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Background: Exposure to nicotine can lead to increased morbidity and mortality among fetus and mothers. The objective was to study the effect of nicotine exposure on the birth weight of the babies.Methods: During the study period of one year, it was possible to recruit the total 144 subjects. 36 were women who were exposed to nicotine as they were bidi rollers. The exposure was confirmed by history. 36 women delivered during the study period and these newborns were included in the present study. Control group were 36 pregnant women who were not exposed to nicotine. They were asked about the exposure history, like anyone in their family is smoking inside the house any time and their occupation. Among these all (36) delivered during the study period and their newborns were included in the present study.Results: Both the groups were comparable in terms of age, hemoglobin, body mass index, gestational age. The mean birth weight of babies in the control group (whose mothers were not exposed) was 3.01kg with a standard deviation of 0.56 compared to mean birth weight of babies in the study group (whose mothers were not exposed) of 2.73kg with a standard deviation of 0.40. This difference in the mean birth weight of babies in the study group and the control group was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean serum cotinine value in study group mothers and babies was very high compared to zero value in mothers and babies of control group and statistically significant (p<0.05).Conclusions: Maternal nicotine exposure through beedi rolling is associated with reduced birth weight.
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OBJECTIVE: To compare the different effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Zusanli" (ST36) and "Chize" (LU5) of mother rats exposed to Nicotine during pregnancy and lactation on lung function and morphological changes in offspring rats, so as to explore the most effective acupoint for improving the development of lung in neonatal rats. METHODS: A total of 24 female pregnancy SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: normal control, model, EA-ST36 and EA-LU5 (n＝6 rats in each group). Rats of the normal group were treated by subcutaneous injection of normal saline, and those of the other 3 groups treated by subcutaneous injection of nicotine (1 mg•kg－1•d－1) beginning from the 6th day to about the 21st day of pregnancy (childbirth day) for nicotine exposure during pregnancy and lactation. The daily EA treatment (2 Hz /15 Hz，1 mA) was applied to bilateral ST36 and LU5 for 20 min, beginning from the 6th day of pregnancy to the 21st day (childbirth day). The lung function of the offspring rats including the peak inspiratory flow (PIF), peak expiratory flow (PEF), lung resistance (RL), exhalation resistance (RE)and lung dynamic compliance (Cdyn) was detected by using a lung function analysis system. Histopathological changes (severity of alveolarization) of the offspring rats' lung tissue were observed under microscope after H．E. stain. RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the PIF, RL and RE values were significantly increased (P0.05)．. CONCLUSION: EA of ST36 and LU5 of mother rats experiencing nicotine exposure during pregnancy and lactation can improve the lung function and morphological changes in neonatal rats, and the effect of ST36 is relatively better.
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OBJECTIVE@#To compare the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Zusanli" (ST 36) versus "Yanglingquan" (GB 34) in the pregnant rats on perinatal nicotineexposureinduced lung function and morphology of newborn rats and explore the rule of acupoint effect in EA for the prevention from lung dysplasia in newborn rats.@*METHODS@#A total of 24 female SD rats were randomized into a normal saline group (S group), a nicotine group (N group), a nicotineST 36 group (N + ST 36 group) and a nicotineGB 34 group (N+GB 34 group), 6 rats in each one. Starting at the 6th day of pregnancy, 0.9% sodium chloride solution was injected subcutaneously in the S group, 1 mg/kg; and in the rest 3 groups, nicotine of the same dose was injected through to the 21st postnatal day to establish the perinatal nicotineexposure model. Simultaneously, during model preparation, EA was applied at "Zusanli" (ST 36) and "Yanglingquan" (GB 34) in the N+ST 36 group and the N+GB 34 group respectively, once a day, through to the 21st postnatal day. The lung function analytic system for small animal was adopted to observe the changes in lung function indicators in newborn rats, such as peak inspiratory flow (PIF), peak expiratory flow (PEF), expiratory resistance (RE), inspiratory resistance (RI) and dynamic compliance (Cdyn). HE staining was used to observe the morphological changes of lung, such as alveolar fusion and rupture.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the S group, PEF and Cdyn were lower and PIF, RI and RE higher in the N group (all 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Electroacupuncture at "Zusanli" (ST 36) in the pregnant rats significantly improves the perinatal nicotineexposureinduced lung function and morphology of newborn rats than electroacupuncture at "Yanglingquan" (GB 34).
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Animais , Feminino , Gravidez , Ratos , Pontos de Acupuntura , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Eletroacupuntura , Pulmão , Nicotina , Toxicidade , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Sprague-DawleyRESUMO
Aim To explore the alterations of blood corticosterone (CORT) level and adrenal steroidogenic function,as well as its sex specificity in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) rats induced by prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) with high-fat diet (HFD) after birth,and to make clear its mechanism through insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling pathway.Methods IUGR model was established by PNE (2.0mL · kg-1 · d-1),and the offspring rats were administered with HFD until postnatal week (PW) 24 after weaning.Blood CORT concentration,adrenal steroidogenesis enzymes,expressions of IGF-1 signaling pathway and 11β-HSDs/CR system were tested.Results Compared with HFD control group,the CORT concentration in male offspring of PNE group represented a decrease trend,while an increase trend in female;the expressions of adrenal steroidogenesis enzymes (such as StAR,3β-HSD and P450cll) in male offspring decreased,while increased in female offspring (such as SF-1 and P450c21);the expressions of IGF-1 signalling pathway (IGF-1 and IGF-1R) in male offspring increased,and they significantly increased in female offspring;the expression levels of 11 β-HSD2 and GR decreased,but 11β-HSD1/11β-HSD2 ratio was enhanced in male PNE group,while in female PNE group,the corresponding gene expressions increased.Conclusions PNE could induce abnormal alterations of adrenal steroidogenic function,and exhibit apparent gender differences.The potential mechanism is related to low adrenal steroidogenesis function programming induced by nicotine and catch-up growth mediated by IGF-1 after birth.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of nicotine exposure and ethanol-preferring behavior on mRNA expression of some nAChR subunits in the rat ventral tegmental area(VTA) and to explore possible mechanisms of dependence on tobacco and alcohol.Methods39 male Wistar rats,35-day-old,were randomly divided into an experimental group (group N,n=20) and a control group (group C,n=19).Rats in group N were treated with nicotine ( 1.0 mg · kg -1 · d -1 ) by subcutaneous injection while in group C with saline both for 10 days,after which 6 rats (respectively group NE,n =6,group CE,n =6 )were drawn randomly from each group and killed by cutting off the head.mRNA was extracted from the VTA tissue,and the expression of nAChR subunits,including α4,α5,α7 and β2,were examined by Real Time-PCR.Other rats both in groups N and C ( respectively group NA,n=14,group CA,n=13) were induced for 69 days to establish two-bottle free choice alcohol-preferring behavior model by Samson sucrose fading program from 60-day-old on.The same indexes mentioned above were detected by the same methods in the VTA tissue.Results① The factor analysis showed that both the two factors,nicotine and alcohol-preferring behavior,showed regulating effects on the expression of nAChR subunits α4 and α5 ( respectively F was 6.13,5.407,5.186,7.132,P ＜ 0.05 ),and the factor,alcohol-preferring behavior,on subunit β2 (F =5.896,P＜0.05) ; the two factors exhibited strong interaction on the expression of subunit α7 (F=13.894,P＜0.001 ),and some interaction on subunits α5 and β2 (respectively F was 6.149,4.222,P＜0.05 ).② The mRNA expression of nAChR subunits α4,α5,α7,and β2 were significantly up-regulated by different degrees in group NA compared to group CA ( respectively Fwas 7.941,13.517,17.438,9.272,respectively P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.01,P ＜ 0.01 ),the expression level of subunits α4,α5,α7 and β2 were significantly higher in different degrees in group NA than in group NE( respectively F was 5.293,8.500,6.149,4.837,P ＜0.05) ; while subunit α7 was significantly down-regulated in group CA compared to group CE (F =12.750,P ＜0.01 ).ConclusionNicotine and ethanol co-affect on the nAChR subtype comprised of subunits α4,α5,α7 and β2.