discharge. Methodology: Longitudinal descriptive study to assess the prevalence and characteristics of in-patients aged 65 years and older in the Clinica Universitaria Bolivariana who met DSM-5 criteria for delirium at admission, at discharge, and at a 3-month follow up assessment. Socio-demographic features were determined, and CGI-S and DRS-R98 scales used. Results: A total of 30 patients were evaluated between April and October 2013, but 6 did not fulfil the inclusion criteria. The study included 24 patients, with 9 (37.5%) dying during hospitalisation. Of the 15 surviving patients, five (20.8% of the total sample) had their delirium resolved at discharge, and ten (41.6% of the sample) continued with symptoms. These established the PD group, of whom five of them (20.8%) had full PD, and the other five (20.8%) sub-syndromal PD (SSPD). At the final assessment, only two patients (8.3%) continued with full PD, and another two (8.3%) with SSPD. Among the PD group, 30% had a full delirium at admission (prevalence), and 70% developed full delirium during hospitalization (incidence). Conclusions: A significant number of patients did not recover from delirium at leaving hospital, and remained symptomatic three months after discharge. The study findings suggest a course of gradual improvement of delirium, with a persistence of symptoms over time in 40% of the patients, which would have implications for the clinical practice.

Asociación entre trastornos respiratorios del sueño y rendimiento académico en niños de Concepción, Chile / Association between sleep-related breathing disorders and academic performance among children from Concepción, Chile

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación del rendimiento académico en áreas de Matemática, Lenguaje y Ciencias con la existencia de trastornos respiratorios del sueño (TRS) en escolares sanos de la ciudad de Concepción, Chile. Se consideraron niños sanos sin enfermedades concomitantes. Como variables de interés, se analizó el rendimiento académico en las áreas de Matemática, Ciencias y Lenguaje, y la existencia de un TRS, evaluado a través del cuestionario de sueño pediátrico. Al estudio ingresaron 256 niños (59,8% de varones). En la muestra estudiada, la prevalencia de TRS fue del 24,6%. Hubo una asociación significativa entre los TRS y la existencia de un bajo rendimiento en Matemática (OR 3,1; 1,5-6,8), Lenguaje (OR 2,5; 1,1-5,5) y Ciencias (OR 4,2; 1,7-10,0). En conclusión, en la muestra estudiada, la existencia de un TRS se asoció con un bajo rendimiento académico en las áreas de Lenguaje, Matemática y Ciencias.

The objective of this study was to establish an association between academic performance in Math, Language Arts, and Science and the presence of sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs) among healthy schoolchildren from the city of Concepción, Chile. Healthy children were defined as those without comorbidities. Outcome measures of interest included the analysis of academic performance in Math, Language Arts, and Science and the presence of SRBD assessed using the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire. Two-hundred and fifty-six children were included in the study (59.8% were boys). In the studied sample, SRBD prevalence was 24.6%. A significant association was observed between SRBD and a low performance in Math (odds ratio --[OR--]: 3.1, 1.5-6.8), Language Arts (OR:2.5, 1.1-5.5), and Science (OR: 4.2, 1.7-10.0). To conclude, in the studied sample, the presence of SRBD was associated with a low academic performance in Language Arts, Math, and Science.

Perfil clínico y neuropsicológico: enfermedad de Parkinson/enfermedad por cuerpos de Lewy / Neuropsychological profile: Parkinson’s Disease/Lewy Body Dementia

La demencia por cuerpos de Lewy y la enfermedad de Parkinson son dos síndromes comunes con signos y síntomas similares que hacen difícil establecer un diagnóstico exacto, especialmente en las etapas intermedias y tardías de cada cuadro clínico en particular. La enfermedad de Parkinson es una entidad lenta y progresiva que se caracteriza por temblor de reposo, rigidez, bradiscinesias e inestabilidad postural. En ella, los síntomas neurocognitivos y conductuales como la depresión, la disfunción ejecutiva y atencional, la baja fluidez verbal y las fallas de memoria inmediata pueden aparecer desde las etapas iniciales de la enfermedad e ir empeorando y progresando, cuando aparece un cuadro demencial secundario a la enfermedad. Por su parte, la enfermedad por cuerpos de Lewy se considera un cuadro neurodegenerativo que se ha asociado a la presencia de cuerpos de Lewy a nivel cortical y subcortical y se caracteriza por signos extrapiramidales, fluctuaciones cognitivas y alucinaciones visuales. En ella los síntomas neurocognitivos y conductuales son "fluctuantes" en lo relacionado con el nivel de consciencia, las funciones ejecutivas y atencionales, la memoria episódica y la presencia/ausencia de alucinaciones visuales. Las diferencias sutiles de ambas enfermedades exigen una revisión exhaustiva en la evolución de los síntomas. La evaluación neuropsicológica como herramienta diagnóstica se limita en tanto que no reemplaza, los estudios de imagen y otros hallazgos neuropatológicos para el diagnóstico definitivo, pero permite objetivar el perfil neuropsicológico más propio de cada enfermedad, en particular para un diagnóstico más preciso.

Lewy body dementia and Parkinson´s disease are two frequent syndromes that share similar signs and symptoms, especially during intermediate and chronic phases of each particular clinical picture, making an accurate diagnosis very difficult to establish. Parkinson’s disease is a slow and progressive disorder characterized by tremor at rest, stiffness, bradykinesia and postural imbalance. Many neurocognitive and behavioral symptoms such as depression, executive and attentional dysfunction, lower verbal fluency and immediate memory failures can appear in early stages of the disease, increasing and progressing as a secondary dementia develops. Lewy body dementia is considered a neurodegenerative disorder associated to Lewy bodies in both cortical and subcortical regions. It is characterized by the presence of extrapyramidal features, cognitive fluctuation and visual hallucinations. Neurocognitive and behavioral symptoms fluctuate concerning level of consciousness, executive and attentional function, episodic memory and the presence/absence of visual hallucinations. Subtle differences in both disorders demand an exhaustive review of symptom´s evolution. Neuropsychological evaluation as a diagnostic tool is limited. It cannot replace neuroimaging studies and other neuropathological findings for a definite diagnosis, but determines each neuropsychological profile in particular for a more accurate diagnosis.