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In 2023,numerous theoretical advancements and technological breakthroughs have been achieved in the field of immunology research.In this article,we summarized representative research achievements in the field of immunology both domestically and internationally in 2023,and discussed the challenges and opportunities for future research.
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Gut microbiome is an important part of the human gut, which is closely related to human health and disease. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a kind of neurodegenerative diseases, and its underlying pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. In recent years, studies have shown obvious differences in gut microbiome composition between AD patients and healthy subjects. Comprehensive changes in gut microbiota composition may play a role in AD progression through the gut-brain axis. However, the mechanism of this interlinkage is not yet fully understood. In this review, we explore the mechanism of gut microbiota's influence in AD through gut-brain axis regulation.
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Most obsessive-compulsive disorder patients get sick in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood, which has a serious impact on their psychosocial function. Childhood and adolescence are critical period of neurological development. Affected by genetic and environmental factors, individuals often have neuronal damage, abnormal myelination, synaptic overpruning, abnormal synaptic connections and so forth. Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder is closely related to neurodevelopmental, which may involve genetic variation, immune activation, neurotransmitter disorders and functional and structural abnormalities of key brain regions in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical.With the development of neuroimaging, optogenetics and other advanced technologies, the dynamic development process of the brain has been further understood, and the etiological mechanism of pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder has been further explored.This paper summarized the latest researches in this field, focusing on neurodevelopment, and expounds the possible pathophysiological mechanism of obsessive-compulsive disorder from the perspectives of neuroimmunology, neurostructure, neuroimaging, neurobiochemistry and other disciplines. It provides a new idea for the early accurate diagnosis, recognition and intervention of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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The pathogenesis of rosacea has not been fully elucidated. It is currently believed that genetic factors, local skin immune imbalance, neuroimmune and neurovascular dysfunction, skin barrier function abnormalities, microbiota imbalance, etc., are all involved in the occurrence and development of rosacea. This review summarizes research progress in the pathophysiological pathogenesis of rosacea.
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Neuroimmune system may be involved in the pathological process of bipolar disorder (BD), but the essential association is not fully understood. Accumulating evidence has shown that BD involves the activation of immune cells and the release of inflammatory substances in the central nerve system (CNS). Meanwhile, neuroimmune responses also interact with other hypothesis of the etiology of BD that are widely recognized, such as neurotransmitter systems, neuroendocrine systems, neurotrophic factors, and oxidative stress. Simultaneously, related genes and immune changes in peripheral blood vary with it. Overall, neuroimmunity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of BD, and the inflammatory cytokines, especially interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, have potential value for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of BD, as well as predicting the therapeutic effects of drugs. Large-scale studies are needed to extend the evidence on neuroimmunity in BD, and to examine its clinical value for applications such as early prediction and treatment.
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Objective To explore the serum levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF)and epidermal growth factor(EGF) in first-episode schizophrenia patients characterized and the correlation of MIF,EGF serum levels with psychotic symptoms and cognitive function.Methods The serum levels of MIF and EGF in patients (53 cases) and controls (58 cases) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The patients' psychotic symptoms were assessed by positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS).The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery (MCCB) was used to assess the cognitive function.Results MIF serum level in cases group was higher than that of control group and the difference was statistically significant((50.54±23.05)μg/L vs (36.72± 18.52) μg/L) (P＜0.01).EGF serum level in cases group was higher than that of control group and the difference was statistically significant((5 163.40±2 289.76) vs (3 584.83± 1 444.71) ug/L) (P＜0.01).There was a positive correlation between serum MIF level and PANSS score in schizophrenic patients(P＜0.05).Score of TMT in MCCB in cases group was significantly higher than that in control group (P＜0.01),while scores of BACS SC,HVLT-R,BVMT-R and CF in MCCB in cases group was significantly lower than those in control group (P＜0.01).Serum level of MIF in cases group was significantly positively correlated with score of BVMT-R(P＜0.05),and serum level of EGF in cases group was significantly positively correlated with score of BVMT-R (P＜ 0.05).There was a positive correlation between serum MIF levels and serum EGF levels in the cases group (P＜0.05).There was a positive correlation between serum MIF and serum EGF levels in the control group (P＜0.05).Conclusion The clinical symptoms and partial cognitive impairment in patients with first-episode schizophrenia are related to the concentration of serum protein factors,and there are neuroimmunological abnormalities and neurotrophic imbalances and they are related.