Influence of Knowledge about Lung Cancer, Attitude and Preventive Health Behavior about Cancer on Nicotine Dependency in Smoking Male College Students

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to identify the influence of knowledge, attitude and preventive health behavior of cancer on nicotine dependency in male college students who have a habit of smoking. METHODS: In this study, a cross-sectional survey design was adopted for the 254 male college students who smoke in D and S city. The data was analyzed for descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS 20.0 program. RESULTS: Knowledge about lung cancer (β=-.407, p<.001), preventive health behaviors about cancer (β=-.223, p<.001) and the smoking period (5years≤) (β=.198, p=.001) were identified as the factors influencing nicotine dependency of the subjects. The model explained 33% of variance in nicotine dependency (F=20.49, p<.001). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that anti-smoking educators should include the strategies to increase knowledge about lung cancer and preventive health behaviors of cancer, and to reduce the smoking period in their smoking cessation program.

Influence of Stress, Self-efficacy for Smoking Cessation, Smoking Temptation and Nicotine Dependency in Male College Students who Smoke

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the levels of stress, self-efficacy for smoking cessation, smoking temptation, and nicotine dependency, and to identify factors influencing nicotine dependency among male college students who smoke. METHODS: In this study, a cross-sectional survey design was adopted for 283 male college students who smoke in D city, Korea. Data was analyzed for descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and multiple regression using the SPSS 20.0 program. RESULTS: The mean score of stress was 27.00+/-6.28, self-efficacy for smoking cessation was 25.61+/-6.71, smoking temptation was 53.87+/-11.02, and nicotine dependency was 3.63+/-1.96. There was a significant positive correlation between stress and nicotine dependency (r=.58, p<.001) and between smoking temptation and nicotine dependency (r=.59, p<.001). There was a significant negative correlation between self-efficacy for smoking cessation and nicotine dependency (r=-.59, p<.001). The significant factors influencing nicotine dependency were stress (beta=.357, p<.001), self-efficacy for smoking cessation (beta=.359, p<.001), and smoking temptation (beta=.297, p<.001). This model explained 60.3% of variance in nicotine dependency (F=105.59, p<.001). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that an intervention program is needed to reduce the perception of stress and smoking temptation, and to increase the ability of self-efficacy for smoking cessation among male college students who smoke with the intention to quit smoking.

Habilidades sociais e tabagismo: uma revisão de literatura / Social skills in tobacco users: literature review / Habilidades sociales y tabaquismo: una revisión de la literature

Tabagistas que apresentam baixa competência social, situações de estresse, baixa autoestima e ansiedade tendem a fumar para enfrentar a vida diária, pressões e conflitos. Realizou-se uma revisão sobre habilidades sociais (HS) e tabagismo através de buscas nas bases de dados Medline, Scielo, Psycinfo e EBSCO no período de 1998 a 2008. Os descritores utilizados foram: social skills, social competence, assertiveness, tobacco, cigarette, nicotine and drug abuse. Encontraram-se 134 artigos, sendo 21 com ênfase na avaliação de habilidades sociais no uso de substâncias e apenas 11 artigos referiam habilidade social relacionada especificamente ao tabagismo. Estes foram divididos em quatro categorias: déficit de HS e tabagismo, fatores de risco em adolescentes tabagistas, assertividade/recusa para fumar e Treinamento de Habilidades Sociais (THS). As pesquisas apontaram principalmente déficit em habilidades sociais como fator de risco ao início do consumo. Também foram encontrados artigos sobre tabagistas que apresentavam dificuldade para recusar o cigarro. Além disso, estudos mostram que o THS tem sido eficaz para a cessação do tabagismo.

Tobacco users who show low social competence, stressful life situations, low coping skills in risk situations, low self esteem and anxiety tend to use tobacco as a way to deal with daily life. The literature on social skills and tobacco was reviewed through searches on the Medline, Scielo, Psycinfo and EBSCO data basis, between 1998 and 2008. The descriptive words used for the search were: social skills, social competence, assertiveness, tobacco, cigarette, nicotine and drug abuse. It was found 134 articles, of which 21 with emphasis on evaluation of social skills in the use of substances and only 11 articles reported social skills specifically related to smoking. They were divided into four categories: skills deficit and smoking, risk factors in adolescent smokers, assertiveness / refusal for smoking and social skills training. The researches pointing out a deficit on social skills as a risk factor for the initiation of tobacco consumption. It was also found articles on tobacco users who showed difficulty to resist to cigarette and say no, and that show the efficacy of the Social Skills Training in the cessation of tobacco use treatment.

Los fumadores que tienen baja competencia social, situaciones de estrés, baja autoestima y ansiedad tienden a fumar para hacer frente a la vida cotidiana, las presiones y conflictos. Se realizó una revisión de las habilidades sociales (HS) y el tabaquismo a través de búsquedas en Medline, SciELO, Psycinfo y EBSCO entre el período comprendido entre 1998 y 2008. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: social skills, social competence, assertiveness, tobacco, cigarette, nicotineanddrug abuse. Se encontró 134 artículos, de los cuales 21 con énfasis en la evaluación de las habilidades sociales en el uso de sustancias y sólo 11 reportaron habilidades sociales específicamente relacionados con el tabaquismo. Estos fueron divididos en cuatro categorías: déficit de habilidades y el tabaquismo, factores de riesgo en los fumadores adolescentes, la asertividad o denegación de fumar y entrenamiento de las habilidades sociales . El estudio informó sobre todo el déficit de habilidades sociales como factor de riesgo para el consumo temprano. También encontramos artículos sobre los fumadores que tenían dificultades para rechazar un cigarrillo. Por otra parte, los estudios muestran que el entrenamiento de las habilidades sociales ha sido eficaz para los fumadores dejaren de fumar.

Effects of Smoking Cessation Program for Male University Students: Perceived Nicotine Dependency and Self-efficacy / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 8 weeks smoking cessation program(SCP) developed by researchers. METHOD: One group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The subjects were 88 male university students who consented to participate in the 8 weeks SCP. The SCP in this study consisted of a stop-smoking class, e-mail, SMS(short message service), cellular phone, internet cafe, displayed panel, and patch or acupuncture for quitting smoking. Korean version of questionnaire for nicotine dependency by Ahn et al.(2002), the smoking self-efficacy scale translated by Choi(1999) and subjects' opinion about the SCP were measured. The data were analyzed by using frequency, Chi-Square test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS WIN 10.1 Program. RESULTS: 1) The rate of quitting smoking was 31.8% after 8 weeks SCP. 2) There was no significant decrease in the nicotine dependency score among smoking subjects after SCP. 3) There was a significant increase in self-efficacy after SCP. The mean score of self -efficacy in the quitting smoking group increased significantly, but did not significantly change in the smoking group. 4) The stop-smoking class was the most helpful among contents of the SCP. Contents of the SCP except for internet cafe were useful for quitting smoking in this study. CONCLUSION: The above results indicated that the 8 weeks SCP would be a helpful intervention to quit smoking for male university students.

Effects of Smoking Cessation Program for Male University Students: Perceived Nicotine Dependency and Self-efficacy / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 8 weeks smoking cessation program(SCP) developed by researchers. METHOD: One group pretest-posttest design was used in this study. The subjects were 88 male university students who consented to participate in the 8 weeks SCP. The SCP in this study consisted of a stop-smoking class, e-mail, SMS(short message service), cellular phone, internet cafe, displayed panel, and patch or acupuncture for quitting smoking. Korean version of questionnaire for nicotine dependency by Ahn et al.(2002), the smoking self-efficacy scale translated by Choi(1999) and subjects' opinion about the SCP were measured. The data were analyzed by using frequency, Chi-Square test, paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA with SPSS WIN 10.1 Program. RESULTS: 1) The rate of quitting smoking was 31.8% after 8 weeks SCP. 2) There was no significant decrease in the nicotine dependency score among smoking subjects after SCP. 3) There was a significant increase in self-efficacy after SCP. The mean score of self -efficacy in the quitting smoking group increased significantly, but did not significantly change in the smoking group. 4) The stop-smoking class was the most helpful among contents of the SCP. Contents of the SCP except for internet cafe were useful for quitting smoking in this study. CONCLUSION: The above results indicated that the 8 weeks SCP would be a helpful intervention to quit smoking for male university students.

The Effects of a Smoking Cessation Program on Nicotine Dependency and Self-Efficacy for Adolescents

PURPOSE: This study was to verify the effects of a smoking cessation program for adolescents. METHOD: This study was designed to use one group with one pre-test and two post-tests. One post-test was done immediately after the completion of the program and the other after eight weeks. The subjects were 21 male high school students who were smokers when this study was carried out. The smoking cessation program consisted of 5 sessions with smoking cessation education and e-mail service after the program. Variables in this research were nicotine dependency (using Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire) and self-efficacy. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: Immediately after the program and eight weeks later, nicotine dependency for continuous smokers decreased significantly (after the program: Z=-2.319, p=.020, eight weeks later: Z=-1.999. p=.046) and self-efficacy increased significantly (after program: Z=-3.024. p=.002. eight weeks later: Z=-2.381. p=.017). CONCLUSIONS: The smoking cessation program was effective in decreasing nicotine dependency in the continuous adolescent smokers and in increasing their self-efficacy, Further study needs to be made with a lager number of smoking adolescents using control group design.

Analysis of Smoking Temptation, Nicotine Dependency, Perceived Health Status corresponding to Stage of Change in Smoking Cessation in Middle Aged Men / 기본간호학회지

This study was done to investigate the relation of smoking temptation, stage of change in smoking cessation, nicotine dependency and perceived health status in middle aged men. Convenience samples of 176 subjects who were either smoked or used to smoke, aged between 30 to 64, living in Seoul and Kyungi province area in Korea were selected for the study. The data was collected from December 1, 1999 to June 30, 2000. The research instrument were Stage of Change of Smoking Cessation Measure (DiClemente et al., 1991), Smoking Temptation Measure (Velicer, DiClemente, Rossi, Prochaska, 1990), Perceived Health Status Measure (McDowell & Newell, 1996), and Nicotine Dependency Scale (FTQ: Fagerstrom, 1978). The data were analyzed using the SAS Program. The result of the study are as follows: 1. The analysis of variance and multiple comparison showed that according to the stage of change, there were significant mean differences in the three sub-factors of smoking temptation; 'positive affect situation (F=12.64, p=.0001)', 'negative affect situation (F=16.01, p=.0001)', 'habitual craving situation (F=14.43, p=.0001)' and nicotine dependency (F=4.12, p=.0033) The mean score for smoking temptation for the subjects who were in the precontemplation stage outweighed the mean score for smoking temptation for subjects who were in the maintenance stage. 2. Through discriminant analysis, it was found that negative affect situation was the most influential variable of the smoking temptation sub-factors which can be used to discriminate stage of change. 3. The analysis of Pearson correlation coefficients showed that there was a significant positive relation between nicotine dependency and negative affect situation of smoking cessation((r=0.2182, p=0.0045) and a significant negative relation between nicotine dependency and perceived health status(r=-0.2115, p=0.0059).

Smoking Behavior and its Related Factors in Male Students of One Senior High School in Taegu

BACKGROUND: The increase of smoking prevalence in adolescents Is serious problem because of physical and psychological influences furthermore, fixation of smoking habit. This study is aimed at providing applicable basic information to setting up the education programs and strategies to prevent smoking among high school students by analysing smoking behavior and its related factors. METHODS: 835 students from one senior high school in Taegu completed a self administerd questionnaire during school hours in May, 1996. 813 questionnaires with adequate responses were analyzed using SPSS/PC program. All students were asked class years, school satisfaction, school performance score, number of their three best friends who smoke, smoking status of their fathers, religion, allowance, alcoholic drinks, addicting drug use, Zung's self-rating depression scale(SDS) and Zung's self-rating anxiety scale(SAS), Smokers were asked amount of smoking, motives for smoking, when they started smoking, Fagerstrom score. RESULTS: Of the 813 students in the sample 135(16.6%) were current smokers. About the amount of smoking, 59.3% smoked less than 5 cigarettes/day. About the motives of smoking, 34.8% started smoking through the solicitation by friends or for making friends. About when they started smoking, 52.6% started smoking before entrance into senior high school. The related factor with smoking Included class years, school satisfaction, school performance score, numbers of three best friends who smoke, allowance, alcoholic drinking, addicting drug use, SDS. Predictor of smoking were number of three best friends who smoke, number of alcoholic drinking, and allowance. The related factors of nicotine dependency were amount of smoking, allowance, when they started smoking. Predictor of nicotine dependency were amount of smoking, number of three best friends who smoke. CONCLUSIONS: The related factors with smoking included class years, school satisfaction, school performance score, number of three best friends who smoke, allowance, alcoholic drinking, addicting drug use, and SDS. Predictors of smoking were number of three best friends who smoke, number of alcoholic drinking, and allowance.