Location and Vascular Classification of 188 parathyroid glands in New Zealand White Rabbits / [Localização e Classificação Vascular de 188 glândulas paratireoidianas em coelhos brancos da Nova Zelândia]

The function and protection of the parathyroid glands are increasingly popular research topics. New Zealand white rabbits are the most commonly used animal model of parathyroid ischemia. However, information on the vasculature of their parathyroid glands is limited. We used 94 healthy New Zealand white rabbits, 3-4 months of age and 2-3kg in weight, for exploration of the parathyroid glands, which were stained using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) after removal. The following types were classified according to the relationship between the position of the inferior parathyroid gland and the thyroid: Type A, Close Type, Type B, and Distant Type. There were 188 cases, 4 where the inferior parathyroid glands were located near the dorsal side of thyroid (2.13%), 8 where the inferior parathyroid glands were located superior to the upper pole of the thyroid (4.26%), 20 where the inferior parathyroid glands were located parallel to the thyroid (10.64%), and 155 cases where the inferior parathyroid glands were located inferior to the lower pole of thyroid (82.45%). Identifying the location and classifying the vasculature of the parathyroid glands in New Zealand white rabbits will provide an anatomical model to assist in future research.(AU)

A função e proteção das glândulas paratireoidianas é um tópico de pesquisa cada vez mais popular. Coelhos brancos da Nova Zelândia são o modelo animal mais comumente usada para isquemia da paratireóide. Porém, informação sobre a vasculatura de suas glândulas paratireóides é limitada. Foram usados 94 coelhos brancos da Nova Zelândia saudáveis, com 3-4 meses de idade, 2-3kg de peso, para exploração das glândulas paratireóides, que foram coradas com hematoxilina e eosina (HE) após a remoção. Os seguintes tipos foram classificados de acordo com a relação entre a posição da glândula paratireoidiana inferior e a tireoide: Tipo A, Tipo Próximo, Tipo B e Tipo Distante. Houve 188 casos, 4 em que as glândulas paratireoidianas inferiores estavam localizadas próximas ao lado dorsal da tireoide (2.13%), 8 onde as glândulas paratireoidianas inferiores estavam localizadas superiores ao polo superior da tireoide (4.26%), 20 onde as glândulas paratireoidianas inferiores estavam localizadas paralelo à tireoide (10.64%) e 155 casos em que as glândulas paratireoidianas inferiores estavam localizadas inferiores ao polo inferior da tireoide (82.45%). A identificação da localização e a classificação da vasculatura das glândulas paratireóides em coelhos brancos da Nova Zelândia fornecerão um modelo anatômico para auxiliar em pesquisas futuras.(AU)

Embryo-fetal developmental toxicity and toxicokinetics of carenoprazan hydrochloride in rabbits / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE To investigate the embryo-fetal developmental toxicity (EFDT) of careno?prazan hydrochloride (KFP-H008) in rabbits. METHODS Pregnant rabbits were given by gavage KFP-H008 at 5, 15 and 50 mg·kg-1 during the organogenetic period (gestation days 6-18, GD 6-18). Rabbits in positive control group were treated with cyclophosphamide (CP) 10 mg·kg-1 by iv. Maternal body mass and food consumption during gestation were recorded. Pregnant dams were euthanized on GD 29. The numbers of live/dead fetuses, resorptions, implantations, corpora lutea, and gravid uterus mass, placenta mass, fetal gender ratios, body mass, and skeletal development were evaluated. Moreover, the toxicokinetic parameters including AUC and C0-t, and tissue distributions were determined. RESULTS From GD 13, the maternal body mass and the food consumption in KFP-H00815 and 50 mg · kg-1 groups were lower than in the normal control group (P<0.05). Also, the reduced fetal crown rump length and mass, skeletal malformations/variations were observed in KFP-H00815 and 50 mg · kg-1 groups (P<0.05). KFP-H008 was rapidly eliminated, and became undetectable in the maternal plasma after a single administration. Following multiple KFP-H00850 mg · kg-1 treatment, both KFP-H008 and its metabolites were detectable in various tissues of the maternal and fetus, which might be the evidence for carenoprazan-induced developmental toxicity. In KFP-H00815 mg · kg-1 group, KFP-H008 and its metabolites were undetectable in most of maternal and fetal tissues. CONCLUSION The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of KFP-H008 for maternal and fetal rabbits is about 5 mg·kg-1.

Establishment of a vx2 bone tumor model in rabbit tibia / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Many methods have been developed to establish a rabbit VX2 tumor model, but the reliability of each method has not been explored. In order to develop a reliable method, we made some improvements based on the existing methods. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reliability of rabbit VX2 tumor tissue block implantation and cell suspension via modified and traditional implantation to make the rabbit tibia VX2 tumor model. METHODS: Forty healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. Group A was treated with tissue block implantation for tibia VX2 tumor modeling, and group B was treated with cell suspension for tibia VX2 tumor modeling. Modified and traditional implantation was performed on the left and right tibia of the experimental animals, respectively. One hour after successful modeling, ultrasound examination of the puncture site was performed to determine whether there is hematoma. All experimental animals were sacrificed at 3 weeks. X-ray examination of the bilateral tibia was performed to confirm the tumor growth range. Tumor tissue and soft tissue around the puncture site were taken for general and pathological observation to compare the size of the tumor and identify whether there is tumor cell metastasis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: One rabbit died in the tissue block group, and all the experimental animals in the cell suspension group survived. X-ray examination indicated the tumors in the tissue block group invaded the cortex, but the tumors in the cell suspension group did not invade the cortex. Gross observation revealed that the tumor volume of the tissue block group was greater than that of the cell suspension group. In the tissue block group, there were one and seven cases of hematoma around the puncture site at 1 hour after modified and traditional implantation, respectively. In the cell suspension group, there were two and nine cases of hematoma around the puncture site at 1 hour after modified and traditional implantation, respectively. Pathological examination showed that local tumor invasion was found in 1 and 8 cases in the tissue block group as well as in 2 and 11 cases in the cell suspension group at 3 months after modified and traditional implantation, respectively. Our findings indicate that the tissue block implantation method is easier and more convenient than the cell suspension method for making rabbit VX2 bone tumors, and the tumor invasion rate of the tissue block implantation method is lower than that of the cell suspension method. Improved tissue block implantation can effectively reduce the tumor invasion rate during modeling.

Establishing a rabbit model of knee joint extension contracture / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To establish a model of knee joint extension contracture in New Zealand white rab-bits, and to lay the experimental foundation for further studies on the pathogenesis and treatment of joint contractures. Methods Thirty male New Zealand white rabbits with mature bones were randomly divided into 6 groups. The left knee joints of the immobilization groups ( 5 groups of 5 rats each) were fixed in extension for 1, 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks. There was also a control group. At the end of each period the plaster was demolished and the level of transforming growth factor-β1 ( TGF-β1) in joint cavities, the degree of total contracture, myogenic contracture, arthrogenic con-tracture, and the thickness of the posterior joint capsules were measured. The significance of the differences between the immobilized groups and the control group was compared using one-way analysis. Results The level of TGF-β1 in the joint fluid differed significantly among the 6 groups. The differences in the degree of total contracture among the control group, one-week, two-week and four-week groups were also significant. The average degree of the myogenic contracture in the one-week group was significantly different from the other 5 groups' averages. The average myogenic contracture was also of significantly different between the two-week group and the control group. The degree of arthro-genic contracture was significantly different among the groups except for between the 6-week and 8-week groups. The average joint capsule thickness was significantly different among all of the groups except for between the control group and the one-week group. Conclusion This technique for modeling knee extending contracture using New Zealand white rabbits is simple and practical. It provides a better animal model for studying the mechanism of knee joint con-tracture and related treatment strategies and can be used for further exploration of the occurrence and recovery of knee contractures.

Preventive effect of thermosensitive hydroxybutyl chitosan hydrogel in intrauterine adhesion in New Zealand white rabbits / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective: To observe the effect of thermosensitive hydroxybutyl chitosan (HBC) hydrogel in the prevention of intrauterine adhesion in New Zealand white rabbits. Methods: Eighteen female New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups, i. e., normal control group, model group and HBC group. Normal control group underwent sham operation. The models of intrauterine adhesion were constructed by both mechanical damage and infection in model group and HBC group. In HBC group, 2 mL 1.5% thermosensitive HBC hydrogel was injected into the uterine cavity immediately after injury. Two rabbits were killed in each group 1 week, 2 weeks and 4 weeks after operation, respectively. The bilateral uterine tissues were collected. The endometrial morphology and quantity of glands were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The area of fibrosis in endometrium was measured by Masson staining. Results: One week after operation, compared with normal control group, the columnar epithelial cells of endometrium gradually disappeared and the ratio of endometrial fibrosis area increased significantly in the other two groups. The number of glands also decreased. After 2 weeks, intrauterine adhesion was observed in model group, and the ratio of endometrial fibrosis area continued increasing, and the number of glands decreased further. However, in HBC group, there was no residual hydrogel in the uterine cavity, and the ratio of endometrial fibrosis area decreased and the number of glands increased. After 4 weeks, there was a recovery of columnar epithelium cells, the ratio of endometrial fibrosis area, and the number of glands in HBC group, which returned to the normal level. Conclusion: Thermosensitive HBC hydrogel can effectively prevent intrauterine adhesion in New Zealand white rabbits.

CD44 and vimentin positive cells in rabbit pericardial fluid having multiple differentiation potentials in vitro / 解剖学报

Objective: To investigate the cellular components and differentiation potential of cells in rabbit pericardial fluid, and to provide morphological basis for basic research and clinical application of pericardial cells. Methods: Thirty adult New Zealand white rabbits, after aseptic thoracotomy, the pericardial fluid mixture was extracted, the fluid cells were centrifuged, isolated and cultured. The pericardial cellular morphology in the different generations was observed under the inverted microscope (The immunofluorescence staining method was used in the present study in order to analyze the pericardial cells phenotypes). Their immunological phenotypes were analyzed by using immunofluorescence staining and the CD44, vimentin, CD45 and the number of cells positively expressed in the third generation cells were observed. The expression of CD44 and vimentin related molecules was detected by PCR. Results: There was the cellular population with uniform morphology in the adult rabbit pericardial fluid. The cells with immunofluorescence positive staining for CD44 and vimentin were found in the pericardial fluid of rabbit, in addition, these cells possessed the immunofluorescence negative staining for CD45. After induction, they can differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes. Conclusion: Rabbit pericardial fluid contains cells with multiple differentiation potentials, which may be of positive significance for myocardial repair.

Genotype Variation In Semen, Libido and Testicular Traits of Adult Rabbits (Orystolagus cunniculus)

Semen and Testicular traits were measured on 54 matured rabbits aged 10 - 12 months and weighed between 2.20 – 2.26 kg and data were used to determine the influence of genotypes on g semen, libido and testicular evaluation. The genotypes used are Chinchilla (CHIN), New Zealand White (NZW) and New Zealand Red (NZR). The experiment was randomized complete design with genotype as the factor of interest. Traits measured were Volume, motility, concentration, pH and colour. Feed and water were served ad libitum throughout the 16 weeks experimental period. At the end of the trial, 8 rabbits per genotype were slaughtered and their reproductive organs were carefully dissected out and separated into different components. The testicular morphometry and sperm characteristics were evaluated. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) among the genotypes for semen evaluation Volume values were 0.59,0.72 and 0.52,motility 85.08, 87.27 and 86.24 respectively for Libido value are , 4.25, 4.45 and 4.31 respectively and Testicular trait studied. New Zealand White (NZW) was significantly superior (P < 0.05) to other genotypes for most of the parameters studied, followed by New Zealand Red (NZR). The study is aimed at breeds effect on testicular morphometry and sperm characteristics. This result shows that breeds can be of effect on testicular morphometry and sperm quality of male rabbits.

The Rabbit Model of Femoral Bone Defects: Steps to Overcome Potential Pitfalls.

Aims: To identify the potential pitfalls and indicate procedures to prevent them, during the evaluation of biomaterials for orthopaedic and craniofacial research in the New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit animal model of femoral bone defects. Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System, School of Medicine, University of Athens, between June 2014 and July 2015. Materials and Methods: Pre-emptive analgesia (carprofen 2.2 mg/kg sc), chemoprophylaxis (enrofloxacin 10 mg/kg sc) and anaesthesia (ketamine/xylazine 30/5 mg/kg im) were administered to NZW rabbits (body weight 3.3±0.2 kg, mean ± SD) for the aseptic surgical creation of drilled bone defects of 6 mm diameter (“critical size defect”) in the external femoral condyle of the left limb. All rabbits recovered without post-surgical complications from the first postoperative day. Results and Discussion: Although the research group consisted of Veterinarians and Orthopaedic Surgeons with experience in this model, they were challenged with potential pitfalls which were overcome step by step. Among them is the precise localization of the defect to be drilled. Intra-operative palpation of the external femoral condyle assists in determining the site, and post-operative X-ray evaluation confirms it. Additionally the correct width and depth of the bone defect are important to adhere to, which was achieved by using a 5.5 mm diameter bone drill and observing its depth marks. Another challenge is to have the specific amount of biomaterial implanted confined to the defect. Its potential distribution in the femoral shaft, diffusion in the metaphysial trabecular bone or excessive covering of the bone surface, are also pitfalls to be avoided. Conclusions: The increased use of this animal model in the evaluation of biomaterials in orthopaedic and craniofacial research requires knowledge, skills, surgical accuracy and attention to a sequence of steps, in order to achieve homogenous results and high repeatability of the implantation technique. With the fulfillment of these conditions, the extraction of valid scientific results and reduction of the number of animals used are possible.

Comparison of human and animal oral microbiota by Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA tags / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To provide original reference data for oral ecosystem research, Tibet minipigs, beagle dogs, rhesus monkey, New Zealand white rabbits and Wistar rats were selected to study their respective characteristics of oral microbial mmunities and compared with normal data of humans.Methods Total DNA was extracted from the specimens of oral microbial communities of Tibet minipigs, beagle dogs, rhesus monkey, New Zealand white rabbits and Wistar rats, and used to amplify 16S rRNA V4 fragments with labeled universal primers.The diversity and structure of microbial communities from those animals were compared with that of humans using BIPES and QIIME analysis after Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA V4 fragments.Results The richness of the oral microbial communities of humans and the five species of laboratory animals was significantly different (P <0.05).Different species of animals have their own unique oral flora, among which the oral flora of the monkey is the most similar to that of humans.Conclusions Among the five species of laboratory animals, the oral microbial communities of rhesus monkeys and humans have highest similarity. Specifically, the Fusobacterium and Porphyromonas levels of rhesus monkeys is most similar to those of humans.Our findings indicate that rhesus monkeys may be suitable animal model for studies of human oral microbial communities.Tibet minipigs may be suitable animal model for Proteobacteria studies, while beagle dogs may be appropriate for modeling of diseases related to Spirochaetes.

Morphological comparison of the filiform papillae of New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as domestic mammals and Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) as wild mammals using scanning electron microscopic specimens / Comparación morfológica de las papilas filiformes de conejos blancos Nueva Zelanda (Oryctolagus cuniculus) como los mamíferos domésticos y los murciélagos de la fruta egipcios (Rousettus aegyptiacus) como los mamíferos salvajes utilizando muestras de microscopía electrónica de barrido

This paper presents a comparison of the morphological structure of the filiform papillae in New Zealand white rabbits as domestic mammals and Egyptian fruit bats as wild mammals. This study was carried out on the tongues of adult healthy New Zealand white rabbits and Egyptian fruit bats of both sexes. There were four types of lingual papillae in both animals. In the Egyptian fruit bats, there were six subtypes of the filiform papillae; three on the anterior part (small, conical and giant), two on the middle part (cornflower and leaf-like papillae) while the posterior part contain rosette shape filiform papillae, in addition to transitional papillae and conical papillae. In New Zealand white rabbits, there were four subtypes of filiform papillae; spoonful conical (on the lingual anterior part), processed (at the anterior edge of lingual prominence), leaf-like (on the posterior area of lingual prominence) and triangular filiform papillae (on the lingual root). The shape, size, number and orientation of the lingual papillae itself and its processes varied according to their location within the tongue (region-specific) in relation to the feeding habits, strategies for obtaining food, climate conditions, and types of food particles.

Se comparó la estructura morfológica de las papilas filiformes de un mamífero doméstico (conejo neozelandes) y de un mamífero silvestre (murciélagos de la fruta egipcio). El estudio fue realizado en animales de ambos sexos. Se observó cuatro tipos de papilas linguales, en ambas especies de animales. En los murciélagos de la fruta egipcio se observaron seis subtipos de papilas filiformes; tres en la parte anterior (pequeño, cónico y gigante), dos en la parte media (aciano y hojas como papilas) mientras que en la parte posterior se observaron papilas filiformes y papilas de transición cónica. En los conejos se observaron cuatro subtipos de papilas filiformes; cónica cucharada (en la parte anterior lingual), procesado (en el margen anterior de la prominencia lingual), tipo hoja (en la zona posterior de la prominencia lingual) y papilas filiformes triangulares (en la raíz lingual). La forma, tamaño, número y orientación de las papilas linguales y sus procesos varían de acuerdo a la función y a la ubicación en la lengua (específicos de la región) en relación con los hábitos de alimentación, las estrategias para la obtención de alimentos, las condiciones climáticas y tipos de partículas de alimentos.

Distribution characteristics of deposited eggs and pathological changes in viscera of New Zealand white rabbits infected with Schistosoma japonicum at different time / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To study the distribution characteristics of deposited eggs and pathological changes in the viscera of animal infected with Schistosoma japonicum at different time. Methods New Zealand white rabbits were infected artificially with quantitative S. japonicum miracidia,then the distribution characteristics and the hatchability of schistosome eggs as well as the pathological changes of the corresponding viscera of the rabbits 42 and 60 d post?infection were observed and compared. Re?sults On the 42nd day post?infection,among all the viscera observed,the percentage of eggs deposited,the number of eggs per gram and the hatchability were the highest in the liver,while on the 60th day post?infection,the tissues and organs with the highest values of the above 3 indexes were the liver,rectum and upper section of the small intestine,respectively. From 42 day to 60 day post?infection,the liver of infected rabbits became swelling,hardening and lost elasticity,the color changed from black to dark grey,and egg nodules gradually appeared in the different sections of the small intestine,and also the mucosal hy?peremia,edema and egg nodules were seen in the colon,cecum and rectum. The lesion levels tended to be correlated with the deposition of eggs. Conclusion The amount and the density as well as the hatching rate of deposited eggs of S. japonicum in the viscera of infected rabbits at different time are different,and the lesion level in the host is correlated with the deposition of eggs.

Biological characteristics of rabbit electroencephalography (EEG) / 中国比较医学杂志

Objective To study the extracranial scalp electroencephalography ( EEG ) and intracranial electrocorticography (ECoG) of closed colony New Zealand white rabbits .Methods To record the extracranial scalp EEG and intracranial ECoG of closed colony New Zealand white rabbits , and to compare and analyze the results of those two scanning methods .Results EEG was characteristic of 9-12 c/sαwave and 16-20 c/sβwave with an amplitude of 30-100μV as the basic rhythm .ECoG showed 10-12 c/s αwave and 16-20 c/s βwave with an amplitude of 200-300 μV as the basic rhythm.Anesthesia could attenuate the electrocerebral activity , cause brain tissue hypoxia , and induce δ wave and slow θ wave in ECoG .Conclusions EEG method is a simple , non-invasive and convenient operation , and can be made in rabbits without anesthesia .The recorded EEG waveform is highly consistent with that of ECoG , and may be used as an alternative to the traditional ECoG in neurofunctional studies .

Experimental study of a novel radiofrequency ablation system / 中华物理医学与康复杂志

Objective To determine the power-time-ablation scope correlogram of a water-cooled single needle electrode radiofrequency (RF) ablation system and to establish a theoretical basis for its practical application.Methods RF ablations were performed using a water-cooled single needle electrode radiofrequency ablation system developed by the authors using fresh ox liver as well as liver and muscles of healthy adult New Zealand white rabbits.The temperature of the ablation area was monitored using a multichannel thermometric system.The maximum ablation scope was determined by detecting the rim at which the temperature was no less than 50 °C.The specific absorption rate (SAR) of the isolated liver tissue was calculated.Results In the treatment voltage range of 100-130V,the process was smooth and steady.No impedance variation was obvious.The maximum diameter of a single ablation was 51 cm.With the treatment voltage at 140-170 V,a larger ablation area could be reached in less time,but eventually the impedance began to increase while the ablation area was no longer expanded.When the treatment voltage reached the range of 180-200 V the impedance almost always increased rapidly out of limits,and the treatment system stopped automatically.The measured SAR value was consistent with the theoretical value.Pathology confirmed that both liver tissue and muscle tissue manifested typical coagulative necrosis.Conclusions The power amplifier,cooling,thermometric and control sections of the RF ablation system worked stably,and the practical ablation effect met the design and clinical treatment requirements.